ap research humanities paper

AP ® Research Handbook

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Microeconomic example of utility maximization constrained by budget lines

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AP Research

Learn all about the course and assessment. Already enrolled? Join your class in My AP.

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About the Course

In AP Research, you decide what to study. Curious about the impact of AI on society? You can make a project out of that. Are you passionate about social causes? Interested in climate change or mental health? You can research these, as well. In this course, you’ll learn about different research methods and will develop advanced research skills while researching a topic of your choice.

Skills You'll Learn

Conducting independent research

Analyzing sources and evidence

Applying context and perspective

Writing a college-level academic paper

Presenting research findings to an audience

Equivalency and Prerequisites

College course equivalent.

AP Research is an interdisciplinary course that encourages students to demonstrate critical thinking and academic research skills on a topic of the student’s choosing. To accommodate the wide range of student topics, typical college course equivalents include introductory research or general elective courses.

Recommended Prerequisites

Students must have successfully completed the AP Seminar course.

Assessment Date

Wed, Apr 30, 2025

11:59 PM ET

AP Research Performance Task Due Date

Submit your AP Research performance task as final in the AP Digital Portfolio by this date.

Course Content

Big idea 1: question and explore.

You’ll learn about the first step of doing research: inquiry and investigation.

You’ll practice:

• Identifying a problem or issue and developing a question about it
• Finding and organizing the information you need to answer the question
• Evaluating the sources of information you use
• Looking at the problem or issue from different perspectives

Big Idea 2: Understand and Analyze

You’ll learn to read, comprehend, and explain a perspective or argument.

• Reading critically for a purpose
• Explaining and analyzing the line of reasoning of an argument
• Evaluating the evidence an author uses to support their argument
• Assessing potential resolutions, conclusions, or solutions raised by an argument

Big Idea 3: Evaluate Multiple Perspectives

You’ll learn to compare and contrast different perspectives on an issue, idea, or problem so you can understand its complexity.

• Identifying, comparing, and interpreting different perspectives on, or arguments about, an issue
• Evaluating objections, implications, and limitations of different perspectives or arguments

Big Idea 4: Synthesize Ideas

You’ll learn to take information you’ve gathered, analyzed, and evaluated and use it to form your own conclusions and build your own argument.

• Formulating a well-reasoned argument
• Using data and information from various sources to develop and support an argument
• Linking evidence to claims
• Offering resolutions, conclusions, or solutions based on evidence

Big Idea 5: Team, Transform, and Transmit

You’ll learn peer review practices and how to communicate your ideas to an audience.

• Planning, producing, and presenting an argument while considering audience, context, and purpose
• Communicating information through appropriate media
• Using effective techniques to engage an audience

Credit and Placement

Search AP Credit Policies

Find colleges that grant credit and/or placement for AP Exam scores in this and other AP courses.

Course Resources

Ap research course and exam description.

This is the core document for the course. It clearly lays out the course content and describes the assessment and the AP Program in general.

AP Daily Videos

Once you join your AP class section online, you’ll be able to access AP Daily videos in AP Classroom. AP Daily videos cover every proficiency and skill outlined in the AP Research Course and Exam Description. Sign in to access them.

What Are Project Based AP Courses?

Learn how project based AP courses take you beyond the textbook and into a world of learning through hands-on exploration.

• Go to College Board Blog

More About Your Course

Participate in the ap capstone diploma program.

Learn more about the AP Capstone Diploma Program, and how you can participate. Taking AP Seminar and AP Research lets you study topics you love, learn key academic skills, and stand out to colleges.

AP Capstone Diploma Program Policies

Understand policies on plagiarism, participation, extended absence, and more for AP Seminar and AP Research students.

See Where AP Can Take You

AP Research can lead to a wide range of careers and college majors

Additional Information

Humanities-Based Resource Samples

"A Gender Analysis of NBC's Coverage of the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics"

"The Dystopian Boom: Young Adult Dystopian Literature as an Insight into Contemporary Adolescent Concerns"

"Existentialism and Joker : Is God Still Dead?"

"Broadway to Film: The Adaptation of Feminist Themes"

" All Eyes Will be on You : Sofia Coppola, Film, and the Male Gaze"

"Gender Progressivism in Chinese Musical Theatre: A Comparative Case Study of Rent "

"Is Impartial News Now Passé?: A Discourse Analysis on the Difference Between the New York Times and the Chicago Tribune 's Word Choice in Reporting of the Brett Kavanaugh and Harvey Weinstein Sexual Assault Allegations"

"Not Asian Enough": Authenticity and Chinese Cuisine

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The Ultimate Guide to Acing the AP Research Exam

By Eric Eng

Are you looking for tips and strategies to conquer the AP Research Exam? Look no further! This comprehensive guide will break down everything you need to know to ace this challenging test. From understanding the importance of the exam to studying effectively, we’ve got you covered. Let’s dive in!

What is the AP Research Exam?

The AP Research Exam is a rigorous assessment administered by the College Board . It is part of the Advanced Placement (AP) Program, which offers college-level courses and exams to high school students. AP Research is the culmination of the AP Capstone Diploma program and is designed to provide students with valuable research skills that are applicable across various disciplines.

The exam is typically taken in the final year of high school and requires students to complete a major academic research project. This project allows students to explore a research question or problem of their choice, design a study, analyze data, and present their findings in a written report and an oral presentation.

Undertaking the AP Research Exam is a significant endeavor that requires students to demonstrate their ability to think critically, analyze complex information, and communicate their findings effectively. The exam is divided into the academic paper and the presentation. The academic paper is a written document that showcases the student’s research process, including the research question, methodology, data analysis, and conclusions. The presentation, on the other hand, allows students to present their research findings concisely and engagingly.

One of the key aspects of the AP Research Exam is the freedom it offers students in choosing their research topic. This allows students to explore their interests and passions, making the research process more engaging and meaningful. Whether it’s investigating the impact of climate change on local ecosystems, analyzing the effectiveness of educational policies, or exploring the cultural significance of art forms, students can delve into a subject they are truly passionate about.

Students are encouraged to think critically and problem-solve throughout the research process. They must identify gaps in existing research, develop research questions that address them, and design appropriate methodologies to gather and analyze data. This enhances their research skills and fosters a deeper understanding of the subject matter they are studying.

Moreover, the AP Research Exam equips students with valuable skills that extend beyond the classroom. The ability to conduct independent research, analyze data, and present findings is highly valued in college and professional settings. By successfully completing the AP Research Exam, students demonstrate their readiness for higher education and the workforce challenges.

In conclusion, the AP Research Exam is a comprehensive assessment that allows high school students to showcase their research skills and explore a topic of their choice. Through completing a major academic research project, students develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills essential for college success and beyond. The exam provides a valuable learning experience and prepares students for the rigors of higher education and the demands of the modern workforce.

What is on the AP Research Exam?

The AP Research Exam includes an academic paper, presentation, and oral defense. The academic paper is a written report that outlines your research question, methodology, findings, and conclusions. The presentation and oral defense require you to present a summary of your research and answer questions from a panel of evaluators.

It is crucial to thoroughly understand and demonstrate proficiency in the following skills to excel in the AP Research Exam:

• Formulating a research question
• Conducting literature reviews
• Designing and executing a research plan
• Analyzing and interpreting data
• Communicating research findings effectively

Formulating a research question is the first step in conducting any research. It involves identifying a specific problem or topic of interest and formulating a clear and concise question you seek to answer through your research. This skill requires critical thinking and identifying gaps in existing knowledge.

Conducting literature reviews is an essential part of any research project. It involves searching for and reviewing relevant academic articles, books, and other information sources related to your research question. This skill requires strong research skills and synthesizing information from multiple sources.

Designing and executing a research plan involves developing a detailed plan for how you will collect and analyze data to answer your research question . This includes selecting appropriate research methods, determining the sample size, and ensuring that ethical considerations are considered. This skill requires careful planning and attention to detail.

Analyzing and interpreting data is a critical skill in research. It involves organizing and summarizing data, identifying patterns and trends, and drawing meaningful conclusions. This skill requires proficiency in statistical analysis and critically evaluating the findings’ significance.

Communicating research findings effectively is the final step in the research process. It involves presenting your findings clearly and concisely in writing and orally. This skill requires strong communication skills and the ability to convey complex information to various audiences effectively.

Following the Understanding by Design (Wiggins and McTighe) model, the curriculum framework aims to offer a precise and comprehensive outline of the necessary course requirements for achieving student success. This conceptual approach will direct the creation and arrangement of learning outcomes, progressing from broad to specific, ultimately resulting in focused statements concerning the content knowledge and skills essential for excelling in the course.

The AP Research curriculum comprises five overarching concepts. As always, you can structure the course content as you see fit.

• Big Idea 1: Question and Explore
• Big Idea 2: Understand and Analyze 
• Big Idea 3: Evaluate Multiple Perspectives
• Big Idea 4: Synthesize Ideas
• Big Idea 5: Team, Transform, and Transmit

The course and exam description for AP Research delineates specific abilities, referred to as transferable skills and proficiencies, which students are encouraged to cultivate and apply consistently throughout the academic year.

AP Research Exam Scoring Breakdown

The AP Research Exam is an important assessment that allows students to showcase their research skills and academic abilities. It is scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score. The exam consists of three major components: the academic paper, the presentation, and the oral defense. Each component is evaluated based on specific criteria and rubrics provided by the College Board.

The academic paper, which accounts for 75% of the total score, is a comprehensive research document that demonstrates a student’s ability to conduct independent research, analyze data, and draw meaningful conclusions. This paper is a culmination of months of hard work and dedication, and it is crucial for students to carefully review the scoring guidelines to understand what the evaluators are looking for.

These components contribute to the remaining 25% of the total score regarding the presentation and oral defense. The presentation allows students to communicate their research findings to an audience effectively. It requires strong public speaking skills and creating visually engaging and informative slides. On the other hand, the oral defense is a chance for students to defend their research and respond to questions from a panel of evaluators.

Students need to approach the AP Research Exam with a strategic mindset. By thoroughly understanding the scoring breakdown and the expectations set by the College Board, students can tailor their preparation to maximize their scores. This may involve seeking feedback from teachers or mentors, conducting practice presentations, and revising the academic paper to ensure it meets the highest standards.

Furthermore, the AP Research Exam is an opportunity for students to earn college credit and develop valuable skills that will benefit them in their future academic and professional endeavors. Through conducting research, students learn how to formulate research questions, gather and analyze data, and present their findings clearly and concisely. These highly transferable skills will serve students well in college and beyond.

The AP Research Exam is a comprehensive assessment that evaluates students’ research skills and academic abilities. Students can increase their chances of earning a high score by understanding the scoring breakdown and investing time and effort into each component. Moreover, the skills developed throughout this process will prove valuable in future academic and professional pursuits.

Why is the AP Research Exam important?

The AP Research Exam holds significant value for students for several reasons. Firstly, successfully completing the AP Research course and exam signals to colleges and universities that you have demonstrated high research skills and academic rigor. This can give you a competitive edge in the college admissions process.

AP programs are designed to provide high school students with college-level content, allowing them to earn college credit and potentially skip introductory-level courses when they enter college. Here are key aspects of Advanced Placement programs:

1. Course Offerings:

• AP courses cover a wide range of subjects, including but not limited to mathematics, sciences, social sciences, languages, arts, and humanities. Each AP course is designed to reflect the content and difficulty of a comparable introductory college-level course.

2. Curriculum Rigor:

• AP courses are known for their challenging curriculum. They go beyond the depth and complexity of typical high school courses, requiring students to engage in critical thinking, analysis, and application of knowledge.

3. Exam Structure:

• Each AP course culminates in a standardized exam administered by the College Board. The exams typically consist of a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. The exams are scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest possible score.

4. College Credit and Placement:

• A primary incentive for students to take AP courses is the opportunity to earn college credit. Many colleges and universities in the United States and worldwide recognize high AP exam scores and may grant credit or advanced placement to students who perform well.

5. College Admissions:

• Completing AP courses and performing well on the exams can enhance a student’s college application. Colleges often view participation in AP programs as an indicator of a student’s commitment to academic excellence and preparedness for the challenges of higher education.

6. Flexibility and Choice:

• Students can take one or more AP courses based on their interests and academic goals. The program’s flexibility allows students to tailor their coursework to align with their intended college majors or career paths.

7. Global Recognition:

• AP programs are recognized globally, and students from various countries participate in AP courses and exams. This international recognition can be advantageous for students considering higher education abroad.

8. AP Capstone Program:

• The AP Capstone Program is a set of two courses, AP Seminar and AP Research, designed to develop students’ research, collaboration, and presentation skills. Completion of the AP Capstone Program is recognized by colleges as a significant academic accomplishment.

9. Professional Development for Teachers:

• The College Board provides professional development opportunities for teachers who instruct AP courses. This training ensures that educators are well-prepared to deliver the rigorous content of AP programs.

Important Notes:

• Student Choice: While participation in AP programs is encouraged, students must choose courses that align with their interests and academic strengths.
• Preparation: Success in AP courses often requires strong study habits, time management, and dedication. Adequate preparation is crucial for performing well on AP exams.
• College Policies: College credit policies vary, and students need to research the credit-granting policies of the specific colleges they plan to apply to.

Here are other reasons why the AP Research exam is important:

• Opportunity to delve deep into a personally interesting topic.
• Focus on cultivating critical thinking skills.
• Emphasis on honing problem-solving abilities.
• Skills acquired are highly valued in higher education.
• Skills are transferable and beneficial in the workforce.
• The AP Research Exam contributes to personal growth and future success.
• Showcases the ability to conduct independent research.
• Demonstrates proficiency in analyzing complex information.
• Signals readiness to excel in a rigorous academic environment.
• Encourages the exploration of personal interests.
• Provides a structured and academic framework for pursuing passions.
• Allows the selection of a captivating research topic.
• Immersion in a subject of genuine passion.
• Facilitates a more fulfilling and rewarding learning journey.
• Encourages engagement and enthusiasm throughout the course.
• Challenge to analyze complex issues.
• Emphasis on evaluating evidence and drawing reasoned conclusions.
• Applicability of skills not only in academia but also in real-world scenarios.
• Opportunities for collaboration with peers.
• Development of effective communication skills through projects and presentations.
• Preparation for an interconnected world that values teamwork.
• Acquisition of valuable research skills.
• Ability to gather and analyze data.
• Proficiency in conducting literature reviews and presenting findings.
• Ethical Considerations in Research:
• Understanding the importance of ethical considerations.
• Learning about the responsible conduct of research.
• Ensuring integrity and respect for the rights and well-being of research participants.

The AP Research Exam is an important milestone for students, offering numerous benefits beyond earning college credit. It provides an opportunity to showcase research skills, explore personal interests, develop critical thinking abilities, foster collaboration, and acquire valuable research skills. By successfully completing the AP Research Exam, students enhance their college applications and gain a solid foundation for future academic and professional success.

Who should take the AP Research Exam?

The AP Research Exam is designed for students who have completed the AP Research course, which is part of the AP Capstone Program. Here are the key considerations for determining who should take the AP Research exam:

Enrollment in AP Research Course:

Students typically take the AP Research Exam after completing the AP Research course. This course is part of the AP Capstone Program and provides students with the opportunity to conduct independent research on a topic of their choice.

Completion of Prerequisites:

Students should have successfully completed any prerequisites for the AP Research course as determined by their school. Prerequisites may vary, but they often include completion of other AP courses or specific coursework in research-related skills .

Interest in Independent Research:

The AP Research Exam suits students who are genuinely interested in conducting independent research. Students should be motivated to explore a research question in depth and demonstrate their ability to design, implement, and present a research project.

Commitment to the Research Process:

Students taking the AP Research Exam should be willing to commit time and effort to the research process. This includes formulating a research question, conducting a literature review, designing a methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings.

Effective Communication Skills:

The exam includes an oral presentation and defense, requiring students to communicate their research process and findings effectively. Students should be comfortable presenting their work and responding to questions from a panel of evaluators.

Academic Preparedness:

AP Research Exam students should be academically prepared to engage in a rigorous research project. This includes critically analyzing research literature, designing a research plan, and demonstrating a deep understanding of the subject matter.

Desire for College-Level Challenge:

The AP Capstone Program, including AP Research, is designed to provide students with a college-level academic experience. Students seeking a challenging and intellectually stimulating course beyond the typical high school curriculum may find the AP Research Exam suitable.

College and Career Goals:

Students considering the AP Research Exam should reflect on their college and career goals. If their intended field of study or future career involves research, critical analysis, and effective communication, the experience gained through the AP Research course and exam can be highly beneficial.

Do colleges care about the AP Research exam?

Colleges often view the AP Research Exam, part of the AP Capstone Program, as a valuable and rigorous academic achievement. The AP Capstone Program, consisting of AP Seminar and AP Research, is designed to cultivate students’ research, analysis, and effective communication skills. Here are several reasons why colleges may value the AP Research Exam:

1. Research and Inquiry Skills:

• The AP Research course focuses on research methodology, allowing students to design, execute, and present an academic research project. Colleges appreciate students who have honed these critical research and inquiry skills, as they are applicable across various academic disciplines.

2. Preparation for College-Level Work:

• Engaging in the AP Capstone Program, including AP Research, gives students a taste of college-level research and inquiry. The skills developed in the course can contribute to a smoother transition to the demands of higher education.

3. Interdisciplinary Approach:

• AP Research encourages an interdisciplinary research approach. Colleges often appreciate students who can bridge the gap between different fields of study, as this mirrors the collaborative nature of academic research.

4. Independent Learning:

• The nature of the AP Research course requires students to work independently on a research project. Colleges value students who can take initiative, manage their time effectively, and demonstrate self-directed learning.

5. Critical Thinking and Analysis:

• The AP Research Exam assesses students’ ability to analyze and synthesize information critically. These skills are highly transferable and crucial for success in college and beyond.

6. Communication Skills:

• Presenting research findings is a key component of the AP Research Exam. Colleges appreciate students who can effectively communicate their ideas, as strong communication skills are essential in academia and many professional fields.

7. Preparation for Advanced Courses:

• Completing the AP Capstone Program, including the AP Research Exam, can signal to colleges that students are prepared for more advanced and specialized courses in their chosen field of study.

8. Unique Accomplishment:

• The AP Research Exam is a unique accomplishment that sets students apart. Not all high school students have the opportunity to engage in such advanced research projects, making it a distinctive aspect of a student’s academic profile.
• College-Specific Policies: While many colleges recognize the value of the AP Research Exam, its importance may vary among institutions. Students are encouraged to research the specific policies of the colleges they are interested in.
• Holistic Admissions: Colleges typically use a holistic admissions process, considering a variety of factors in addition to standardized test scores and AP exams. The AP Research Exam is considered within the broader context of a student’s academic achievements, extracurricular activities, and personal qualities.

How hard is the AP Research Exam?

The difficulty level of the AP Research Exam varies from student to student. As with any challenging exam, the difficulty level depends on various factors, including your preparation, study habits, and prior research experience. However, you can overcome the challenges and succeed with the right approach and dedication.

Regarding the AP Research Exam, it is important to note that the content of the exam itself does not solely determine the difficulty level. The exam assesses your ability to conduct independent research and evaluate sources critically. Therefore, the difficulty lies in your ability to effectively apply research methods and analytical skills to a research question or problem.

One factor that can influence the difficulty level of the exam is your level of preparation. The AP Research course is designed to help you develop the necessary skills and knowledge to tackle the exam successfully. Through coursework, discussions, and practice assignments, you will learn how to formulate research questions, design studies, collect and analyze data, and communicate your findings effectively. The more time and effort you invest in your preparation, the better equipped you will be to handle the challenges of the exam.

Another factor that can impact the difficulty level is your study habits. Effective time management, organization, and self-discipline are crucial when preparing for the AP Research Exam. By creating a study schedule, breaking down the material into manageable chunks, and consistently reviewing and practicing, you can enhance your understanding of the content and improve your performance on the exam .

Prior research experience can also play a role in determining the difficulty level of the exam. Suppose you have had previous exposure to conducting research projects or have participated in science fairs, debates, or other research-oriented activities. In that case, you may find certain aspects of the exam more familiar and less challenging. However, even with limited research experience, the AP Research course is designed to provide you with the necessary skills and support to succeed.

It is important to remember that the AP Research Exam is not meant to be easy. It assesses your ability to think critically, conduct independent research, and effectively communicate your findings. The exam will require you to apply your knowledge and skills to real-world problems or questions, which can be intellectually demanding. However, with proper preparation, a strong work ethic, and a growth mindset, you can rise to the challenge and succeed on the AP Research Exam.

What factors affect the difficulty of the AP Research Exam?

Several factors can influence the difficulty of the AP Research Exam. Firstly, the complexity and scope of your research question or problem can play a significant role. Choosing a too broad or narrow topic can make the research process more challenging.

When selecting a research question, it is important to strike a balance between a topic that is too broad and one that is too narrow. If your research question is too broad, you may be overwhelmed with much information to sift through and analyze. On the other hand, if your research question is too narrow, you may struggle to find sufficient sources and data to support your findings. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully consider the scope of your research question to ensure that it is manageable and allows for in-depth analysis.

Additionally, your time and effort in your research project can impact the difficulty level. Adequate planning, organization, and consistent work throughout the course can help you manage the workload and reduce stress.

Embarking on an AP Research project requires a significant time commitment. It is essential to allocate enough time for conducting thorough research, analyzing data, and writing your final paper. By dedicating sufficient time to each stage of the research process, you can ensure that you produce a high-quality project that meets the rigorous standards of the AP Research Exam.

Furthermore, effective organization is key to successfully navigating the AP Research Exam. Keeping track of your sources, notes, and drafts can help you stay organized and avoid feeling overwhelmed. Creating a detailed timeline or schedule can also assist you in managing your time effectively and staying on track with your research goals.

Consistency is another crucial factor in determining the difficulty of the AP Research Exam. Regularly working on your research project and making steady progress can help you avoid last-minute cramming and reduce stress. By setting aside dedicated time each week to focus on your research, you can ensure ample time to refine your ideas, conduct a thorough analysis, and produce a well-structured final paper.

In conclusion, the difficulty of the AP Research Exam is influenced by various factors. The complexity and scope of your research question and the amount of time and effort you invest in your project play significant roles. By carefully selecting a manageable research question, planning and organizing your work effectively, and consistently working on your project, you can confidently navigate the AP Research Exam.

How long is the AP Research Exam?

The total time allotted for the AP Research Exam, including both the academic paper submission and the oral defense, is typically around 20 to 25 minutes. This time includes both the presentation and the question-and-answer session with the panel.

It’s important to note that specific details about the AP Research Exam, including format and timing, may be subject to change. Students are advised to check the most recent information on the College Board’s official website or consult their school’s AP coordinator for the latest and most accurate details regarding the AP Research Exam.

Is it a good idea to take the AP Research exam?

Taking the AP Research Exam can be a good idea for students interested in conducting independent research, developing strong analytical skills, and showcasing their abilities in academic inquiry. Here are some factors to consider when deciding whether to take the AP Research Exam:

1. Interest in Research:

• If you are genuinely interested in conducting research and exploring a topic in-depth, the AP Research course and exam provide an opportunity to pursue your passion. The course allows you to choose a research topic that aligns with your interests.

2. Academic Challenge:

• The AP Research Exam is designed to be academically challenging, offering a rigorous experience that goes beyond standard high school coursework. If you enjoy intellectual challenges and want to engage in advanced academic work, the AP Research Exam may be a good fit.

3. Development of Skills:

• The course emphasizes developing critical research skills, including formulating research questions, designing studies, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. Regardless of your chosen field, these skills are valuable in college and beyond.

4. Preparation for College:

• Engaging in the AP Research program can provide a taste of college-level research and prepare you for the expectations of independent study and inquiry that you may encounter in higher education.

5. Communication Skills:

• The exam includes a presentation component, allowing you to communicate your research findings. If you want to hone your communication skills and effectively present complex information, the AP Research Exam offers a platform for this development.

6. College Credit and Recognition:

• Depending on the college, a high score on the AP Research Exam may earn you college credit or advanced placement. Additionally, colleges often view completion of the AP Capstone Program positively in the admissions process.

7. Personal Challenge and Growth:

• Undertaking the AP Research Exam is a personal challenge that can lead to significant intellectual and personal growth. It requires self-discipline, time management, and the ability to work independently.

Considerations:

• Time Commitment: The AP Research course and exam require a significant time commitment. Be sure to assess your schedule and ensure that you can dedicate the necessary time to conduct research and prepare for the exam.
• Availability of Resources: Ensure that your school offers the AP Research course and that you have access to the resources needed to conduct research, such as a mentor or advisor, library resources, and research materials.
• Individual Goals: Consider how the AP Research Exam aligns with your academic and career goals. If you are considering a field that values research and critical analysis, the experience gained in the AP Research program can be particularly beneficial.

What is the format of the AP Research Exam?

The AP Research Exam assesses students on their ability to design, plan, and conduct independent research and present and defend their findings. The exam consists of three major components:

1. Academic Paper:

• Format: The academic paper is a major written document that presents the student’s research. It should adhere to the guidelines specified in the AP Research Course and Exam Description.
• Length: The recommended length for the academic paper is around 4,000 to 5,000 words.
• Content: The paper should include an introduction, literature review, research question, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It should be well-organized, clearly written, and properly cited.
• Submission: The academic paper is submitted electronically as a PDF through the AP Digital Portfolio. It is typically due in early May.

2. Presentation:

• Format: Students must create and deliver an oral presentation based on their research. The presentation should effectively communicate key aspects of the research project.
• Time Limit: The presentation is limited to a maximum of 15 minutes.
• Content: The presentation should cover the research question, methodology, results, and the significance of the findings. It should be well-organized, engaging, and clearly articulate the research process.
• Submission: The presentation file (usually a video recording) is submitted electronically as part of the AP Digital Portfolio.

3. Oral Defense:

• Format: Following the presentation, students participate in an oral defense. This is a question-and-answer session during which students respond to inquiries from a panel of evaluators.
• Time Limit: The oral defense typically lasts for about 10 minutes.
• Content: Students should be prepared to discuss various aspects of their research, including their research question, methodology, data analysis, and the implications of their findings.
• Evaluation: The oral defense is evaluated based on the student’s ability to articulate their research process, respond to questions, and demonstrate a deep understanding of the subject matter.

Additional Considerations:

Evaluation Criteria: The exam is scored by a panel of college professors and experienced high school teachers. They assess the academic paper, presentation, and oral defense based on predetermined criteria outlined by the College Board.

Use of Technology: The AP Research Exam involves using technology to submit the academic paper and presentation. Students should ensure that they are familiar with the technical requirements and guidelines for submission.

Digital Portfolio: All components of the AP Research Exam, including the academic paper, presentation, and oral defense, are submitted through the AP Digital Portfolio, an online platform provided by the College Board.

It’s important for students to carefully review the guidelines and requirements outlined in the AP Research Course and Exam Description and to stay updated on any additional information or changes provided by the College Board. Additionally, practicing presentations and participating in mock oral defenses can help students feel more confident and prepared for the exam.

How to study for the AP Research Exam

Preparing for the AP Research Exam requires research skills, critical thinking, and effective communication. Here’s a detailed guide on how to study for the AP Research Exam:

1. Understand the Exam Format:

• Familiarize yourself with the format of the AP Research Exam. Understand the components, including the written academic paper, presentation, and oral defense.

2. Review the AP Research Course and Exam Description:

• The College Board provides a detailed Course and Exam Description (CED) for AP Research. Review this document thoroughly to understand the expectations, assessment criteria, and exam structure.

3. Select a Research Topic:

• Choose a research topic that aligns with your interests and allows in-depth exploration. Ensure it is a genuinely passionate topic, as sustained interest will be crucial throughout the research process.

4. Develop a Research Question:

• Craft a well-defined research question that is specific, relevant, and aligned with your chosen topic. Your question should guide your research and provide a clear focus for your investigation.

5. Conduct a Comprehensive Literature Review:

• Research existing literature related to your topic. A thorough literature review establishes the context for your research and helps you identify gaps or areas where you can contribute new insights.

6. Design a Methodology:

• Clearly outline your research methodology, including data collection methods and analysis techniques. Justify your choices and demonstrate an understanding of research design principles.

7. Collect and Analyze Data:

• Implement your research plan, collecting relevant data. Apply appropriate analytical methods to interpret your findings. Ensure that your data collection aligns with the ethical standards outlined in the AP Research Exam guidelines.

8. Draft Your Academic Paper:

• Organize your research findings into a well-structured academic paper. Follow the guidelines provided by the College Board for formatting, citations, and overall presentation. Clearly articulate your research question, methodology, and results.

9. Peer Review and Revision:

• Seek feedback from peers, teachers, or mentors. Use their input to revise and refine your academic paper. Pay attention to clarity, coherence, and the overall persuasiveness of your argument.

10. Prepare for the Presentation:

• Develop a compelling presentation that effectively communicates your research. Practice delivering your presentation to ensure you can articulate your findings clearly within the allotted time.

11. Rehearse the Oral Defense:

• Familiarize yourself with the oral defense process. Be prepared to answer questions from your peers and the evaluation panel. Practice articulating your research methodology, results, and the significance of your findings.

12. Review Sample Questions and Rubrics:

• Practice with past exam questions and review the scoring rubrics the College Board provides. Understand how your work will be evaluated and tailor your preparation accordingly.

13. Time Management:

• Develop a study schedule that allocates sufficient time for each stage of the research process. Effective time management is crucial to completing your research, paper, and presentation.

14. Utilize AP Classroom Resources:

• Take advantage of resources provided on the AP Classroom platform, including practice exams, sample papers, and additional materials. These resources can help you become familiar with the exam format and expectations.

15. Stay Updated on Guidelines:

• Regularly check for updates or clarifications on exam guidelines and requirements. The College Board may release additional information or resources leading up to the exam.

16. Manage Stress:

• Prioritize self-care to manage stress. Adequate rest, healthy nutrition, and breaks are essential for maintaining focus and productivity during preparation.

17. Seek Support:

• Don’t hesitate to seek guidance from your teacher, mentor, or classmates. Collaborative discussions can provide valuable insights and perspectives on your research.

18. Reflect on Feedback:

• Use feedback from practice sessions, peer reviews, and teacher evaluations to improve your work continuously. Reflecting on feedback and making strategic revisions is part of the learning process.

19. Simulate Exam Conditions:

• As you approach the exam date, simulate exam conditions during practice sessions. This includes adhering to time limits for paper writing, presentation, and oral defense.

20. Confidence and Positive Mindset:

• Approach the exam with confidence in your preparation. Maintain a positive mindset and focus on showcasing the depth of your research, analytical skills, and communication abilities.

By following these steps and maintaining a systematic approach to your research and exam preparation, you can enhance your chances of success in the AP Research Exam. Remember that the AP Research Exam is an opportunity to demonstrate your research skills and ability to contribute meaningfully to academic discourse.

Tips on the day of the exam

On the AP Research Exam day, being well-prepared and staying focused is crucial. Here are some tips to help you perform your best:

• Get a good night’s sleep: Ensure you get enough rest the night before the exam. A well-rested mind will be more alert and capable of handling complex tasks.
• Eat a nutritious meal: Fuel your body and brain with a balanced meal before the exam. Avoid heavy or sugary foods that may cause energy crashes.
• Arrive early: Give yourself ample time to get to the exam venue. Arriving early will help you settle in, calm your nerves, and review any last-minute notes.
• Read instructions carefully: Pay close attention to the exam instructions and follow them precisely. Missing out on important details can cost you valuable points.
• Stay calm and focused: Maintain a positive mindset and avoid getting overwhelmed. Take deep breaths to relax and stay focused throughout the exam.

When is the AP Research exam in 2024?

The AP Research exam 2024 will be administered in the afternoon on April 30, 2024. It’s important to note that April 30, 2024 (11:59 p.m. ET) is the deadline for AP Research students to submit performance tasks as final and for their presentations to be scored by their AP Seminar or AP Research teachers.

For a complete list of the 2024 AP Exam dates, here’s a full list:

When do AP scores come out?

AP scores are typically released in early to mid-July of the year the exams were taken. The exact release date may vary slightly from year to year, but students who took their AP exams in May can generally expect their scores to become available.

You can check for updates on the College Board’s official AP scores website if you are waiting for your AP scores. They will also email you when your scores are added to your score report. If you haven’t received your scores by mid-August, contacting AP Services for Students is recommended for assistance.

Post-exam tips

Congratulations! You have completed the AP Research Exam. However, your journey does not end here. Here are some post-exam tips to make the most of your experience:

• Reflect on your performance: Take some time to reflect on your strengths and areas for improvement. Use this self-reflection as a learning opportunity to enhance your research skills further.
• Seek feedback from evaluators: If possible, request feedback from the panel of evaluators. Their insights can provide valuable guidance for future research projects or academic pursuits.
• Celebrate your accomplishment: Regardless of the outcome, acknowledge your hard work and celebrate your achievements. Completing the AP Research Exam is a commendable accomplishment.
• Apply your research skills: The research skills you have honed throughout the AP Research course and exam can be applied to future academic and professional endeavors. Utilize these skills to pursue your passions and contribute to society.

By following this ultimate guide and implementing effective strategies, you are well on your way to the AP Research Exam . Remember, it is not just about the exam itself – the knowledge and skills you gain along the way make the AP Research experience invaluable. Good luck!

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The Top 10 Most Interesting AP Research Topics

College Board’s Advanced Placement (AP) program can improve your academic performance and earn you college credits while in high school. If you participate in the AP Capstone program, you’ll have to conduct research in the second course, AP Research. To succeed, you’ll need to use your academic research skills to select your AP research topics.

Selecting a topic can be the most critical part of your research project, and it can also be the most difficult. To make it easier for you, we’ve provided some of the best examples of AP research topics as well as AP research questions.

Find your bootcamp match

What makes a strong ap research topic.

A strong AP research topic is well-defined. Because it will form the basis of your research, it should be clear enough that your target audience will be able to understand your project. It should also address a real-world issue relevant in the 21st century.

Tips for Choosing an AP Research Topic

• Choose what interests you. Don’t just go with what’s popular or what you think will get you the highest score. Make sure the topic you select is one you clearly understand and will be able to continue even when the research process becomes difficult.
• Make sure you understand the course requirements. Repeatedly refer to your assignment as you come up with a project idea. This will ensure that you have a clear grasp of what is expected of you.
• Consider the timeframe of your research process. A lot goes into the research process, so make sure you start looking for a topic as soon as possible. It may not seem this way at the beginning, but the course will go by quickly.
• Consider your research sources. Select a topic with a wide range of sources that you can draw from to build credible and valid evidence-based arguments.
• Consult your AP advisor. Whenever you have any questions about the research process, don’t be afraid to turn to your advisor for clarification. If you find it too difficult to narrow down a topic, you can also ask for help from other students.

What’s the Difference Between a Research Topic and a Research Question?

A research topic is the main idea for a research project. For instance, voting apathy is a general topic from which you can derive various history research paper topics such as “voter apathy among young people.”

A research question, on the other hand, is a question that your research seeks to answer. It is more specific than your research topic. It answers the how, what, and the why of your research. For example, for the research topic above, one research question could be “What are the effects of voter apathy among young people on civic participation?”

How to Create Strong AP Research Questions

A strong AP research question should be clear and precise. In other words, the question you are posing should be focused on a specific area and the language should be simple enough that the reader doesn’t require any further explanation of what you are trying to say. However, it should not be so narrow that it can be answered with a simple yes or no.

Top 10 AP Research Paper Topics

1. 3d-printed prosthetics for amputees.

In recent years, the field of 3D printing has made great strides, especially in the medical field. From prosthetics to 3D-printed skin for burn victims, scientists have figured out ways to help those who have physical challenges. If selected as a research topic, this would be an interesting way to discuss the future of rehabilitation and assistive devices.

2. The Pros and Cons of Subsidized Housing in the US

Subsidized housing is a housing policy aimed at giving low-income families access to affordable housing. This real-world issue has become quite a controversial topic. However, it is a great topic for your school project, especially if it has already been discussed in your AP Seminar course as one of the seminar topics.

3. Impact of Ocean Conservation on Climate Change

Global warming and climate change have become important topics all over the world. From a discussion of renewable energy to a study of the increase in wildfires, there are many approaches that you can take. Ocean conservation has become an important strategy in fighting climate change and would therefore be a perfect topic for an AP research paper.

4. The Role of Art Education in 21st Century Curricula

The importance of art in education has often been taken for granted. In recent decades, however, emphasis on STEM fields has raised questions about the role of art education and other humanities disciplines in modern education. Your research could focus on the benefits of art education for STEM students.

5. Food Waste Solutions in the US

According to the USDA, food waste accounts for 30 to 40 percent of the total food supply. This shows that food waste is a major environmental and economic problem. This is one of many real-world topics that would allow you to take an interdisciplinary approach, combining social sciences and environmental sciences, for instance.

6. Impact of Genetically Modified Organisms on the Environment

A genetically modified organism is a plant, animal, or other organism whose DNA has been artificially altered through bioengineering. There are many interesting albeit complex issues that can arise in research into the potential impact of GMOs on the environment.

7. Factors Contributing to Wealth Inequality in the US

Wealth inequality refers to the dissimilarities in the distribution of assets among people or groups of people. This research topic can be narrowed to focus on whether increasing minimum wages can decrease wealth inequality or on strategies for reducing the number of homeless children.

8. The Future of the Automotive Industry

Global car sales are expected to grow in the coming years. As the automotive industry is changing, this topic would be a great way to discover what these changes look like and how they will affect the industry. Selecting this for your project proposal would be a good way to build on what you learned in your AP Physics C: Mechanics class.

9. The Relationship Between Cyber Security and Ecommerce

Ecommerce is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the economy. However, as more people and businesses move to online transactions, there is growing concern about cyber security threats. A first step if you choose this topic would be to familiarize yourself with cyber security terminology .

10. Youth Voting and Civic Participation Patterns

This is an interesting research topic through which you can discuss the relationship between voting and civic participation in young people, the influence of social media on voting patterns, and whether voting trends are affected by the socioeconomic conditions of a particular youth group. One common research question is whether the voting age should be changed.

Other Examples of AP Research Topics & Questions

Ap research topics.

• Effects of stress on the human body
• The fall of the Roman Empire
• The rise of cryptocurrency and its effect on the banking industry
• The relationship between social media and bullying in schools
• Homeschooling versus traditional schooling

AP Research Questions

• How does emotional stress manifest physically in the human body?
• What political developments led to the fall of Rome?
• How has cryptocurrency affected the banking industry in the 21st century?
• How has social media influenced the rise of cyberbullying?
• What are the effects of texting on grammar skills?

Choosing the Right AP Research Topic

As we have seen above, there are many AP research topics to choose from for your research assignment. The research paper is your primary performance task in the AP Research course, so you should take care to select a strong topic.

Completing the College Board’s AP Capstone is a significant academic achievement that will put your academic writing skills and research abilities to the test. Choosing the right AP research topic is therefore paramount in helping you build your college profile, especially if you want to get into an Ivy League School .

AP Research Topics FAQ

Your AP research paper should be between 4,000 and 5,000 words. Your evaluation will be based on not only the word count but also your introduction, content, structure, conclusion, and use and documentation of sources.

The AP research assignment is graded on a scale of one to five, depending on how well you do on your academic paper and oral defense. You can visit the AP Research student page for further information about grading.

No, there are no AP research topics that are off-limits. The AP Capstone program aims at developing students who are independent critical thinkers, so don’t shy away from a topic just because it’s controversial.

The difference between AP and AP Capstone is that AP Capstone is a two-year diploma program that requires you to take the AP Seminar and AP Research courses, whereas AP is a general term for the Advanced Placement program. College Board offers both programs.

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Surviving AP Research Part 1: Finding Your Topic and Gap

Welcome to AP Research, the start of the research experience!

First of all, choose a topic that interest you! You will deal with this topic for the entire year and you don't want to deal with a topic you hate, so take the time to look at what interest you. DON'T choose something that you think is easy because in reality, there is no such thing as an easy topic! Bear in mind that this research project represents you and your interest! The quality of your work and the effort you put into this project reflects on you as a person.

What's a topic?

It's a broad area of study that your study falls under. Topics are not your research question, rather it is an overview of what your study will be about. Things such as humanities, psychology, mathematics, historical studies, art-based research, etc. are not topics. They are disciplines, which is just a field of study and not a topic. Here's an example of a topic. Say you want to research the physiological effects of alcohol consumption among high school students. Your topic would be something along the lines of Physiological effects of high school drinking.

How do I chose a topic?

Look deep into your personal interest and see what you would want to research for a year. You can start by doing keyword searchers on databases such as Google Scholar, ERIC, PubMed, etc. until you come across some studies that interest you. Topics are broad and are not the same thing as a research question.

How do I find a gap?

Once you find studies that interest you, first read the abstract and then go straight to the discussion section of the study. The abstract gives you a summary of the purpose of the study, the type of method used, and the findings. This will help you decipher whether or not this study will be of interest to you. The discussion is where you can find your gap. This is where the author connects his or her finds to a wider context and explains the limitations and implications of the study. The limitation and implications are what helps you find your gap. These are factors that the author did not consider nor control in his or her study. You can use this to your advantage to conduct a similar study (or replicate a study) addressing the limitation or implication of a study. Basically anything can be a gap in research if even it is as small as something as applying the same study to a different population.

How can I find more sources?

Go to the reference page of the study! This is a gold mine for you! The author used these studies in his or her literature review, methodology, and discussion which you can use to see how the author used the reference in his or her study and possibly use it in the same way.

How many sources do I need?

How ever many it takes for you to establish you gap. There is no set number, but keep in mind that you should not use redundant pieces of evidence, unless they are told from different perspectives. (I will go in-depth on how to find pieces of evidence for your paper in a later post)

After finding my topic do I need to develop a final research question?

No. If you've found enough sources to construct a "working research question" - a research question that you can tweak and narrow down as you find more sources- then go ahead.

When should I start looking for a topic?

NOW! Your timing is precious in this course and the more ahead of the game you are, the better off you will be. Trust me! Try to make a goal to have your assignments for this class done a week prior to its due date. It's better to have it done early, so you have less to stress about :)

Let me know if I should continue with these posts and what else you'd like for me to discuss.

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Academic Paper: Discussion and Analysis

5 min read • june 18, 2024

Dylan Black

Introduction

After presenting your data and results to readers, you have one final step before you can  finally wrap up your paper and write a conclusion: analyzing your data! This is the big part of your paper that finally takes all the stuff you've been talking about - your method, the data you collected, the information presented in your literature review - and uses it to make a point!

The major question to be answered in your analysis section is simply "we have all this data, but  what does it mean?" What questions does this data answer? How does it relate to your research question ? Can this data be explained by, and is it consistent with, other papers? If not, why? These are the types of questions you'll be discussing in this section.

Writing a 🔥 Discussion and Analysis

Explain what your data means.

The primary point of a discussion section is to explain to your readers, through both statistical means and thorough explanation, what your results mean for your project. In doing so, you want to be succinct, clear, and specific about how your data backs up the claims you are making. These claims should be directly tied back to the overall focus of your paper.

What is this overall focus, you may ask? Your research question! This discussion along with your conclusion forms the final analysis of your research - what answers did we find? Was our research successful? How do the results we found tie into and relate to the current consensus by the research community? Were our results expected or unexpected? Why or why not? These are all questions you may consider in writing your discussion section.

Why Did Your Results Happen?

After presenting your results in your results section, you may also want to explain why your results actually occurred. This is integral to gaining a full understanding of your results and the conclusions you can draw from them. For example, if data you found contradicts certain data points found in other studies, one of the most important aspects of your discussion of said data is going to be theorizing as to  why this disparity took place.

Note that making broad, sweeping claims based on your data is not enough!  Everything, and I mean just about   everything you say in your discussions section must be backed up either by your own findings that you showed in your results section   or past research that has been performed in your field.

For many situations, finding these answers is not easy, and a lot of thinking must be done as to why your results actually occurred the way they did. For some fields, specifically STEM-related fields, a discussion might dive into the theoretical foundations of your research, explaining interactions between parts of your study that led to your results. For others, like social sciences and humanities, results may be open to more interpretation.

However, "open to more interpretation" does  not mean you can make claims willy nilly and claim "author's interpretation". In fact, such interpretation may be harder than STEM explanations! You will have to synthesize existing analysis on your topic and incorporate that in your analysis.

Discussion vs. Summary & Repetition

Quite possibly the biggest mistake made within a discussion section is simply restating your data in a different format. The role of the discussion section is to  explain your data and what it means for your project. Many students, thinking they're making discussion and analysis, simply regurgitate their numbers back in full sentences with a surface-level explanation.

Phrases like "this shows" and others similar, while good building blocks and  great planning tools, often lead to a relatively weak discussion that isn't very nuanced and doesn't lead to much new understanding.

Instead, your goal will be to, through this section and your conclusion, establish a  new understanding and in the end, close your gap! To do this effectively, you not only will have to present the numbers and results of your study, but you'll also have to describe how such data forms a new idea that has not been found in prior research.

This, in essence, is the heart of research - finding something new that hasn't been studied before! I don't know if it's just us, but that's pretty darn cool and something that you as the researcher should be incredibly proud of yourself for accomplishing.

Rubric Points

Before we close out this guide, let's take a quick peek at our best friend: the AP Research Rubric for the Discussion and Conclusion sections.

Scores of One and Two: Nothing New, Your Standard Essay

Responses that earn a score of one or two on this section of the AP Research Academic Paper typically don't find much new and by this point may not have a fully developed method nor well-thought-out results. For the most part, these are more similar to essays you may have written in a prior English class or AP Seminar than a true Research paper. Instead of finding  new ideas, they summarize already existing information about a topic.

Score of Three: New Understanding, Not Enough Support

A score of three is the first row that establishes a new understanding! This is a great step forward from a one or a two. However, what differentiates a three from a four or a five is the explanation and support of such a new understanding. A paper that earns a three lacks in building a line of reasoning and does not present enough evidence, both from their results section and from already published research.

Scores of Four and Five: New Understanding With A Line of Reasoning

We've made it to the best of the best! With scores of four and five, successful papers describe a new understanding with an effective line of reasoning, sufficient evidence, and an all-around great presentation of how their results signify filling a gap and answering a research question.

As far as the discussions section goes, the difference between a four and a five is more on the side of complexity and nuance. Where a four hits all the marks and does it well, a five  exceeds this and writes a truly exceptional analysis. Another area where these two sections differ is in the limitations described, which we discuss in the Conclusion section guide.

You did it!!!! You have, for the most part, finished the brunt of your research paper and are over the hump! All that's left to do is tackle the conclusion, which tends to be for most the easiest section to write because all you do is summarize how your research question was answered and make some final points about how your research impacts your field. Finally, as always...

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300+ AP Research Topic Ideas

Table of Contents

AP Research is a high school course offered as part of the College Board’s Advanced Placement (AP) program. It is designed to give students the opportunity to conduct independent research on a topic of their choice and to develop the research and analytical skills needed to succeed in college and beyond.

The course is typically taken by students in their senior year of high school, after they have completed other AP courses. AP Research is a two-semester course, with students typically spending the first semester developing a research question, conducting a literature review, and developing a research proposal. In the second semester, students conduct their research, analyze their findings, and present their results in a written thesis and an oral presentation.

AP Research is intended to be a rigorous course that requires students to think critically, develop research skills, and engage with complex issues in a meaningful way. The course is designed to prepare students for the demands of college-level research and to give them a strong foundation for pursuing advanced degrees or careers in fields that require research skills.

AP Research Topic Ideas

Selecting an AP Research topic can be a daunting task, requiring careful consideration of personal interests, research gaps, feasibility, and academic goals. To help students navigate this process, we have compiled a list of diverse and engaging AP Research topic ideas that cover a wide range of disciplines and research areas. These topic ideas are designed to inspire and guide students as they embark on their own research journey.

AP Research Topic Ideas are as follows:

• The effects of social media on adolescent mental health
• The relationship between physical activity and academic performance
• The impact of gentrification on urban communities
• The effectiveness of mindfulness practices in reducing stress and anxiety
• The relationship between sleep patterns and academic performance
• The role of technology in the future of education
• The impact of the gig economy on the traditional job market
• The effects of climate change on coastal communities
• The use of virtual reality in therapy and mental health treatment
• The impact of immigration policies on undocumented students’ access to higher education
• The relationship between socioeconomic status and health outcomes
• The role of music therapy in treating mental health disorders
• The effects of standardized testing on student learning and teacher effectiveness
• The impact of artificial intelligence on employment opportunities
• The effectiveness of peer tutoring programs in improving academic achievement
• The impact of cultural assimilation on immigrant mental health and well-being
• The relationship between diet and mental health outcomes
• The impact of childhood trauma on adult mental health outcomes
• The effectiveness of alternative education programs for at-risk youth
• The role of mindfulness practices in reducing implicit biases and promoting inclusivity.
• The impact of social media influencers on consumer behavior
• The effects of language barriers on healthcare access and outcomes
• The relationship between access to green spaces and mental health outcomes
• The effectiveness of school-based mental health programs
• The impact of parental involvement on academic achievement
• The effects of income inequality on social mobility
• The role of genetic testing in personalized medicine
• The impact of police body cameras on community trust
• The relationship between food insecurity and obesity rates
• The effectiveness of restorative justice practices in reducing school suspensions and expulsions
• The impact of globalization on cultural identity
• The effects of childhood bilingualism on cognitive development
• The role of art therapy in treating trauma-related mental health disorders
• The impact of corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior
• The relationship between air pollution and respiratory health outcomes
• The effectiveness of online learning platforms in improving student outcomes
• The impact of artificial intelligence on financial markets
• The effects of mindfulness practices on workplace productivity
• The relationship between exposure to violence and mental health outcomes
• The effectiveness of community-based interventions in reducing gang involvement among at-risk youth.
• The impact of social media on political polarization
• The relationship between screen time and attention spans
• The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating anxiety and depression
• The impact of renewable energy on the job market
• The effects of food advertising on childhood obesity rates
• The role of experiential learning in developing leadership skills
• The relationship between gun ownership and rates of gun violence
• The impact of microplastics on marine ecosystems
• The effectiveness of community policing programs in reducing crime rates
• The relationship between racial and ethnic identity development and mental health outcomes
• The effects of childhood trauma on long-term physical health outcomes
• The impact of cultural competency training on healthcare provider-patient relationships
• The effectiveness of mindfulness practices in reducing substance abuse and addiction
• The relationship between access to healthcare and health outcomes in rural communities
• The effects of student loan debt on career choices and financial well-being
• The impact of social support on caregiver mental health outcomes
• The role of alternative therapies in managing chronic pain
• The effects of gaming on cognitive development and decision-making skills
• The impact of restorative justice practices on recidivism rates
• The relationship between religious identity and mental health outcomes.
• The effects of media representation on body image and self-esteem
• The relationship between parental involvement in education and student motivation
• The impact of automation on the future of work
• The effectiveness of school-based mindfulness programs in reducing anxiety and depression
• The effects of social isolation on mental health outcomes
• The role of exercise in managing chronic diseases
• The impact of gentrification on cultural heritage and community identity
• The effectiveness of telemedicine in improving healthcare access and outcomes
• The relationship between nutrition and cognitive function
• The effects of microaggressions on mental health and well-being
• The impact of social entrepreneurship on community development
• The effectiveness of community-based interventions in reducing substance abuse and addiction
• The relationship between race and policing practices
• The effects of early childhood education on long-term academic achievement
• The role of animal-assisted therapy in treating mental health disorders
• The impact of social media on political activism and social change
• The relationship between personality traits and leadership effectiveness
• The effectiveness of mindfulness practices in reducing workplace stress and burnout
• The impact of climate change on food security and nutrition
• The relationship between cultural diversity and organizational performance in the workplace.
• The impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes and healthcare access
• The relationship between music and cognitive function
• The effectiveness of restorative justice practices in addressing racial disparities in school discipline
• The effects of mindfulness practices on sleep quality and duration
• The role of public art in promoting community well-being
• The relationship between social support and coping with chronic illnesses
• The impact of globalization on cultural traditions and practices
• The effectiveness of trauma-informed care in addressing mental health disorders
• The effects of parental involvement on social-emotional development in early childhood
• The relationship between personality traits and job satisfaction
• The impact of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem services
• The effectiveness of cognitive training in improving memory and attention in older adults
• The effects of trauma on brain development in children and adolescents
• The role of gender in leadership effectiveness and organizational performance
• The impact of gentrification on housing affordability and homelessness rates
• The relationship between social support and academic achievement in low-income students
• The effectiveness of community gardens in promoting food security and nutrition
• The effects of air pollution on cognitive function and academic achievement
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting social justice and equity
• The impact of technology on interpersonal communication and relationship building
• The relationship between sleep disorders and mental health outcomes
• The effects of early childhood education on social-emotional development
• The impact of political polarization on social cohesion and community engagement
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral interventions in reducing substance use disorders
• The relationship between gender identity and mental health outcomes
• The impact of social media on body image and eating disorder rates
• The effects of mindfulness practices on emotional regulation in children and adolescents
• The role of restorative justice in addressing hate crimes and bias-motivated violence
• The relationship between environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior
• The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in managing chronic pain.
• The impact of immigration policies on mental health outcomes among immigrant populations
• The relationship between socioeconomic status and access to healthcare
• The effectiveness of arts-based interventions in promoting mental health and well-being
• The effects of screen time on language development in young children
• The role of restorative justice in addressing gender-based violence
• The impact of climate change on mental health outcomes
• The relationship between social support and recovery from addiction
• The effectiveness of culturally responsive teaching in promoting academic achievement among diverse student populations
• The effects of sleep deprivation on academic performance and mental health outcomes
• The impact of outdoor recreation on physical and mental health outcomes
• The relationship between community engagement and crime rates
• The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in addressing anxiety and depression in college students
• The effects of food insecurity on academic achievement and health outcomes
• The role of race and ethnicity in accessing and utilizing mental health services
• The impact of social media on romantic relationships and dating behaviors
• The relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in older adults
• The effectiveness of harm reduction strategies in addressing substance use disorders
• The effects of environmental toxins on reproductive health outcomes
• The role of cultural competency in promoting patient-provider communication and trust
• The impact of gentrification on community health and well-being
• The relationship between mindfulness and creativity
• The effects of social support on post-traumatic growth
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating eating disorders
• The impact of race and ethnicity on access to affordable housing
• The relationship between environmental attitudes and pro-social behavior
• The effects of trauma on parenting practices and child development
• The role of community policing in promoting trust and safety in diverse communities
• The impact of gender stereotypes on academic and career choices
• The relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in adolescents
• The effectiveness of restorative justice practices in addressing school-to-prison pipeline.
• The impact of social media on body image and self-esteem in adolescent girls
• The relationship between mindfulness and resilience in first responders
• The effects of parental incarceration on child development and academic outcomes
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting voter participation and civic engagement
• The impact of cultural assimilation on mental health outcomes among immigrant populations
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans
• The effects of exposure to violence on aggression and delinquency in adolescents
• The role of social support in reducing the stigma associated with mental illness
• The impact of school-based health clinics on academic achievement and health outcomes
• The relationship between social media use and sleep disturbances in adolescents
• The effects of music therapy on pain management and emotional regulation in cancer patients
• The role of gender and race in accessing and utilizing healthcare services
• The impact of urban sprawl on environmental degradation and public health
• The relationship between mindfulness and leadership effectiveness
• The effects of school culture on student academic achievement and well-being
• The role of community gardens in promoting sustainable urban development
• The relationship between social support and job satisfaction
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral interventions in reducing anxiety and depression in LGBTQ+ youth
• The effects of air pollution on respiratory health outcomes in urban areas
• The role of mindfulness in reducing burnout among healthcare professionals
• The impact of income inequality on health outcomes and access to healthcare
• The relationship between social media use and academic performance in college students
• The effects of trauma on memory and cognitive function
• The role of community-based organizations in addressing food deserts and promoting healthy eating habits
• The impact of neighborhood walkability on physical activity and health outcomes
• The relationship between social support and coping with chronic pain
• The effectiveness of family-based interventions in addressing substance use disorders in adolescents
• The impact of environmental regulations on public health and well-being.
• The relationship between job satisfaction and employee retention
• The effects of technology addiction on mental health and social relationships
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting financial literacy and reducing debt
• The impact of early childhood education on academic achievement and cognitive development
• The relationship between cultural identity and mental health outcomes among immigrants
• The effects of social support on recovery from traumatic brain injury
• The role of restorative justice in reducing recidivism rates among formerly incarcerated individuals
• The impact of neighborhood segregation on access to healthcare and health outcomes
• The relationship between mindfulness and emotional intelligence in the workplace
• The effects of sleep hygiene education on sleep quality and academic performance in college students
• The role of community-based interventions in reducing rates of childhood obesity
• The impact of poverty on cognitive development and academic achievement
• The relationship between social support and substance use recovery in adults
• The effects of nature exposure on stress reduction and mental health outcomes
• The role of restorative justice in addressing school discipline disparities
• The impact of racial microaggressions on mental health outcomes among people of color
• The relationship between social support and coping with chronic illness
• The effects of community policing on reducing rates of police brutality and misconduct
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting digital literacy and access to technology
• The impact of animal-assisted therapy on mental health outcomes in individuals with disabilities
• The relationship between mindfulness and athletic performance
• The effects of trauma on romantic relationships and attachment styles
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting environmental sustainability and reducing waste
• The impact of social support on stress and coping mechanisms in caregivers of individuals with chronic illnesses
• The relationship between socioeconomic status and access to mental health services in rural areas
• The effects of mindfulness meditation on pain management and opioid use in chronic pain patients
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting social and economic justice
• The impact of environmental factors on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) development
• The relationship between social support and recovery from traumatic injuries
• The effects of peer mentoring on academic achievement and social-emotional development in adolescents.
• The relationship between childhood experiences and risk-taking behavior in adolescents
• The effects of gratitude interventions on well-being and social relationships
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting financial empowerment and reducing poverty
• The impact of childhood trauma on addiction and substance use in adulthood
• The relationship between cultural values and mental health outcomes in international students
• The effects of social support on academic persistence and retention in college students
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting restorative justice in the criminal justice system
• The impact of culturally responsive teaching on academic achievement and cultural identity development in students of color
• The relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality in older adults
• The effects of peer mentoring on social-emotional development and academic achievement in elementary school students
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting social and emotional learning in schools
• The impact of racial trauma on mental health outcomes among Black individuals
• The relationship between social support and job satisfaction in healthcare workers
• The effects of nature exposure on creativity and innovation in the workplace
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting diversity and inclusion in the workplace
• The impact of adverse childhood experiences on addiction and substance use in adulthood
• The relationship between cultural identity and mental health outcomes in Indigenous populations
• The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in college students
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting environmental justice and reducing pollution exposure in low-income communities
• The impact of social support on well-being and mental health outcomes in LGBTQ+ individuals
• The relationship between social media use and body image dissatisfaction in adolescents
• The effects of physical activity on cognitive function and academic achievement in older adults
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting social and economic mobility in low-income families
• The impact of mindfulness-based interventions on reducing burnout and compassion fatigue in healthcare workers
• The relationship between cultural values and healthcare-seeking behavior in immigrant populations
• The effects of trauma on personality development and attachment styles
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting healthy eating and reducing food insecurity in underserved communities
• The impact of adverse childhood experiences on cognitive function and academic achievement in early childhood
• The relationship between social support and mental health outcomes in refugee populations
• The effects of nature exposure on reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in older adults.
• The relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement in elementary school students
• The effects of a healthy lifestyle intervention on reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting disaster preparedness and resilience in vulnerable communities
• The impact of mindfulness-based interventions on reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans
• The relationship between social support and job satisfaction in non-profit employees
• The effects of music education on cognitive development and academic achievement in elementary school students
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting sustainable agriculture and reducing food waste
• The impact of cultural competence training on improving health outcomes and reducing health disparities in healthcare settings
• The relationship between social media use and sleep quality in college students
• The effects of physical activity on reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults with chronic illnesses
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting youth leadership development and civic engagement
• The impact of adverse childhood experiences on social skills development and peer relationships in early childhood
• The relationship between social support and mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic illnesses
• The effects of restorative justice practices on reducing school suspension rates and promoting positive school climate
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting sustainable transportation and reducing carbon emissions
• The impact of cultural values on parenting practices and child development
• The relationship between social media use and body dissatisfaction in young adults
• The effects of technology-based interventions on reducing social isolation and loneliness in older adults
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting mental health awareness and reducing stigma
• The impact of adverse childhood experiences on academic achievement and educational attainment in adolescence
• The relationship between social support and resilience in individuals experiencing homelessness
• The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in adults with chronic pain
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting social and economic integration of immigrants
• The impact of cultural values on mental health help-seeking behaviors in Asian American populations
• The relationship between social media use and academic performance in high school students
• The effects of physical activity on reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in adults with intellectual disabilities
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting inclusive recreational opportunities for individuals with disabilities
• The impact of adverse childhood experiences on social-emotional development and mental health outcomes in adolescence
• The relationship between social support and coping strategies in individuals with chronic illnesses
• The effects of cognitive training on improving memory and executive function in older adults
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting affordable housing and reducing homelessness
• The impact of cultural values on end-of-life decision-making and hospice utilization in diverse populations
• The relationship between social media use and self-esteem in young adults
• The effects of art therapy on reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults with mental illness
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting social and economic justice for marginalized communities
• The impact of adverse childhood experiences on social skills development and peer relationships in adolescence
• The relationship between social support and mental health outcomes in parents of children with disabilities
• The effects of technology-based interventions on promoting healthy eating habits and reducing obesity in children and adolescents
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting access to healthcare for underserved communities
• The impact of cultural values on mental health stigma and help-seeking behaviors in Latinx populations.
• The relationship between sleep quality and academic performance in college students
• The effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on reducing symptoms of burnout in healthcare professionals
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting environmental conservation and sustainability
• The impact of childhood trauma on social skills development and peer relationships in elementary school students
• The relationship between social support and quality of life in individuals with chronic pain
• The effects of a physical activity intervention on reducing symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting financial literacy and reducing debt
• The impact of cultural values on perceptions of mental health and mental illness in African American populations
• The relationship between social media use and body image concerns in adolescent girls
• The effects of animal-assisted therapy on reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting intergenerational relationships and reducing ageism
• The impact of adverse childhood experiences on college readiness and academic achievement in high school students
• The relationship between social support and well-being in individuals with chronic illnesses in rural areas
• The effects of a technology-based intervention on promoting healthy sleep habits in adolescents
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting sustainable tourism and reducing negative impacts on local communities and the environment
• The impact of cultural values on perceptions of and access to mental health services in Native American populations
• The relationship between social media use and social anxiety in young adults
• The effects of art therapy on reducing symptoms of trauma in refugee populations
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting civic engagement and activism among youth
• The impact of adverse childhood experiences on social-emotional development and mental health outcomes in young children
• The relationship between social support and self-esteem in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• The effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in individuals with eating disorders
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting workplace diversity and inclusion
• The impact of cultural values on parenting practices and child outcomes in immigrant populations
• The relationship between social media use and body image concerns in adolescent boys
• The effects of music therapy on reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults with dementia
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting access to affordable childcare and early education programs
• The impact of adverse childhood experiences on physical health outcomes in adulthood
• The relationship between social support and substance use behaviors in adolescents
• The effects of a physical activity intervention on reducing symptoms of depression in adults with chronic pain
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting sustainable urban development and reducing pollution
• The impact of cultural values on perceptions of and access to mental health services in Hispanic/Latinx populations
• The relationship between social media use and self-esteem in individuals with visible differences
• The effects of narrative therapy on reducing symptoms of trauma in survivors of intimate partner violence
• The role of community-based organizations in promoting access to affordable legal services for low-income individuals
• The impact of adverse childhood experiences on social and emotional development in adolescence
• The relationship between social support and quality of life in individuals with Parkinson’s disease
• The effects of a technology-based intervention on promoting physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior in adults with spinal cord injuries
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting sustainable energy use and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
• The impact of cultural values on perceptions of and access to mental health services in Middle Eastern populations.

How to Pick an AP Research Topic

Choosing an AP Research topic can be a challenging task, but with the right approach, it can be a fulfilling experience. Here are some steps you can follow to pick an AP Research topic:

• Identify your interests: Think about what you enjoy learning about and what topics you are passionate about. Consider your past experiences, hobbies, and future career goals. This will help you identify areas that you are enthusiastic about exploring.
• Research different topics: Conduct extensive research on topics that interest you. Read articles, books, and research studies related to your areas of interest. This will help you develop a deeper understanding of the topics and identify potential research gaps.
• Narrow down your options: After conducting your research, narrow down your options to a few potential topics. Consider the feasibility of conducting research on each topic, the availability of resources, and the scope of the project.
• Consult with your teacher or mentor: Discuss your potential topics with your teacher or mentor. They can offer valuable insights and guide you in selecting a topic that aligns with your academic and career goals.
• Define your research question: Once you have identified your topic, define your research question. The question should be clear, focused, and specific. It should also be open-ended to allow for further exploration.
• Develop a research plan: Develop a research plan that outlines the steps you will take to conduct your research. This should include the research methods you will use, the data you will collect, and the timeline for completing the project.
• Review and refine: Continuously review and refine your topic and research plan as you conduct your research. This will help you stay on track and make adjustments as needed.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Have you ever found yourself so wrapped up in a project that you forget to check the time? That's what happens when you choose the right AP Research topic. Whether you're curious about how technology shapes our lives or fascinated by the ways people think, picking good AP research paper topics can make your experience more than just another assignment—it can be an adventure.

AP Research is a course that lets high school students dig deep into a subject they care about. It gives you a chance to think critically and create something truly your own. But before you get started, you need to choose a topic that not only sparks your interest but also meets the course requirements. That's where we're here to help.

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What Does AP Research Do

AP Research allows you to take control of your learning. You'll learn how to ask the right questions, gather and analyze data, and present your findings in a way that's both clear and compelling.

One of the best parts is the freedom it offers. You're not just following a textbook—you're exploring something that genuinely interests you. This exploration can lead to impressive results, like the students who've used EssayPro's resources to write top-notch research papers. By connecting with experts and using reliable tools, they've turned their curiosity into polished projects that stand out.

Whether you're interested in social issues, science, or the arts, AP Research helps you develop skills that go beyond the classroom. You're able to solve problems and communicate your ideas effectively—all essential skills for college and beyond. And with the right support, like the guidance from EssayPro, you can take your research to the next level.

Don't miss out—check out our related article on why is critical thinking important for students and see how these skills can improve your AP Research process.

The List of AP Research Topics

Now that you know what this research is all about, it's time to find a topic that speaks to you. Having a good list of ideas can also make the process easier. Below, our expert admission essay services team gathered a selection of AP research paper topics that are not only interesting but also offer plenty of opportunities for deep exploration.

Best AP Research Topics

• How do urban heat islands affect local weather patterns and public health?
• The impact of early childhood education on long-term social and emotional development
• What are the effects of climate change on global water resources and availability?
• How do social movements utilize digital platforms to mobilize support and influence policy?
• The role of genetic engineering in agriculture: benefits and ethical concerns
• How do cultural differences influence the effectiveness of mental health interventions?
• The effects of gamified learning on student engagement and retention in STEM subjects
• How does the rise of remote work affect team dynamics and productivity?
• The influence of historical narratives on modern national identities
• What are the psychological and social impacts of long-term space travel on astronauts?
• The role of artificial intelligence in personalized medicine and its potential for transforming healthcare
• How do different teaching methods impact students with learning disabilities?
• The impact of environmental sustainability practices on corporate social responsibility
• What are the effects of food labeling on consumer behavior and dietary choices?
• How do societal attitudes toward aging affect elderly care and policies?
• The role of traditional knowledge in contemporary environmental conservation efforts
• How do different approaches to urban design influence community well-being and social interaction?
• The impact of digital detox practices on mental health and productivity in the workplace
• What can be learned from studying the long-term effects of major historical pandemics on societies?
• How do contemporary art movements challenge traditional notions of aesthetics and value?

Good AP Research Topics

Here are some more good topic choices curated by EssayPro. If you've found one you love, our experts are ready to offer help with writing an essay .

• How does the design of public spaces impact community engagement and safety?
• The influence of storytelling techniques on public awareness of social issues
• What are the effects of dietary changes on cognitive function in older adults?
• How do global supply chain disruptions affect local economies and businesses?
• The impact of bilingual education on cognitive development and academic performance
• How does exposure to different cultural perspectives shape attitudes toward global issues?
• What are the psychological effects of participating in extreme sports or adventure activities?
• How do social and economic factors influence access to clean drinking water in developing countries?
• The role of artificial intelligence in detecting and preventing cyber threats
• How do virtual communities influence real-world social interactions and relationships?
• The impact of renewable energy adoption on rural versus urban areas
• What are the effects of early intervention programs on children with developmental delays?
• How do different types of exercise affect mental health and stress levels?
• The influence of political satire on public opinion and political engagement
• What can be learned from the success and failure of international environmental agreements?
• How do personal finance education programs impact financial decision-making and stability?
• The effects of digital media consumption on attention spans and learning abilities in adolescents
• How does the portrayal of diversity in media affect societal attitudes and inclusion?
• The role of community gardens in promoting local food security and social cohesion
• What are the benefits and challenges of integrating technology into traditional classroom settings?

AP Seminar Topics

These AP Seminar research topics are sure to inspire and engage you. They're practical and interesting, perfect for exploring important issues.

• How has the rise of influencer culture altered consumer trust in advertising?
• The impact of urban farming initiatives on food security in densely populated cities
• What role do emerging technologies play in the future of remote education?
• How does the portrayal of mental health in media affect public perceptions and stigma?
• The influence of digital privacy concerns on the development of new technologies
• How do alternative justice systems, like restorative justice, impact community rehabilitation?
• The effects of gamification on student motivation and learning outcomes in education
• What can the evolution of language in internet memes tell us about cultural shifts?
• How do local art movements contribute to global conversations on social justice?
• The role of wearable technology in personal health monitoring and its implications for privacy
• How does the concept of 'ethical fashion' challenge traditional fashion industry practices?
• What are the psychological effects of participating in online communities versus physical communities?
• The influence of microdosing psychedelics on creativity and productivity in professional settings
• How do fictional narratives in popular media shape our understanding of historical events?
• The impact of virtual reality therapy on treating phobias and PTSD
• What role does citizen science play in advancing environmental research and policy?
• How do different cultures approach the concept of work-life balance, and what can we learn from them?
• The effects of digital art on the traditional art market and artist recognition
• How does the rise of autonomous vehicles impact urban planning and traffic management?
• The role of narrative in shaping public perceptions of scientific research and technology

AP World History Research Paper Topics

• How did the Silk Road influence cultural exchange between Asia and Europe?
• The impact of the Mongol Empire on global trade and communication
• The role of women in ancient Egyptian society
• What led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
• Exploring the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation
• The significance of the Magna Carta in shaping modern democracy
• How did the Black Death reshape European societies in the 14th century?
• The rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire
• What were the key factors in the success of the Ottoman Empire?
• The influence of Confucianism on Chinese government and society
• How did the Age of Exploration change global economies and cultures?
• The impact of colonialism on Indigenous populations in the Americas
• What were the causes and consequences of the French Revolution?
• The development and spread of Islam during the Middle Ages
• How did the Industrial Revolution transform societies in Europe and beyond?
• The influence of Greek philosophy on Western thought
• What were the driving forces behind the unification of Germany?
• The role of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in shaping the modern world
• How did World War I lead to major political changes in Europe?
• The cultural and technological achievements of the Gupta Empire in India

AP US History Research Paper Topics

• The causes and effects of the American Revolution
• How did the Louisiana Purchase shape the future of the United States?
• The role of women in the American Civil War
• What were the main challenges faced by the early colonies in America?
• The impact of the Emancipation Proclamation on the Civil War
• How did the Gold Rush influence westward expansion in the United States?
• The significance of the Monroe Doctrine in American foreign policy
• What were the key factors leading to the Great Depression?
• The influence of the Harlem Renaissance on American culture
• How did the Civil Rights Movement change American society?
• The causes and consequences of the Mexican-American War
• What role did the New Deal play in America's recovery from the Great Depression?
• The impact of World War II on American domestic life
• How did the Cold War shape US foreign and domestic policies?
• The significance of the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education
• What were the driving forces behind the Women's Suffrage Movement?
• The effects of the Vietnam War on American society and politics
• How did the Watergate scandal change public trust in government?
• The influence of the Industrial Revolution on urbanization in America
• What were the causes and outcomes of the American involvement in World War I?

AP Lang Research Paper Topics

• How does the use of rhetorical questions in speeches influence audience engagement?
• The role of persuasive language in shaping public opinion during elections
• How does the choice of narrative perspective affect a reader's connection to a story?
• The impact of social media on modern journalism and news reporting
• What are the linguistic techniques used in effective political debates?
• How do advertising slogans use language to create brand identity and consumer loyalty?
• The influence of Shakespeare's use of imagery on modern literary analysis
• How does the use of irony in literature enhance thematic elements?
• The role of dialogue in character development in contemporary novels
• How does language in public health campaigns affect community behavior and awareness?
• What are the rhetorical strategies used in motivational speeches to inspire action?
• The impact of tone and mood in setting the atmosphere in Gothic literature
• How do different genres of writing, such as satire and tragedy, affect reader perception?
• The role of metaphor in political rhetoric and its impact on policy discussions
• How does the structure of an argumentative essay influence its persuasiveness?
• The effects of language simplification in educational materials on student comprehension
• How do authors use symbolism to convey deeper meanings in their works?
• The influence of cultural context on the interpretation of literary texts
• What are the effects of direct vs. indirect speech on character relationships in drama?
• How do historical speeches reflect the values and concerns of their time periods?

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AP Environmental Science Research Paper Topics

• The impact of deforestation on global biodiversity
• How does climate change affect polar ice caps and sea levels?
• The role of renewable energy in reducing carbon emissions
• What are the environmental consequences of plastic pollution in oceans?
• The effects of industrial agriculture on soil health
• How does urbanization contribute to habitat loss and species extinction?
• The importance of wetlands in maintaining ecological balance
• What are the challenges and benefits of sustainable farming practices?
• The role of environmental policies in protecting endangered species
• How does air pollution impact human health in urban areas?
• The significance of the ozone layer in protecting life on Earth
• What are the environmental impacts of fracking on water resources?
• The effects of climate change on coral reef ecosystems
• How does deforestation contribute to climate change?
• The importance of conservation efforts in preserving biodiversity
• What are the environmental benefits and challenges of electric vehicles?
• The role of national parks in protecting natural resources
• How do invasive species disrupt local ecosystems?
• The impact of overfishing on marine life and ocean health
• What are the environmental and social implications of e-waste?

AP Chemistry Research Paper Topics

• The process of photosynthesis and its chemical significance
• What are the effects of heavy metals on human health?
• The chemistry behind pharmaceuticals and drug development
• How do detergents and soaps work at the molecular level?
• The significance of oxidation-reduction reactions in energy production
• What are the chemical principles behind climate change mitigation efforts?
• The role of catalysts in speeding up chemical reactions
• How do acids and bases interact in everyday life?
• The importance of the periodic table in modern chemistry
• What are the environmental impacts of chemical fertilizers?
• The chemistry behind renewable energy sources like solar cells
• How do chemical bonds determine the properties of substances?
• The significance of pH in maintaining biological systems
• What are the applications of nanotechnology in medicine?
• The process and importance of water purification techniques
• How do greenhouse gases contribute to global warming?
• The role of chemical reactions in food preservation
• What makes enzymes so crucial in biochemical reactions?
• The chemistry of batteries and how they store energy
• How do polymers impact everyday products and the environment?

AP Biology Research Topics

• How do genetic mutations contribute to evolution?
• The role of enzymes in cellular processes
• What are the effects of climate change on animal migration patterns?
• The significance of the human microbiome in health and disease
• How do plants adapt to extreme environmental conditions?
• The impact of antibiotic resistance on public health
• What are the mechanisms of gene expression and regulation?
• The role of natural selection in shaping species diversity
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• Published: 07 September 2024

Are we allowed to win this time: new warrior culture in action and government betrayal in the American Rifleman 1975–2023

• Jessica Dawson 1  

Humanities and Social Sciences Communications volume  11 , Article number:  1157 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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• Cultural and media studies

The emergence of New Warrior culture in the post-Vietnam era has largely been unexplored by sociology of culture. While recent research on the NRA has explored significant aspects of gun culture such as advertising, narratives, as well as ratings of gun empowerment etc., less work has investigated how the NRA facilitated changes not only in gun culture but in the “systems of social relations” between gun owners and the government but also in “systems of meaning” in how gun owners understand their guns. This paper argues that the NRA’s use of Native American warrior narratives, combined with other New Warrior narratives, maps onto Swidler’s unsettled time. Merging classic warrior narratives based in service to the nation alongside extensive use of Native American warriors, the NRA leveraged warrior narratives as a way of facilitating the transformation of warrior identity from one who defends the nation to one that is prepared to fight their government. In this way, the NRA was able to communicate antigovernment narratives without openly embracing the conspiratorial antigovernment ideals espoused by some factions of the militia movement by changing warrior cultural narratives from defending the nation to fighting against its government.

Introduction

In the 1985 movie Rambo, First Blood, Part II , the movie’s protagonist John Rambo is approached by his former commander for a secret mission: return to Vietnam to rescue POWs who were abandoned by their government (Appy 2016 ). The tag line for the film is “They sent him on a mission and set him up to fail” (Cosmatos 1985 ). As the movie opens, Rambo asks his former commander “Sir, are we allowed to win this time?” (Cosmatos 1985 ). While there were many films in the New Warrior genre, the Rambo franchise encapsulates the New Warrior cultural narrative of government betrayal of the troops in Vietnam, thus capitalizing on the abandoned POW/MIA myth gaining traction in the post Vietnam war years. The rise of New Warrior culture (Gibson 1994 ) demonstrates a way of theorizing Swidler’s ( 1986 ) “unsettled time” in aftermath of the Vietnam conflict. The cultural narrative of warriors betrayed by their government enabled new strategies of action that fundamentally reshaped not only “systems of social relations [but also] systems of meaning (Hays 1994 , 65), particularly the relationship between white American men and their government.

Both Swidler’s unsettled times and the emergence of New Warrior culture have largely been left unexplored by sociology of culture. This is not to say the gun culture or the NRA has been ignored – indeed there is a wide range of new scholarship about the NRA and its impact on gun culture. The symbolic meaning of guns has been recently explored to reveal a sense of gun empowerment (Mencken and Froese 2017 ). More recent work has investigated how the NRA has leveraged narratives to facilitate changes not only in gun culture but in the “systems of social relations” (Hays 1994 :65) between gun owners and the government. Lacombe demonstrates how the NRA shaped gun ownership as an identity “tied to broader gun centric political ideology” (2021:4). Filindra argues that a martial obligations of citizenship narrative previously tied to the willingness and ability to take up effective arms on behalf of the nation has transformed into a gun ownership centric understanding of citizenship. That is, being a gun owner is a necessary and sufficient condition to be viewed as a good citizen (2023:14). Schwartz identifies three meta narratives that the NRA frequently invokes as it shaped an American identity to which the gun is central (2022). These works and others have clarified the NRA’s role in changing American culture and its relationship with guns.

In unsettled times, as I argue the post-Vietnam/post-Civil Rights movement years in America were, culture provides “components that are used to construct strategies of action” (Swidler 1986 :273). This paper argues that the NRA’s use of New Warrior narratives creates a vehicle to understand cultural change. I apply Hays definition of culture to investigate how warrior narratives are used to understand relationships between a people and their government. Following Hays, I define culture as being comprised of “systems of social relations and systems of meaning” (Hays 1994 :66). By adopting the narrative of government betrayal alongside classic warrior narratives of sacrificing on behalf of the nation, the NRA legitimated strategies of action that links being a real American with being a gun owner with few other obligations or duties of citizenship (Churchill 2011 ; Filindra 2023 ). Following the incidents at Ruby Ridge and Waco in the early 1990s and the subsequent rise of the militia movement, the NRA embraced New Warrior culture, transforming the cultural meaning of warriors from someone who fights to defend the nation from foreign enemies to who has been betrayed by their own government. In this narrative, all other options have failed, leaving violence as the only recourse. That said, there is an important caveat necessary before proceeding: linking these narratives to actual violence is beyond the scope of this paper. Instead, I focus on establishing the argument for the existence of a narrative shift and leave the linkage between narratives and action to future researchers.

The New Warrior culture popularized narratives of government betrayal and suspicion, which then justified the rise of the “independent warrior [who] must step into fill the dangerous void created by the American failure in Vietnam” (Gibson 1994 :7). In this way, these narratives moved historic realities for Native Americans, Black Americans and other minority groups that had been subjected to government overreach into mainstream (white) American narratives that justified suspicion of the government. This is not to say that distrust of the government is new – indeed distrust of the government harkens back to the very founding of the nation. And yet, the New Warrior culture, moving from film to political mainstream with the rise of the rise of the militia movement in the aftermath of Ruby Ridge, Waco and Oklahoma City represents something new: not just distrust but active betrayal of a government that was supposed to be of the people (Aho 1990 ; Churchill 2011 ; Cooter 2024 ; Crothers 2019 ; Zeskind 2009 ). In this way, the NRA leveraged existing ideologies of government betrayal to enable the construction new systems of meaning that legitimize the idea of taking up arms against the government.

From settled to unsettled times: The Great War to Vietnam

All cultures contain narratives that help shape meaning which then creates strategies of acceptable and unacceptable action. Narratives resonate through cultural objects when they “help actors solve puzzles they face” (McDonald et al. 2017 :2). The American Revolution and the subsequent rise of nationalism represents an unsettled time that radically shifted the meaning of people from subjects to citizens. The rise of the modern nation state transformed subjects into citizens required to do violence on behalf of the state (Knox and Murray 2001 ). The social relations between a people and their government were “defined [through] participation in armed conflict as part of the normative definition of citizenship” (Segal 1989 :2). This understanding of citizenship links directly to what Filindra describes as the martial republican tradition, one tied explicitly to the idea of disciplined, rational, expert marksman [which made firearms] instrumental to political virtue” (2023:14).

The modern nation state is also dependent on narratives to link individuals to the imagined community of the nation (Anderson 2016 ). The core American narrative has changed many times over the course of its existence, but James Madison, one of the Founding Fathers, argued that the American nation represents a “thing believed to be impossible…that a people can self-govern” (Martineau 1837 :2). However, the American commitment to an ideal has not resulted in a coherent culture. Rather, it has always struggled with creating a sense of belonging not bound by blood or, in the American case, ties to the land. In this way and in particular during times of identity uncertainty, drawing on Native American identity has a long history of helping white Americans negotiate their “real Americanness” (Deloria 2022 ). New Warrior culture as well as the Vietnam conflict both deploy the use of the Native American narratives and imagery as a way of negotiating and understanding the war and its aftermath.

In settled times, culture “constrains action by providing a limited sense of resources” that enable or constrain subsequent action. Soldiers and their sacrifice, whether compelled to service or volunteers, have been a central piece to understanding American culture, particularly American civil religious narratives. As the nation emerged out of the Civil War era, the 100% American narrative emphasized belonging to the nation writ large rather than loyalty to states (Churchill 2011 ). In the mobilization for World War II and the immediate aftermath, the United States entered pax Americana – at least for some Americans. The classic warrior narrative communicated the goodness not only of the American soldier but the nation, thus constraining action to mobilize toward the war effort against foreign enemies (Appy 2016 ; Huebner 2011 ; Slotkin 2000 ). The good soldier sacrificed himself on behalf of the nation, a sacrifice willingly given to purify and restore the nation. Through the 20 th century, cultural depictions of the Great War and WWII, American soldiers “talked of home and family, together with their hopes that somehow their sacrifices would lead to a better world” (Gibson 1994 :45), emphasizing the focus of their sacrifice in healing the world. Narratives of soldiers sacrifice “protect[ed] the American values of freedom and democracy and to liberate others from tyranny” (Gibson 1994 :31) symbolically ensuring that society would be restored from their sacrifice. Critically, the violence of military action was directed abroad and reserved for foreign enemies, further restraining strategies of action with regard to relations with the government and delegitimizing calls for violence at home (Churchill 2011 ). War movies of the mid 20 th century which depicted the might and goodness of the American military profoundly influenced the disenchantment of Vietnam generation (Gibson 1994 , 22).

Vietnam represents a profoundly unsettled time in American culture. The violence of the war dropped into millions of living rooms on the evening news “smothered romantic views of warfare in post-1945 America” (Huebner 2011 :10). The “core tenant of American exceptionalism – that the United States only uses force…for good and freedom – was profoundly shattered” (Appy 2016 :63). It was simply “unthinkable that the United States might fight a war that was anything but righteous, winnable and fully supported” (Appy 2016 :191). Vietnam awakened the nation’s ability to acknowledge their “nations capacity for evil” (Appy 2016 :217). The staggering amount of death and violence both experienced in Vietnam and delivered into the nation’s living rooms every night on the evening news created a major ethical problem for the nation: The killing could not be linked to political success.

The loss shattered the mythology surrounding American soldiers and the futility of their sacrifice created a “contradiction between a people’s core belief system and their experiences” (Gibson 1994 :28). Following the loss in Vietnam, accompanied by accusations of extreme violence and war crimes, a narrative that soldiers sacrifice became profaned, wasted in a futile effort overseas emerged (Gibson 1994 ; Huebner 2011 ; Lembcke 2000 ). If soldiers were not dying to protect the nation, what then did the violence and death in Vietnam accomplish? Understanding Vietnam required new ways of understanding America’s role in the world and in many ways, provided new life to the anti-state vein in American revolutionary narrative (Horwitz and Anderson 2009 ). This staggering loss resulted in soldiers occupying “contentious identities” which required a transformation of cultural meaning to answer fundamentally collective questions “Who are you” “Who are we?” and “Who are they?” (Tilly 2002 :6) that fundamentally redrew the of systems of social relations retold in narratives. The resulting New Warrior culture legitimated new strategies of action – defining the government as a corrupt “they” rather than one made up of “we the people”. In this way these narratives reframed the system of relations between (mostly white) Americans and their government as one of betrayal. This betrayal narrative gains legitimacy because of the centrality of the profaning of the military’s sacrifice by their own government (Dawson and Weinberg 2020 ).

Emerging from unsettled times: the NRA’s adoption of new warrior culture

The NRA was not immune to the cultural changes emerging from the post-Vietnam era but they were more constrained in the strategies of action they adopted until the 1990s. In the mid-20th century, the NRA operated as a quasi-official arm of the government, assisting with shooting clubs and training around the country as well as having an exclusive license to sell surplus military equipment (Filindra 2023 ). Military service has long been tied to citizenship but the “relationship between military service and citizenship was most dramatic with regard to the racial integration of the armed forces” (Segal 1989 :10). Throughout the mid-20th century, the NRA closely aligned with this with their use of martial republicanism, which drew the requirements for being a disciplined citizen from disciplined, well-trained familiarity with weapons. This settled culture constrained ideas about who was allowed access to weapons.

The late 1970s, however, saw the NRA board of directors overthrown by members who wanted the NRA to take a more hardline stance against what they perceived as Second Amendment encroachment stemming from gun control legislation in the 1960s. Despite this gun control legislation emerging as a response to armed Black protests, the NRA grew increasingly concerned that the government would adopt a more hard line stance toward all gunowners (Knox 1979 , 2009 ). Further, the end of the draft and full integration of the military fundamentally changed the utility of the NRA’s use of martial republicanism (Filindra 2023 ). Following Civil Rights legislation in the 1960s, the end of Vietnam combined with the end of the draft, the association of citizenship with military service in defense of the American nation began a radical transformation in the way that social relations between citizens and their government would be understood (Segal 1989 ). The subsequent rise of ascriptive republicanism, an understanding of citizenship adopted through gun ownership (Filindra 2023 ), would accompany the NRA’s incorporation of New Warrior narratives that coincides with the emergence of the militia movement in the 1990s.

The twin examples of government violence against its white citizens at Ruby Ridge and a few short months later at Waco enabled an ideologically driven change to systems of social relations. Vietnam veterans had returned home to a nation which some perceive had abandoned them, and Randy Weaver, a decorated Vietnam veteran who also adhered to Christian identity beliefs, became the embodiment of the New Warrior when his wife and son were both killed by federal agents who’d been attempting to arrest him on over a missed court appearance for pending weapons charges. The government violence against white Americans at Waco and Ruby Ridge were broadcast into homes across the nation in ways that the Move bombing of Black Americans (Norward 2019 ) or the state sanctioned violence against Native Americans was not (Deloria 2022 ; Dunbar-Ortiz 2018 ). The government violence at Waco and Ruby Ridge, combined with federal gun control legislation of 1993 and 1994 became hallmarks of fears about an out-of-control government. These beliefs that the government was turning on white Americans, including white veterans, gave rise to the patriot movement. The NRA saw an opportunity to embrace the burgeoning militia movement, while attempting to maintain its mainstream standing.

The NRA executive director Wayne LaPierre sent a fundraising letter in (1995) that called out the violence of “jack booted government thugs”. Despite the legitimate anger over government actions at Waco and Ruby Ride, the full throated analogy of government law enforcement officers with Nazi imagery triggered a significant backlash among government officials as high up as former President George H.W. Bush and Secretary of State James Baker (Associated Press 1995 ) – many of whom were World War II veterans. This backlash demonstrates the way that settled culture works to constrain acceptable strategies of action but also the ways in which culture is often settled and unsettled at the same time for different groups (Swidler 1986 ). Despite the large number of constitutional militias, the overt antigovernment conspiratorial nature of some patriot groups was not widely adopted (Aho 1995 ; Churchill 2011 ; Cooter 2024 ). The NRA quickly back peddled but did not abandon the new system of social relations which defined the people as under attack by the government. Instead, they pivoted to highlight legitimate issues of government misconduct while smuggling New Warrior narratives into the pages of the American Rifleman through the use of warrior narratives.

The data for this research is the corpus of the American Rifleman magazine from 1975–2023, the official magazine of the National Rifle Association that’s been consistently published in its current form since the early 1920s (O’Neill 2007 ). An examination of the American Rifleman presents an opportunity to study the current emergence of religious nationalism in America, primarily because it is targeted toward broad NRA membership, rather than at core Second Amendment supporters like other NRA magazines, such as America’s First Freedom (Melzer 2012 ). As the longest-running NRA publication, the American Rifleman is more representative of how the organization has communicated to the broadest base of its readers and provides an ability to measure change over time. The American Rifleman includes transcripts of major speeches given at the annual conventions each year, as well as presidential addresses, which focuses on key issues, each month. The American Rifleman has been in continuous circulation since 1923 under its current name (O’Neill 2007 ) and its circulation represents one of the top 50 magazine distributions in the country (Waldman 2015 ), even in today’s increasingly digital environment. The NRA states that more than 2 million subscribers currently receive the American Rifleman every month (Keefe 2018 ).

Further, the American Rifleman also includes advertisements from all of the major gun manufacturers as well as smaller businesses who seek to reach NRA audience members. Significant work has been done understanding the impact of advertising on gun culture (Mak 2021 ; Saylor et al. 2004 ; Yamane et al. 2018 ) and I build on this work by including ads in this analysis. Further, the NRA has long been viewed as a lobbying arm of the gun industry and therefore has significant influence not only over how advertisers shape their message but also has demonstrated a willingness to attack companies which don’t fall in line with their messaging (Busse 2021 ).

My sample includes nearly every issue from 1975 until 2023. Digital editions from 2008 until the present were downloaded from a digital archive. Physical editions were accessed through library archives or purchased from collectors through online vendors such as eBay. Physical editions were scanned to create digital editions and then optimized for text analysis using publicly available optical character recognition software Footnote 1 . Where optical character recognition was unclear, the actual text was read and selected passages were transcribed. Total number of issues are 561 with 19 issues missing from the dataset with 9 from before 1995 and 10 after. Issues average between 100–120 pages in length, with election year issues being about 20% longer. I begin with 1975, the official end to the Vietnam conflict, to show how rhetoric changed prior to the 1980s when mass culture – film, literature, and scholarship - began to wrestle with the legacy of the Vietnam war (Gibson 1994 ; Huebner 2011 ).

New Warrior culture is not only about gun culture or the Second Amendment. It is also about government betrayal. Conversely, classic warrior narratives are aligned with fulfilling the obligations of citizenship through martial support for nation governed by the people. I use a grounded approach combined with mixed methods to first search for and identify explicit references to warriors. First, I use a mixture of automated and manual methods to search through the magazines for explicit references to “warriors”. I use only explicit references to “warrior” in this paper because I am interested in the ways in which the term “warrior” and its associated narratives are used by both the NRA and its advertisers. While sacrifice narratives are not exclusive to warriors, they are centrally about soldiers sacrifice and critically, in line with other work on New Warrior culture, betrayed sacrifice of service members is central (Dawson and Weinberg 2020 ). Further, the term “warrior” is not synonymous with other martial terms such as “patriot” or “soldier”. Patriot, for example, can refer to people who love their country or to those who believe their government has been infiltrated by the New World Order or other conspirators (James 2000 ; Larizza 1996 ). The term “warrior” is contested among veterans with some seeking to preserve a “warrior ethos” (McMaster 2021 ) and others arguing for greater emphasis on citizen soldiers versus warriors (Devereaux 2021 ). Therefore, I focused solely on explicit references to “warrior” and their associated narratives, to avoid an overly complex analysis that investigating additional terms such as patriot, soldier, or other terms that might be associated with warrior narratives would involve and invite future researchers to interrogate those terms and narratives.

I read each sentence or paragraph associated with each search result, sometimes adding more text than was retrieved by the automated search to provide further context. This approach led to 637 individual results, of which, 353 out of 637 were ads of which 90% of the warrior references appear since 1995 ( n  = 565), which coincides not with the rise of the militia movement in the early 1990s but with the backlash to the NRAs fundraising memo in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing a year earlier. I include ads in this dataset because ads are a critical aspect of both gun culture (Yamane et al. 2018 ) and New Warrior culture, which was fundamentally a marketing scheme. As well as a broader cultural narrative, New Warrior culture was also designed to sell paramilitary culture to those most likely to be removed from the actual violence of military service (Stahl 2009 ). Additionally, it is unclear the utility of separating the ads from the magazine itself, because there is significant debate about the role of the NRA as a marketing arm of the gun industry (Barnhart and Huff 2018 ; Busse 2021 ; Huff et al. 2017 ; Mak 2021 ; Yamane et al. 2018 ).

I then created codes (Fig. 1 ) based on categories of warriors mentioned or the causes they were aligned with. I categorized main types of warriors, described in Fig. 1 . These codes are not mutually exclusive. For example, the advertisement for the “Legendary Apache Warrior Model: 1873 Rifle” would be coded as both Native American and weapon.

Types of Warrior in the American Rifleman 1975–2023.

Once the large types of warriors were classified, I returned to the theoretical framing of government betrayal to develop the subsequent analysis. In what follows, I outline how different categories of warrior represent new warrior or classic warrior narratives. These narrative elements of New Warrior culture provide the NRA with the ability to reframe the gun owners’ relationship with government through the lens of New Warrior culture. No longer is the violence of war fought to protect the nation from foreign enemies but instead, violence becomes a mechanism to meet out vengeance and justice against their fellow citizens. The New Warrior archetype links the historic heroism of soldiers sacrifice on behalf of the nation with the armed citizens who protect their communities from an evil the government will not or cannot stop (Dawson 2019 ). Thus, using the military as a primary vehicle for government betrayal narratives enabled the NRA to capitalize on legitimate issues surrounding lack of resources for Vietnam veterans while simultaneously maintaining a support the troops pro military status quo. As a result, as well as for brevity’s sake and for the clarity of the analysis, I focus this analysis only military related warriors.

Findings: settled and unsettled warriors

New Warrior narratives involve several key aspects that illuminate systems of social relations that emerge in the post-Vietnam era, because, as Gibson argues, “most New War stories have their origin in Vietnam” (Gibson 1994 , 32). First, the New Warrior stands against authority figures. In this cultural narrative, the New Warrior was the Good Soldier until his government betrayed him. In this way, the New Warrior maps onto the NRA’s Good Guy with a Gun metanarrative (Schwartz 2022 ). However, unlike the Good Guy with A Gun, where the Good Guy takes action in the face of government absence or inaction (Carlson 2015 ), the New Warrior’s team or family or both was killed, leaving him alone, torn apart from the world he fought to return to. New Warrior heroes find their families destroyed because of their naïve expectation “that their family will be protected” (Yamane et al. 2018 ). Classic warriors fight for the nation, knowing their sacrifice will be honored and that their deaths contribute to something new and better (Dawson and Weinberg 2020 ). The Good Soldier had “done their part” but had been “stabbed in the back” by a government that has “failed to combat the enemies of American society”(Gibson 1994 :32).

Military/veteran warriors

Despite the rise of New Warrior culture during the 1970s and 1980s in broader popular culture, the warrior as New Warrior narratives do not appear in the pages of the American Rifleman through explicit warrior references during this time. Instead, references to military warriors during the 1980s focus on classic warrior descriptions: warriors who fought on behalf of the nation. “Military/vets” warriors ( n  = 202) are references to soldiers, Marines or, most frequently, Special Forces, Navy SEALS or other elite troops as well as wounded warriors. I break out types of military warriors in Fig. 2 . Oddly enough, however, despite the increase in the references to military and veteran warriors, the term warrior is rarely tied to regular Global War on Terror (GWOT) service members unless they are elite or Special Operations forces, which is an interesting tie to New Warrior culture that will be expanded on below.

Types of Military Warrior.

I classify types of military warrior by their era of service such as Vietnam ( n  = 34), or Iraq/Afghanistan ( n  = 13) (Fig. 2 ). Interesting is the lack of portrayal of World War II veterans as warriors. There are less than 4 references to WWII warriors such as Patton and almost all are in the context of warrior weapons, specifically commemorative tribute rifles, discussed in depth below.

The use of warrior is first used to describe American soldiers and their weapons in 1987 in an article titled “American Warriors and their Arms” about a museum dedicated to weapons used and captured during various wars of the 20th century (Roberts 1987 :76).

The military of the Greatest Generation was part and parcel of the broader American society – however, in the pages of the American Rifleman , the WWII generation is only rarely referred to as warriors. Instead, specific leaders like Patton are more frequently referenced and even then, sparsely.

“The American Historical Foundation is helping to keep alive the bold warrior spirit of this American through the issuance of the George S. Patton commemorative revolver” (The American Historical Foundation 1986 :5)

Patton’s reputation as a fierce uncompromising leader who refused to accept failure (Aubrey and Darrell 2012 ) fits with later uses of warrior, especially post-Vietnam New Warriors who refuse to be constrained by the rules, laws, or government in pursuit of victory (Gibson 1994 ). Despite this, references to Patton are mostly in line with classic warrior narratives linking warriors to military service on behalf of the nation.

During the height of the Surge in Iraq (2006–2009), the use of warrior in the American Rifleman is are almost always in advertisements for weapons, clothing, or books about covert or special operations, echoing the narrative of the New War begun in American culture in the years following the defeat in Vietnam (Gibson 1994 ). Warriors are, with one exception, always coded as male in the pages of the American Rifleman . The only reference that co-occurs with women is a reference to Wounded Warrior Weekend. Wounded warriors are discussed in more detail below.

Comparisons between previous generations wars and contemporary wars are rare, but when they are used, there are very significant narratives shifts in meaning. One example referencing Greatest Generation soldiers as warriors in an interview with Navy Seal Marcus Luttrell. In this conversation, Luttrell is discussing whether Audie Murphy was the greatest American warrior or whether the Special Operations soldiers in Afghanistan deserve that title (Luttrell and Robinson 2008 ). This reference, however, draws stark delineation between the service of the WWII generation and the current generation of soldiers.

“In describing how Matthew “Axe” Axelson fought seemingly past the limits of his own death, Luttrell wrote “I used to think Audie Murphy was the ultimate American warrior. I’m not so sure about that. Not now. Not anymore.” (Luttrell and Robinson 2008 : quoted in Adams 2008 ,18).

Fundamentally, however the juxtaposition of Audie Murphy with Luttrell’s SEAL platoon serves another narrative purpose. Audie Murphy famously devoted himself to his image as a role model after his service. Murphy refused to be portrayed with alcohol and other things that he felt would diminish the image of the professional soldier and the modern Sergeant Audie Murphy club that bears his name “focuses on how to be legally, ethically and morally correct in anything that you do and your willingness to give back to the community” (Thorne 2009 :np). Luttrell is holding his platoon members up on par with Murphy’s highly respected image for engaging in a fierce firefight “seemingly past the limits of his own death” (Luttrell and Robinson 2008 : quoted in Adams 2008 ,18).

While it is a difficult comparison to compare a conflict where America objectively won to the strategic failure in Afghanistan, the comparison Luttrell makes is worth discussion. According to Luttrell, what makes his platoon mates warriors is their willingness to fight against overwhelming odds. While his teammates fought at a level of intensity that may be on par with Audie Murphy’s heroism, Luttrell’s teammates heroism in the face of violence was unsuccessful in two ways: first, that it did not result in any greater good for the nation (particularly considering the strategic failure of the Afghanistan effort a generation later). Second, despite the level of violence, it still resulted in the near total destruction of the platoon. This is not to say that Luttrell is wrong for wanting to honor the memory of his deceased comrades – most of us would do the same. It’s easy to understand why Luttrell would hold the valor and heroism of his teammates to the same level of admiration as a national symbol such as Audie Murphy.

Warrior weapons

The invocation of the myth of the lone warrior against a corrupt system has likely played a critical role in the NRA’s adoption of New Warrior narratives in the advertisements (Barnhart et al. 2018 ; Barnhart and Huff 2018 ; Huff et al. 2017 ). New Warriors embrace guns and weapons as a signature piece of their identity, making warriors also fundamentally a marketing strategy and a political strategy (Lacombe 2021 ). These weapons serve as markers of the New Warrior’s independence and demonstrate “the hero will never need reinforcements from the corrupt power structure” (Gibson 1994 :82) and serve to legitimate the acquisition of weapons as necessary to self-defense. A key element of the NRA’s New Warrior rhetoric can be found in the rise of self-defense culture (Yamane et al. 2018 ). Fundamentally, self-defense culture expresses a belief that the government cannot or will not protect you or your family therefore weapons remain necessary (Carlson 2015 ).

Weapons are also a key element of the revolutionary narrative, where revolutionary violence resulted in democracy (Churchill 2011 ; Filindra 2023 ; Schwartz 2022 ). One of the only mentions of warriors as citizens ( n  = 2) is the following quote, which epitomizes the revolutionary perspective. “The land owning citizen warrior…wearing a ceremonial sword at his local government assembly illustrates the perfect vision of our own founding fathers held for America” (McClaughry 1986 :70). Closely tied to the revolutionary perspective is the insurrectionist perspective: the right of the people to bear arms is to defend against government tyranny (Becker et al. 2001 ; Horwitz and Anderson 2009 ). The distinction lies between the right of the people to overthrow an unelected monarchy vs the people engaging in violence against a perceived illegitimate government that is supposed to be drawn from the body of the peoples. In this narrative, no longer does the government derive its source of authority from the people. Instead, it is a corrupt power structure to be fought. This narrative thus rejects the Weberian idea of the state’s monopoly of violence (Dusza 1989 ).

The most frequent use of warrior used most frequently in advertisements for weapons, holsters, or ammunition. The names of specific guns such as Weather Warrior by manufacturer Kimber or in the titles of books such as Rogue Warrior are the majority of uses of warrior tied to products. Just under one third of references to warriors were tied to advertisements for guns and gun related equipment ( n  = 174/637). Warrior is. “The New Warrior ™ and Desert Warrior’- pistols are no-compromise versions of the Kimber .45 issued to the elite Marine Detachment assigned to U.S. Special Operations Command” (Kimber 2005 :148). Commemorative weapons advertisements linked weapons to memories of past wars or great military leaders such as General George Patton that clearly link classic warrior narratives that tie service and sacrifice to defense of the nation as seen in this quote that references “world events [that]seems to tear at the fabric of our republic”. The below quote represents a classic military warrior narrative, linking war, weapons, and military service to the defense of the nation. Commemoration of service in Vietnam also rose significantly during this period. References to Vietnam warriors are also most frequently tied to advertisements for commemorative weapons ( n  = 21/28). Some of the warrior references with regard to Vietnam link service in Vietnam to other times the nation has called, implying that this must be clearly articulated rather than assumed.

“At a time when America is honoring its heroes as never before—and expressing heartfelt gratitude to all those who put their lives on the line for their country—it seems fitting that we pay tribute to those brave warriors who served in America’s longest war: Vietnam” (America Remembers 2003 :7).

The Special Operations Association Tribute pistol is one of the clearest linkages of warriors to Vietnam veterans. This not only links the service in Vietnam to the previous generations service in more traditional wars, but it clearly marks their service as having been “in support of freedom and liberty” (America Remembers 1999 :4).

“From 1964–1973, nearly nine million Americans served in Southeast Asia. Like their father and grandfathers before them. the young American warrior left behind the comforts of home for an uncertain late on a far-off treacherous battlefield, putting their live on the line in support of freedom and liberty, and serving with valor and distinction” (America Remembers 1999 :4).

It is telling that the use of warrior skyrocketed in advertisements aimed at civilians on the home front just as the generation that grew up in the media milieu of the New Warrior culture of the 1970s and 80 s were being inducted into actual combat in Iraq and Afghanistan. During the Iraq war years (2003–2011), the term warrior is infrequently applied to American servicemembers in articles. Rather, warrior is used most frequently in advertisements for weapons, holsters, and ammunition magazines. “The New Warrior ™ and Desert Warrior’- pistols are no-compromise versions of the Kimber .45 issued to the elite Marine Detachment assigned to U.S. Special Operations Command” (Kimber 2005 :148). When warrior is tied to Iraq and Afghanistan servicemembers, it’s in often reference to them being wounded or transitioning back into civilian life after the military service but also critically maintains ties to weapons and thus full citizenship (Filindra 2023 ).

Wounded warriors

During the Iraq (2003–20011)/Afghanistan (2001–2021) conflict years, references to currently serving troops are rarely coded as warriors ( n  = 13). Most of the military references to warriors during the Iraq/Afghanistan years were not tied to the current conflict but past wars. When members of the military or veterans of the Global War on Terrors wars are referenced as warriors, it is almost always as either “wounded warriors” ( n  = 64) or as Special Operations warrior or other elite warriors such as Navy SEALs ( n  = 51). Wounded warrior” captures the transformation of warriors from military servicemembers to those wounded in action, specifically in the Iraq/Afghanistan conflicts.

Beginning in the Vietnam era, the predominant narrative surrounding returning soldiers has been of PTSD, homelessness and substance abuse (Huebner 2011 ) or, in the case of female soldiers, as victims of sexual assault (Turchik and Wilson 2010 ). The media portrayal of Vietnam veterans as broken and destroyed further highlighted similarities between Vietnam era warriors who were never welcomed home by their nation and the GWOT era soldiers welcomed home with empty thank you for your service lip service while they returned from yet another war begun with questionable evidence (Kleykamp and Hipes 2015 ). In the American Rifleman , wounded warriors are depicted as reintegrating with society not through civic participation but rather, through weapons. In this way, they maintain or reclaim their full citizenship through access to weapons via ascriptive republicanism (Filindra 2023 ).

In the pages of the American Rifleman , the discussion of warriors in terms of actual Iraq and Afghanistan veterans is almost entirely focused on their status as wounded warriors or in events meant to aid their transition home such as “warrior weekends.”

“A rifle business is different than just any job when it comes to smoothing the path from warrior to civilian: ‘You lose a piece of yourself when you turn that weapon in. To be around guns again really helps the transition process’” (Wood 2015 :96).

For a warrior to be turned into a homeless beggar “conveys the most impossible condition that can be imagine” (Smith 2018 :34). The low status of the warrior turned “disgraced vagabond” is a reminder of the loss of power and prestige faced by the warrior deprived of their tools of war (Smith 2018 ). In this way, the narrative of returning veterans as homeless victims of the violence they suffered strips them of their power to engage in society (Huebner 2011 ). But in the pages of the American Rifleman , these returning veterans regain and retain their warrior status—in this case the means to engage in violence - through continued involvement with weapons—which reaffirms their identity as warriors and thus the full benefits of martial citizenship (Filindra 2023 ).

Native American new warriors

The most consistent use of warrior throughout the nearly 50-year span covered by this study of the American Rifleman is in reference to Native Americans such as Geronimo from the Apache tribe in the Southwest or referencing Plains tribes. The Native American warrior embodies the quintessential New Warrior narrative in the American Rifleman , positioning Native American warriors as men who simply wish to be left alone but when pushed, will use violence to defend their land and families from settlers under the protection of the American government.

The usage of Native Americans as warriors in the American Rifleman stands in stark contrast to the “mythology of the American west, [where] evil Indians relish the chaos of their wilderness and violently resist efforts of Anglo pioneers to push civilization westward” (Gibson 1994 :18). The earliest uses of warriors as savages was more in line with broader cultural depictions “Soldiers had found that revolver bullets would not always stop a charging savage warrior, and there was a certain understandable reluctance to tackle vastly more powerful enemies with such an arm” (Myatt 1975 :31). Throughout the 1980s, warriors were mostly depicted as foreign, primitive fighters. Other warriors in the pages of the American Rifleman are Samurai warriors and African tribesmen, almost all in the context of some historical battle, all depicted as having fought with honor and nobility. This is in stark contrast to films from the Vietnam era that depicted the savagery of Native Americans as a way of commenting on the brutality of Americans during Vietnam (Huebner 2011 ).

The elevation of Native Americans from savages to warriors symbolically restores the Vietnam veteran’s heroic status (Huebner 2011 ) but also positions those who fought against the government as noble heroes justified in their defensive violence. In the early 1990s, the American Rifleman begins the establishment of the Native American warrior to a place of honor. Usually depicted in advertisements for commemorative rifles or plates, the Native American warrior is not represented as a savage but instead a revered and honored protector from a violent and oppressive government.

“The Sioux warrior, in perfect harmony the forces of nature, summons the Great Spirit to look with favor on the people - to provide for and protect them” (The American Indian Heritage Museum Foundation 1992 :18).

The Native American warrior is portrayed as a protector, but also free from the constraints of modern society in an idealized past.

“a long-lost era when proud warriors on horseback were masters of the endless plains and the landscape rumbled with thundering herds of buffalo. Reserve this magnificent Henry rifle today and own a tribute to the American Indian…and a piece of Western history” (America Remembers 2018 :5).

Given the negative associations of Vietnam and the wars in the American West and the frequent parallels drawn between the savagery of American soldiers and the brutality of the Indian Wars (Huebner 2011 :251), the laundering of New Warrior narratives into the American Rifleman through Native American narratives is both historically aligned with previous times when American identity was believed to be in flux but also effectively provides an effective vehicle to narratively transport antigovernment sentiment to an audience that might otherwise reject it.

Critically, one aspect of Native American warriors depiction is the fight they were engaged in: battling others for control of their ancestral territory from white settlers (Gibson 1994 ). These narratives serve a critical component of the New Warrior narrative: violence as a necessary means of defense against the government who has betrayed you .

For generations, the Native American people lived in harmony with nature, connected to the land and bound by centuries of tradition. When settlers arrived, suddenly Native American tribes were forced to fight for what they believed in and defend what they held dear. This depended on the swift actions of courageous leaders and fierce warriors . In every tribe, heroic men heeded the call to action…Now America Remembers is proud to introduce a stunning new Tribute honoring the legendary Native American leaders who lead their tribes against overwhelming odds to preserve their heritage : the Native American Warriors Tribute Rifle. The Native American Warriors Tribute Rifle is truly a historical masterpiece that captures the strength and spirit of every brace Native American tribe, along with the heroic warriors who led them . ( America Remembers 2008 , 5 emphasis added).

By appropriating Native American’s legitimate history for their own narrative purposes, the NRA is able to capitalize on actual government betrayal without courting the backlash experienced with Wayne LaPierre’s 1995 jackbooted government thugs fund raising letter. This focus on Native Americans as respected warriors nonetheless emphasizes New Warrior status – separated by time through history but also through physical space in modern day reservations. Furthermore, it transforms the reader from the perspective of the settler as invader to the righteous Native American as defender, thus aligning the reader of the American Rifleman with a more accurate view of history. In this way, the Native American warriors are positioned as ideal fighters against a tyrannical and violent government that betrayed its promises again and again, often with frequently genocidal consequences for Native Americans (Deloria 2022 ).

This paper contributes to the understanding of how the NRA influenced the transformation of the cultural meaning of gun owners by arguing that the post-Vietnam era, for at least some Americans, represented an example of Swidler’s “unsettled lives” and thus required new narratives. This paper’s central question was how the NRA used cultural narratives of government betrayal to justify guns as necessary means of defense against the government . I argue that the NRA did this through linking the long legacy of the civic warrior myth and national reverence for soldiers (Gorski 2017 ; Huebner 2011 ), to the rise of the post-Vietnam New Warrior paramilitary culture (Gibson 1994 ) which inverted key elements of the warrior narrative. Riding a new wave of anti-government sentiment from the patriot militia movement of the 90 s, the NRA carefully crafted warrior narratives to appeal to those who still viewed warriors as those whose revolutionary violence resulted in greater democracy and Native American warriors who were justified in taking up arms against a government that actually did betray them, to New Warriors who used violence to fight against a government that had or would betray them.

The end of the war in Vietnam was not just the end of another conflict in America’s history but a period of significant cultural upheaval—an example of Swidler’s unsettled time. The post-Vietnam years marked the start of a national reckoning for a nation that had always been victorious in its previous wars and who’s soldiers sacrifice restored the nation to greatness (Marvin and Ingle 1996 ; Peters 2019 ). Amid this cultural transition, the NRA began its efforts to protect the Second Amendment from government restriction, walking a fine line between the post-Vietnam New Warrior paramilitary culture and the noblese oblige of the Greatest Generation. To achieve this shift in cultural meaning, the NRA utilized post-Vietnam New War cultural discourse overlayed on classic warrior narratives to transform the relationship between citizens and their government. The NRA played a pivotal role in changing the cultural meaning not only of civic duty and obligation but also in ordinary citizens relationship with their government. For everyday citizens not associated with the military, the defense of the Second Amendment links their actions to the sacrifice of soldiers who died to protect that the rest of the freedoms contained in the Bill of Rights, giving men who no longer had the obligation to serve in the military a sense of civic pride and obligation (Dawson and Weinberg 2020 ).

The NRA used warrior narratives in three key ways in the American Rifleman magazine and all three have deep cultural ties to American identity. In the pages of the American Rifleman , the classic American warrior reluctantly takes up arms to defend the nation. The second way the NRA invokes warrior narratives is through leveraging warrior’s disdain for government. In this way, they shift the meaning of warrior from someone who reluctantly engages in violence to protect and restore the nation to those New Warriors, men who fight against the government who betrayed them. The third key way the NRA uses warrior narratives is through the use of Native American warrior narratives. This too has deep cultural ties to American identity and has been used from the very founding of the nation at the Boston Tea Party to define something new about American identity. Drawing on Native American identity gives Americans, particularly white Americans, access to claims of “real Americanness” and ties to the land that only Native Americans can actually claim (Deloria 2022 ).

Limitations

Because New Warrior culture provides the cultural meaning of the government as corrupt and therefore irredeemable, it enables the legitimation of the insurrectionist perspective, that it is the duty of the people to overthrow a government if it becomes tyrannical (Becker et al. 2001 ). Understanding how the NRA used “shared cultural identities” for “political advantage” (Strauss et al. 1997 :24) offers insight into how cultural change occurs through changing moral meaning (Tiryakian 1967 ) transmitted by stories and narrative (Tilly 2002 ). The transformation of meaning around some of Americans most sacred civil religious symbols – soldiers and veterans represents a symbolic shit that justifies violence against the government rather than restrains that violence in defense of the nation (Dawson 2019 , Gorski 2017 ).

However, to draw distinct lines between the NRA and the gun industry’s efforts in the pages of the American Rifleman to actual violence would be to move beyond the evidence offered. Some research has linked the rise in mass shootings to increases in gun sales, to the point where gun industry executives joked about back to school sales (Brown 2020 ; Busse 2021 ) but to link this action to the cultural evidence discussed would move into conjecture. That said, future researchers should more clearly investigate the rise of New Warrior cultural narratives and investigate the ways in which gun owners articulate these narratives in their talk of themselves as gun owners.

Further, the New Warrior narratives in the American Rifleman transform the insurrectionist perspective that is explicitly forbidden in the Constitution into a cultural narrative of legitimate defense against betrayal (Horwitz and Anderson 2009 ). It would be tempting to link these cultural narratives to the violence seen during the protests of 2020 and beyond but again, that would go beyond the scope of the current paper. Previous researchers have already investigated the ways in which the idea of civilian defenders of freedom have been leveraged in cultural talk and practices (Carlson 2015 ; Yamane et al. 2018 ) but more research is needed to clearly investigate specific aspects of new warrior/classic warrior culture in these groups and beyond. The NRA’s use Native American warriors has a long history in American culture. To use a people who were actually betrayed by the government and nearly wiped outto legitimate the cultural meaning of the Second Amendment as necessary to defend against a tyrannical government is to lay claim to legitimate historic injustices.

Last, this analysis did not go into all the ways in which warriors appear on the page of the American Rifleman , primarily due to efforts to limit the analysis to the ways in which betrayal narratives are tied to New Warrior narratives around the military. Future work should investigate the ways in which warrior narratives are further deployed in other NRA and gun industry focused research.

This paper traces the process of cultural change through narratives and stories deployed by the NRA. Since the late 1990s, the NRA continually linked their political actions defending the Second Amendment to the sacrifice of soldiers who defended freedom and increasingly, preserved the use of violence as a means of protecting against a hostile federal government’s actions. The New Warrior narratives embedded in pop culture of the 1970s and 80 s provided cultural scripts that helped change people’s relations to their government that carried on into the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. By leveraging legitimate stories government betrayal of Native Americans but also of wounded warriors who failed to received adequate care and recognition for their sacrifice, these betrayal narratives legitimated more overt antigovernment stances because they highlight actual government failures and betrayals .

By embracing Native Americans in the pages of the American Rifleman , the NRA was able to advance New Warrior “government will betray you” narratives to their readers without feeding into the overt anti-government sentiment embraced by the anti-tax movement in the 1970s (Levitas 2004 ), the white power movement in the 1980s (Belew 2018 ) or the militia movement in the 1990s (Aho 1990 ; Churchill 2011 ; Crothers 2003 ; Stern 1996 ). In this way, the NRA is able to claim to be the true supporters of the troops by protecting them from a disloyal, inept government.

This paper maps the narrative transformation of warriors in the pages of the American Rifleman from classic warriors fighting on behalf of the nation to New Warriors, prepared to protect their family and home against the government or because of government failure . The NRA was able to use classic stories of defending the nation to launder in new narratives that position the government, not as the embodiment of “we the people”, but as corrupt government that must be fought. This narrative makes Second Amendment warriors out of everyday citizens much like the rise of paramilitary culture following Vietnam made New Warriors out of everyday men (Belew 2018 ; Gibson 1994 ). The NRA, however, had to walk a tight rope in the 1990s—they could not overtly embrace the antigovernment militia movement without paying a political cost with World War II era veterans and voters.

In tracing this transformation from the years just after the end of the Vietnam war to the present, this paper shows how narrative change can be understood as a transformation of systems of relations and systems of meaning, reflecting and shaping systems of social relations to enable the development of different strategies of action. By using warrior cultural narratives, the NRA uses the same term but tells fundamentally different stories, providing support for Swidler’s claim that unsettled culture involves competing cultural views (Swidler 1986 , 282). Inside of these different narratives, the NRA was able to leverage cultural narratives during the post-Vietnam era to capitalize on a reemergent national myth of warriors willing to take a stand against a federal government that was perceived in the 1990s to have grossly overstepped their authority. In this way, they draw on a pre-Civil War narrative of patriots willing to fight a tyrannical government (Churchill 2011 ). The rise of the militia movement in the 1990s mainstreamed more overt anti-government sentiment in the aftermath of federal government missteps at Waco and Ruby Ridge (Crothers 2003 ; Levitas 2004 ; Zeskind 2009 ).

Embracing Native Americans as a vehicle for New Warrior narratives provided another solution to the unsettled times. Acknowledgement of the betrayal of Native Americans by the United States became more mainstream in the 1990s. Thus, the NRA was able to link well established frontier narratives to Native Americans fighting to protect their land and families from a violent federal government -drawing on more accurate historical analysis than the frontier myths alone provided. Further, in drawing on Native American narratives, the NRA taps a vein of “real Americanness” that frequently emerges during time periods when American identity becomes questioned or unsettled (Deloria 2022 ). By drawing on symbolic imagery of Native Americans, the NRA tapped into a long-standing tradition in American culture which enabled claims of “real Americanness” but also quietly advanced New Warrior narratives. By cloaking New Warrior antigovernment narratives in the historically accurate narratives of Native American self-defense, the NRA was able to speak to readers who would be familiar with New Warrior culture without alienating those who might be put off by it.

The NRA was able to embrace New Warrior culture in other, more subtle ways as well. The emphasis on Special Operations Forces was by no means limited to the NRA during the Global War on Terror years but it enabled the NRA to draw on ideas of elite warriors less bound by the rules or law and perceived to be less dependent on government or other support. This very much mirrors narratives present in magazines like Soldier of Fortune who were much more focused on mercenaries, the brutality of war, and the necessity of violence, often outside the rule of law (Lamy 1992 ). In this way, the NRA reinforces the idea that to be dependent on the government is to be vulnerable or weak and therefore unworthy of citizenship (Filindra 2023 ).

The NRA’s use of deep story narrative communicates their central values and what they hold to be true and right in the world (Hochschild 2016 ). These deep stories link everyday citizen’s actions back to the founding of the nation is linked to traditions embedded in American society (Churchill 2011 ; Cooter 2024 ). However, they also leveraged the term warrior to launder subversive New Warrior government betrayal narratives into the mainstream. Understanding the NRA’s use of civil religious narratives (Dawson 2019 ) alongside betrayal narratives helps broaden our understanding of a deeply American part of society and helps illuminate how this transformation of cultural meaning has occurred over time.

Last, and arguably most importantly, these narratives draw on real grievances that must be addressed in order to regain a broken trust. Veterans did struggle to access care following the Vietnam conflict and the War on Terror—some of the largest groups of protestors during the Vietnam War were not college students but Vietnam veterans themselves. However, the face of government betrayal was white, concealing the disproportionated amount of Black veterans who were actually turned away from care at the Department of Veterans Affairs and who were a disproportionate amount of casualties in Vietnam (Appy 2016 ; Jeffords 1989 ; Myers 1988 ; Reagan 1988 ). The Iraq conflict was largely constructed based on false information around weapons of mass destruction and the emergence of many charities focusing on wounded warriors rose out of a genuine need to meet wounded service members needs in the face of government inadequacies. The 2021 withdrawal from Afghanistan was an operation that left many veterans questioning what the last twenty years accomplished as well as saw a mass mobilization of civilians and veterans to rescue those who had risked their lives to support the United States and who many perceived were being abandoned (Philipps 2021 ). Failure to engage with real grievances in meaningful ways creates opportunities for malign actors to feed on the discontent that may turn more Americans away from the ideals of democracy itself and toward anti-government violence.

Data availability

The documents used to generate the data during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to copyright protections of the NRA magazines. Digital files for the August 2009 and later are available at http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/nra/ar_200908/ .

Due to software errors in scanning, the exact counts and word usage may be slightly off. Transcription errors may have results in references and usages being missed due to not being picked up by software searches. Nonetheless, we do not believe this will substantively change the findings.

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Dawson, J. Are we allowed to win this time: new warrior culture in action and government betrayal in the American Rifleman 1975–2023. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11 , 1157 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03630-0

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Received : 13 January 2024

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Published : 07 September 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03630-0

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