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Sheridan Grant

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Sheridan is a writer from Hamilton, Ontario. She has a passion for writing about what she loves and learning new things along the way. Her topics of expertise include skincare and beauty, home decor, and DIYing.

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About Thesis Nootropics

Hands up if you guzzle five coffees a day to stay awake, have tried all the supplements in the book desperate to improve your headspace, and aren’t interested in prescribed medications. Designed to increase focus , Thesis nootropics might be for you. 

Thesis offers a customized blend of ingredients designed to optimize your cognitive function , with personalized details that tackle your specific needs. Nootropics boost brain performance in the same way a stimulant would, without the common negative effects. 

A study published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease found that nootropics may help improve cognitive function in people with Alzheimer’s disease.

Interested in finding out more about the brand and how it works? Leaf through our Thesis Nootropics review. We’ll be your guide through the company and the process, as well as details on the treatments, highlights from customer reviews, answers to important FAQs, and more, to help you decide if it’s worth the try.

Pros and Cons

• Multiple cognitive benefits: Thesis Nootropics offers a variety of blends that cater to multiple aspects of cognitive function.
• Long-term effects: On top of short term benefits for daily life, Thesis nootropics ingredients are designed to impact the brain in the long-term.
• Personalized recommendations: Thesis Nootropics makes personalized recommendations based on your goals and unique brain chemistry.
• Potential side effects: The most common side effects to watch out for when you start taking Thesis Nootropics include heartburn, headaches, confusion, dizziness, loss of appetite, and digestive issues.
• Need to stop taking if issues arise: If you experience a headache or an upset stomach that won’t go away while taking their nootropics, Thesis recommends that you stop taking them.

What is Thesis Nootropics?

Nootropics are nutrient compounds and substances that are known to improve brain performance , such as caffeine and creatine. They help with issues that affect motivation, creativity, mood, memory, focus, and cognitive processing.

Nootropics are the ideal addition to an already healthy lifestyle that consists of exercise, proper nutrition, and enjoyable activities.  Thesis nootropics are carefully formulated to target specific needs, ranging from energy to creativity. The brand focuses on safety, ensuring that all supplements adhere to FDA guidelines and go through multiple clinical trials. 

How Thesis Nootropics Works

With all that being said, you may be wondering how Thesis provides users with an option that is specific to their needs. Fortunately, the process is simple and hassle free. Here’s how it works:

• Take the Thesis nootropics quiz
• Answer questions about your basic information
• Receive personalized recommendations 
• Get your starter kit for $120 , or $79 monthly when you subscribe 

After that, you’ll select one formula to take each week, taking one day off in between each different option. You’ll also track your results in the daily journal over the month to see how they affect your daily life. 

From there, it operates as a subscription service. Users will be able to optimize their next shipment by telling the brand which formulas worked best.

If you don’t like any of the blends in your box, let the company know and they’ll switch it for something that’s a better fit for your lifestyle, genetics, and goals.

Thesis Nootropics Ingredients

Thesis Nootropics is a brand that offers personalized nootropics designed to enhance cognitive function and overall brain health. Their blends contain a variety of ingredients that are carefully chosen for their cognitive-boosting properties. Here are some of the key ingredients in Thesis Nootropics:

• Cognizin (Citicoline) : Cognizin is a type of choline that is known for its ability to enhance cognitive function, including memory and focus.
• L-Theanine : L-Theanine is an amino acid that is found in green tea, and is known for its ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress and anxiety.
• Lion’s Mane Mushroom : Lion’s Mane Mushroom is a type of medicinal mushroom that is believed to have cognitive-boosting properties, including improved memory and focus.
• Rhodiola Rosea : Rhodiola Rosea is an adaptogenic herb that is known for its ability to reduce stress and fatigue, and improve mental clarity and cognitive function.
• Ashwagandha : Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic herb that is known for its ability to reduce stress and anxiety, and improve memory and cognitive function.
• Phosphatidylserine : Phosphatidylserine is a type of phospholipid that is found in high concentrations in the brain, and is believed to support cognitive function, including memory and focus³
• Alpha-GPC : Alpha-GPC is a type of choline that is known for its ability to enhance cognitive function, including memory and focus.
• TAU (uridine): TAU is a blend of uridine, choline, and DHA, which is believed to support brain health and cognitive function.
• Artichoke extract : Artichoke extract is believed to enhance cognitive function by increasing levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is important for memory and learning.
• Dynamine : Dynamine is a type of alkaloid that is believed to enhance cognitive function by increasing levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is important for mood and motivation.

Overall, the ingredients in Thesis Nootropics are carefully chosen for their cognitive-boosting properties, and are designed to work together to enhance overall brain health and cognitive function.

Thesis Nootropics Health Benefits

Thesis Nootropics is a brand that offers personalized nootropics designed to enhance cognitive function and overall brain health. Their blends contain a variety of ingredients that are carefully chosen for their cognitive-boosting properties, and offer numerous health benefits. Here are some of the health benefits of Thesis Nootropics:

• Increased cognitive energy : One of the key benefits of Thesis Nootropics is increased cognitive energy, which can help improve productivity, mental alertness, and motivation, as it contains cognizin .
• Enhanced mental clarity : Another benefit of Thesis Nootropics is enhanced mental clarity,given from Lion’s Mane Mushroom which can help reduce brain fog and improve focus.
• Improved memory and learning abilities : Thesis Nootropics contains ingredients that are believed to improve memory and learning abilities, like Phosphatidylserine , which can help users retain information more effectively.
• Elevated mood : Thesis Nootropics may help elevate mood and reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, thanks to ingredients like L-Theanine and Ashwagandha .
• Lowered stress levels : The adaptogenic herbs in Thesis Nootropics, such as Rhodiola Rosea and Ashwagandha , are known for their ability to lower stress levels and promote relaxation.
• Boosted focus : Thesis Nootropics contains ingredients like Alpha-GPC and Artichoke extract , which are believed to boost focus and concentration.

While Thesis Nootropics offers numerous health benefits, it’s important to note that the long-term effects of nootropics are not yet fully understood and more research is needed.

3 Thesis Nootropics Bestsellers

Thesis energy review.

If you’re constantly struggling to keep up with the demands of your busy life, it might be time to try a natural energy booster like Thesis Energy. This powerful nootropic blend is specifically designed to increase energy, overcome fatigue, and build mental stamina.

Thesis Energy is caffeine-free, making it a great option for those who are sensitive to caffeine or looking for a natural alternative to traditional energy drinks. The Energy formulation is designed to help improve focus and mental clarity, increase cognitive energy, and reduce fatigue. Whether you’re facing a busy day at work, recovering after a night of poor sleep, or gearing up for an intense workout, Thesis Energy can help you power through.

Each ingredient in Thesis Energy is carefully chosen for its energy-boosting properties. The specific ingredients can vary depending on your needs, but they work together to help increase energy, improve mental clarity, and reduce fatigue.

To get the most out of Thesis Energy, take it every morning on an empty stomach. You can also take it again after lunch if you need an extra boost. It’s designed to help you tackle busy, hectic days, recover from poor sleep, and power through intense workouts.

If you’re tired of relying on coffee and energy drinks to get through the day, it might be time to give Thesis Energy a try. Check availability and start boosting your energy naturally today!

Thesis Creativity

If you’re someone who struggles with creativity or finds yourself feeling stuck in your creative endeavors, Thesis Creativity may be worth considering. This nootropic supplement is designed to help spark inspiration, enhance verbal fluency, and boost confidence in your own great ideas.

So what’s in Thesis Creativity? The ingredients may vary depending on your specific needs, but these ingredients work together to support stress management, memory function, mood regulation, and energy production.

By supporting stress management, memory function, and mood regulation, Thesis Creativity can help free up mental space for more creative thinking. Additionally, the caffeine and L-theanine combo can provide a boost of energy and focus without the jitters and crash that can come with caffeine alone.

To get the most out of Thesis Creativity, it is recommended to take it every morning on an empty stomach and again after lunch if you need an extra boost. This nootropic blend is particularly helpful for brainstorming and creative thinking, writing and creative projects, and public speaking and social situations.

As with any nootropic supplement, it’s important to note that the long-term effects of Thesis Creativity are not yet fully understood and more research is needed. It’s always a good idea to speak with a healthcare professional before adding any new supplements to your routine.

In summary, if you’re looking for a little extra help in the creativity department, Thesis Creativity may be a valuable addition to your nootropic lineup. Its unique blend of ingredients can help support mental clarity, mood regulation, and energy production, making it a valuable tool for any creative individual.

Thesis Logic

If you’ve been having trouble with your memory lately, such as forgetting what you had for lunch yesterday or struggling to recall common words, then Thesis Logic may be just what you need. This formula is designed to help enhance your processing speed, boost your memory, and deepen your thinking.

Thesis Logic is caffeine-free, making it a great option for those who are sensitive to caffeine. The formula is ideal for use during deep, focused work, complex problem-solving, research projects, and completing tedious tasks.

Taking Thesis Logic is easy – simply take it every morning on an empty stomach, and take it again after lunch if you need an extra boost. By incorporating Thesis Logic into your daily routine, you may notice improvements in your cognitive function and overall mental performance.

Who Is Thesis Nootropics For? 

Thesis nootropics are designed for a number of different specific needs, including anyone who wants to focus better, have more energy, and maintain mental clarity. All in all, the products are specifically formulated to improve day to day life and target your specific needs .

Thesis Nootropics Side Effects

While Thesis nootropics are designed to enhance cognitive performance and provide a range of benefits, it’s important to be aware of the potential side effects that can occur. As with any supplement, individual reactions can vary, and some people may experience side effects while others may not.

Some of the potential side effects of Thesis nootropics include:

• Insomnia : Some nootropics contain caffeine or other stimulants that can disrupt sleep patterns and lead to difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
• Blurry vision : Certain nootropics, such as those containing alpha GPC, have been linked to temporary blurry vision.
• High blood pressure : Stimulant-based nootropics can increase blood pressure, which can be dangerous for people with hypertension or other heart conditions.
• Fast heart rate : Similarly, stimulants can also increase heart rate, leading to palpitations or a rapid pulse.
• Circulation problem s: Certain nootropics, such as vinpocetine, can affect blood flow and circulation, leading to issues like dizziness, nausea, or headaches.
• Addiction : Some nootropics, such as those containing racetams, have been associated with the potential for addiction or dependence if used long-term.

It’s important to remember that not all nootropics will produce these side effects, and the severity of any reactions will depend on individual factors such as dosage, duration of use, and underlying health conditions. However, it’s always wise to discuss any potential risks with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

Additionally, it’s important to follow dosage instructions carefully and not to exceed recommended amounts, as this can increase the risk of side effects. By being mindful of potential risks and using nootropics responsibly, users can reap the benefits of these supplements without experiencing adverse effects.

Thesis Nootropics Reviews: What Do Customers Think?

At this point in our Thesis nootropics review, it’s time to turn to what customers are saying. So, we sourced testimonials from the brand’s website, Reddit, and ZenMasterWellness. And spoiler alert, the Thesis nootropics reviews we came across have nothing but good things to say.

On takethesis.com , the brand earns 4.4/5 stars out of 7,956 reviews. One patron describes their particular blend as the perfect alternative to prescription meds :

“ I have been off stimulants for months now and these formulas are far superior. My husband and daughter both noticed the change and said I have been more productive, focused, less anxious, and more “thinking outside the box”. I have tried for years to get off stims and nothing would work .”

On Reddit, many reviewers share similar sentiments about how effective the products are. One buyer shares that they tried tons of different nootropics on the market, and Thesis stands out amongst the crowd . 

On ZenMasterWellness, one reviewer states that their blend provided the exact results they were looking for :

“ They offer notable improvements to how well I’m able to focus, stay on task, and grind when it’s time to grind. In practice, this usually looks like a clearer mind and an improved ability to just… chill. With the Clarity and Creativity blends, in particular, I just feel leveled out .”

Backed by clinical trials and real customer experiences, Thesis stands out in the world of nootropics and supplements. The personalized selections prove effective, while the quality ingredients live up to expectations. 

Is Thesis Nootropics Legit?

If you’re wondering if this brand offers products that are too good to be true, this Thesis nootropics review is here to say that it is the real deal .

The brand is backed by numerous clinical trials, which highlight how 86% of customers reported improvements in a wide range of cognitive challenges, while 89% noticed an improvement in their ability to reduce stress and maintain energy.

Is Thesis Nootropics Worth It?

Thesis is an appealing choice in the world of nootropics because it provides a completely customized selection based on your needs and goals. Plus, the ingredients are potent and ensure the best effects—and you only end up paying for the benefits you actually need.

With that in mind, this Thesis nootropics review deems the brand worth the try.

Alternatives

Here are some alternatives to Thesis Nootropics that you might find interesting:

• Mind Lab Pro – This nootropic supplement is designed to improve cognitive function and mental performance. It contains 11 ingredients that work together to enhance memory, focus, and overall brain health.
• Thorne Supplements : If you’re looking for high-quality, science-based supplements, Thorne is a great choice. Their products are designed with the latest research in mind and are rigorously tested for quality and purity. Some of their popular offerings include multivitamins, protein powders, and omega-3 supplements.
• WeAreFeel Supplements : WeAreFeel is a supplement brand that offers a variety of products designed to support different aspects of your health. Their supplements are vegan-friendly and free from artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives. Some of their popular offerings include multivitamins, probiotics, and omega-3 supplements.
• Neuro Gum : If you’re looking for a quick and easy way to boost your focus and energy levels, Neuro Gum is a great option. This gum is infused with caffeine and other natural ingredients that can help improve mental clarity and alertness. Plus, it’s sugar-free and comes in a variety of delicious flavors.
• Neuriva Plus : Neuriva Plus is a brain supplement that’s designed to improve memory, focus, and cognitive performance. It contains a blend of natural ingredients, including coffee fruit extract and phosphatidylserine, that have been shown to support brain health. If you’re looking for a natural way to boost your cognitive function, Neuriva Plus is worth considering.

Thesis Nootropics Promotions & Discounts 

There aren’t currently any Thesis promos or discounts available. That being said, if you subscribe for recurring shipments of your recommended products, you’ll save $40 monthly .

Where to Buy Thesis Nootropics

At the time of this Thesis nootropics review, the products are exclusively available on the brand’s website, takethesis.com .

Is Thesis Nootropics vegan?  

Thesis nootropics are made with only vegan ingredients . That being said, while the brand has taken precautions to protect against cross contamination, the products are not certified vegan.

Is Thesis Nootropics gluten-free? 

On top of being vegan, Thesis products are made without gluten, eggs, or nuts . Again, while the brand strives to protect users against cross contamination, the products are not certified gluten free. 

What is Thesis Nootropics’ Shipping Policy?

If you’re anxiously awaiting your order from this Thesis nootropics review, you’ll be happy to hear that the company offers speedy shipping, sending orders out within 1 business day. After that, packages should arrive within only 1-3 business days . Costs are calculated at checkout.

At this time, Thesis is not able to offer international shipping. This Thesis nootropics review recommends following the brand on social media and signing up for the newsletter to stay up to date with shipping policies. 

What is Thesis Nootropics’ Return Policy?

If you find that your Thesis formula isn’t working out, the company requests that you contact them to make changes and adjustments to ensure you are able to receive the proper help.

If you would still like to make a return, follow these simple steps for a refund:

• Submit your refund request
• Ship the items back within 30 days of the original delivery
• Send an email with your tracking number to the brand
• Return any remaining product in their original packaging to: 

Thesis Returns 902 Broadway

6th Floor New York, NY 

Once your return has been received, a refund will be processed and email confirmation will be sent. It’s also important to note that the brand can only refund one month’s supply per customer and return shipping is the customer’s responsibility. 

How to Contact Thesis Nootropics

We hope you enjoyed this Thesis nootropics review! If you have any further questions about the brand or its products, you can contact them using the following methods:

• Call 1 (646) 647-3599
• Email [email protected]

902 Broadway Floor 6 New York, NY 10010

If you’re looking for other ways to boost your productivity via supplements, check out these other brands we’ve reviewed:

Thorne Supplements Review

WeAreFeel Supplements Review

Neuro Gum Review

Neuriva Plus Review

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I Tried Thesis Nootropics—Here’s My Honest Review

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Table of Contents

Our verdict, thesis nootropics at a glance, how does thesis nootropics work, how much does thesis nootropics cost, the product, my thesis nootropics experience, what experts say about thesis nootropics.

Thesis nootropic blends, which are nutritional compounds often used to boost brain function , are designed to enhance mood and cognitive performance based on your individual needs and goals. The Starter Kit allows users to sample four of Thesis’ nootropics blends to determine which is most effective for them.

While the supplements are pricey, I found the increased productivity and enhanced focus I experienced worth the cost.

• Supports memory, focus, and mental speed
• Helps optimize cognitive function
• Caffeine-free and gluten-free formula
• Sold over 10 million bottles
• Subscribe and you’ll save up to 35% off

Key Features

• Thesis nootropics are designed to enhance cognitive function and optimize brain performance by supporting mood, memory, focus, cognitive processing, creativity and motivation, according to the company.
• Ingredients and blends are third-party tested for quality and potency by an independent lab, according to the company.
• Products are backed by a 30-day money-back guarantee (with a maximum return limit of a one-month supply).

Dan Freed founded Thesis in 2017 after finding inspiration from his personal journey with nootropics. With company headquarters in New York, Thesis offers customized nootropics to support cognitive function and boost productivity.

• Thesis nootropics are sourced from vegan ingredients like saffron, ginkgo biloba, mango leaf and lion’s mane mushrooms that have been studied for their impact on mood and cognitive function.
• A Thesis Starter Kit costs $119; monthly subscriptions are available for $79.
• With the Thesis Starter Kit, you can try four of the six available blends—Motivation, Clarity, Creativity, Energy, Logic and Confidence—for six days each to determine which blend works best for your brain chemistry.

Thesis nootropics are designed to enhance specific elements of brain health, from focus to energy. To get started with Thesis, you can take an online survey or choose your own blends.

If you choose to complete the online quiz (the option recommended by Thesis), you’ll answer questions about the following:

• Your age, weight and identifying gender
• Areas you’d like to focus on, such as energy, motivation or mood
• How much caffeine you drink and how it affects you
• How often you exercise
• Whether you consume excess alcohol (five or more  drinks per day)
• Whether you smoke or vape
• How much sleep you get nightly
• How often you forget things

You’ll also rate your energy, sleep quality, productivity, focus, mood and anxiety levels. Once you finish the quiz, suggested blends based on your specific needs and goals are populated for purchase on the website. You can choose to purchase a one-time or monthly package.

Each Thesis Starter Kit contains four boxes of nootropic blends, each containing six sachets of capsules. Users can try  four recommended blends from the six available through Thesis. Capsules are taken first thing in the morning (on an empty stomach) for six consecutive days, followed by a one-day break to gauge  each blend’s results. You’re encouraged to write down how you feel, including any benefits and side effects you notice.

Customers have free and unlimited virtual access to wellness coaches. Sessions are 15 minutes each and must be scheduled in advance. During your first session, your coach  guides you through each customized blend, goes over the instructions and answers any questions you may have. If there’s a blend that’s not working for you, Thesis coaches can help you make adjustments to your plan.

Monthly subscriptions can be managed in your online profile, so you can choose which blends you’d like to receive after the initial period.

• Contains 1000mg of Organic Lion's Mane in every serving
• Formulated with organic reishi, lion’s mane, and Cordyceps sinensis
• Packed with bioactive constituents that promote overall health and longevity
• Informed Choice Certified for dosage, purity, and safety from banned substances

The Thesis Starter Kit is available on the company’s website for $119. Customers can also sign up for a monthly subscription plan for $79 (a discount of $40). Shipping is free.

My curated sampler kit, based on my survey results, contained the following blends.

This blend contains four capsules and is formulated to promote energy, fight fatigue and increase mental stamina. The key ingredient theacrine, which is a naturally-occurring compound found in plants, has been shown to improve energy levels, motivation and concentration, the company notes. It also contains N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which research suggests possesses  promise as a supplement for cognitive function. However, clinical trials studying the effects of these two particular ingredients are inconclusive, and more research is needed.

That said, a large body of research supports the combination of caffeine and L-theanine (also contained in the Energy blend) for increased energy and attention, says Umo Callins, a board-certified sports dietitian and fitness coach at Well Rooted Health and Nutrition in Oklahoma City.

Active ingredients of the Energy blend include:

• Citicoline: 300 milligrams
• Mango leaf extract: 300 milligrams
• Indian trumpet leaf extract: 100 milligrams
• Theacrine: 100 milligrams
• N-acetyl L-tyrosine: 300 milligrams
• N-acetyl cysteine: 500 milligrams
• Caffeine: 100 milligrams
• L-theanine: 200 milligrams

This four-capsule blend is designed to spark imagination, maintain confidence and support verbal fluency, according to the company. The focus ingredient, ashwagandha, has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety in clinical trials. The blend also contains L-theanine, which may have relaxing effects, acting as a buffer for stress and anxiety.

Active ingredients of Creativity include:

• Ashwagandha root: 300 milligrams
• Panax ginseng: 200 milligrams
• Sceletium tortuosum: 25 milligrams
• Agmatine sulfate: 250 milligrams
• Alpha GPC: 150 milligrams

This blend, containing three capsules, is designed to help maintain willpower, prevent procrastination and manage stress, notes the company. The featured ingredient, CDT (Dynamine)—which is a patented, standardized form of methylliberine, a compound found in plants—may assist with cognitive control and improve reaction time during mentally challenging tasks, the company claims, but supporting research is limited.

Because the blend also contains caffeine and L-theanine, Callins says it will likely help with productivity, especially in a stressed or anxious state.

Active ingredients of Motivation include:

• Artichoke extract: 450 milligrams
• Vitamin B12 : 1,000 micrograms
• L-phenylalanine: 500 milligrams
• CDT (Dynamine): 100 milligrams
• Forskolin: 250 milligrams

Thesis claims that this three-capsule blend is designed to maintain focus, support attention and help individuals enter a flow state. According to the company, the featured ingredient, alpha-GPC, a compound found in the brain and in trace amounts in food sources like egg yolks and organ meats, supports healthy cognitive function and physical performance, but supporting research is limited. The blend also contains caffeine and L-theanine, which can help boost focus and attention, says Callins.

Active ingredients of Clarity include:

• Alpha-GPC: 500 milligrams
• Lion’s mane mushroom: 500 milligrams
• Camellia sinensis tea leaf: 278 milligrams
• Dihydroxyflavone: 30 milligrams

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Boost your brainpower and seize every moment with Alpha BRAIN your key to enhanced cognitive performance and focus.

On Onnit's Website

The customized blends I received from Thesis were Energy, Clarity, Creativity and Motivation. For each blend, I followed the instructions as indicated, taking the supplements in the morning on an empty stomach (with a glass of water). I took each blend for six consecutive days, followed by a one-day break.

I didn’t notice much of a difference from my baseline mood or energy from the Creativity blend, and the Motivation blend gave me heartburn, so I stopped using it after a few days. According to Thesis, experiencing negative side effects is a sign the specific blend is not a fit, and you should move on to the next one. When I took the Energy blend before my morning workout, I experienced a mild boost to my mental and physical stamina.

Hands down, my favorite blend was Clarity. I was amazed by how big of an impact this nootropic blend had on my focus, attention and productivity. As someone with inattentive ADHD (a type of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder that manifests as distractibility and forgetfulness), tasks requiring sustained attention can be challenging. Clarity’s effects were noticeable immediately (within 30 minutes), and I had an incredible level of focus that lasted. I don’t take ADHD medication because it interferes with my sleep, so this was an exciting find.

I was pleasantly surprised by the effectiveness of Thesis nootropics. For me, Clarity was the most effective blend, but I enjoyed experimenting with different formulas. While it’s pricey, I’ll definitely use Thesis again, thanks to the huge improvement in focus and attention I experienced.

Nootropics, also referred to as cognitive enhancers or “smart drugs,” are natural or pharmaceutical substances used to boost brain activity and cognitive function, explains Callins. Potential benefits include improved memory, focus, thinking, learning and mood management, she says.

Although many nootropics are generally considered safe, Callins says consuming more than the recommended dose can result in mild side effects like dizziness, nausea and headaches. And while some of the ingredients in Thesis products may have cognitive benefits supported by research, she points out that more data on their long-term effects and safety is needed.

The bottom line? “Always consult with your doctor or primary health care practitioner before taking any supplement,” advises Callins, adding that some nootropics are contraindicated with certain medical conditions and medications.

• Kuhman DJ, Joyner KJ, Bloomer RJ. Cognitive Performance and Mood Following Ingestion of a Theacrine-Containing Dietary Supplement, Caffeine, or Placebo by Young Men and Women. Nutrients. 2015;7(11):9618-32.
• Skvarc DR, Dean OM, et al. The effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on human cognition - A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;78:44-56.
• Anas Sohail A, Ortiz F, et al. The Cognitive-Enhancing Outcomes of Caffeine and L-theanine: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2021;13(12):e20828.
• Ashwagandha: Is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep?. National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2/28/23.
• Wang L, Brennan M. How does the tea L-theanine buffer stress and anxiety. ? Food Science and Human Wellness. 2022;11(3):467-475.
• La Monica MB, Raub B, et al. Methylliberine Ingestion Improves Various Indices of Affect but Not Cognitive Function in Healthy Men and Women. Nutrients. 2023;15(21):4509.
• Parker AG, Byars A, et al. The effects of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, caffeine or placebo on markers of mood, cognitive function, power, speed, and agility. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12(Suppl 1):P41.
• Tamura Y, Takata K, et al. Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine Increases Motivation in Healthy Volunteers: A Single-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Human Study. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):2091.
• Malík M, Tlustoš P. Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs. Nutrients. 2022;14(16):3367.
• Epstein JN, Loren RE. Changes in the Definition of ADHD in DSM-5: Subtle but Important. Neuropsychiatry (London). 2013;3(5):455-458.
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Thesis Review | I Tested this Nootropic for 4 Weeks, Did It Work?

In this Thesis review, we’ll take a long look to this nootropic company that offers combinations of various nootropic blends that are tailored to best suit your individual needs.

Those brain supplements comprise of the following blends.

If you have been struggling with anxiety, stress, productivity or energy, you might have certainly looked at brain supplements. These are usually generic blends of natural herbs and mushrooms with positive effects in various areas and processes in your brain.

Table of Contents

Thesis Review at a Glance

Approach to This Thesis Nootropics Review

As I alluded to, Thesis presents a questionnaire so to individualize your box. It takes around five minutes to complete, and asks questions that are quantifiable, yes/no or degree based. Everything from your weight, age and sleep quality to how often you exercise, which unhealthy habits you indulge in and how much you procrastinate will all be on the table.

I’ll be taking four of the six blends for six day intervals and documenting my results. So by the time you’re reading this, I’ll have tried Thesis for the better part of the last month.

Thesis Nootropic Ingredients

The combined effects of caffeine and l-theanine in a 1:2 ratio have been proven to be optimal for cognitive performance and mood; which means that Thesis has a good base.

30-Day Thesis Nootropic Test and Results

As pictured above, I have the starter kit.

A quick bit about me: large male, mostly sedentary with some high activity days, no chemical vices, mostly liquid diet as of late.

I’ll be taking each dose with food as recommended, likely with one our recommended meal replacement shakes such as Soylent, Huel , Ka’Chava or Rootana .

Week 1 – Thesis Clarity Review

Early on, the effects were pretty noticeable . I did feel more energized when performing physical activity. Also, I did feel more “locked in” when I had to focus, in particular with games that require high execution and fast reactions.

On the flipside, days when I didn’t have much going, I didn’t notice much of a difference. I didn’t feel need to do more, and without something to intently focus on, they may as well be water pills.

Week 2 – Thesis Motivation Review

Only three pills in this blend, so a bit easier to take.

Motivation is designed for task completion and focuses on reducing procrastination and stress. I did manage to stay focused on my current diet, though I feel that would have happened with or without these pills.

Week 3 – Thesis Creativity Review

Back to four pills with this one. The highlights of this blend focus on learning, memory and cognition.

At times I felt scattered, like I had to be doing something, which can be detrimental if you need to focus on a set of tasks. But I can see if I needed to innovate something, how this can help, being able to cycle through thoughts and ideas quickly.

Week 4 – Thesis Confidence Review

Three pills, with two of them dark. Reminds me of hamster pellets. Moving on….

Of all the blends, I felt the effects of this one the fastest, usually within about 30 minutes, as opposed to an hour or so like the others.

It worth noting that this could also be to the accrual effect of having taking nootropics for the past 30 days. Most of the best nootropics take a while to showcase all their positive effects, as there’s a build up period.

Who Wrote the Thesis

“As long as I can remember, people thought I was stupid, lazy, or unmotivated. I started to believe it. In school, I would read the same page over and over again, without absorbing anything. At 16, I dropped out of high school and went to work at a sandwich shop. Fast-forward ten years — I scored in the 99th percentile on the GMAT and earned Master’s degrees from Yale and INSEAD. Nootropics turned everything around for me and helped me form the positive habits that I built my success on. Once I balanced my brain chemistry, I could perform like never before. Dan Freed

Price and Shipping

Thesis supplement can be purchased as a single box, or part of an ongoing subscription. You choose which blends you prefer and they are shipped to you monthly.

Shipping is only within the US, and is free via USPS First Class Mail.

Are Thesis Personalized Nootropics Worth It?

Regarding the price, Thesis offers a very competitive offering when compared to the best Nootropics like Hunter Focus .

Thesis makes this easier, which is already a big plus, and you could see bigger benefits than with other competitors.

Taken that into consideration, I believe that Thesis nootropics are worth it for those considering regular use to improve cognitive function and long-term mental health.

Customer Thesis Nootropics Reviews

That said, reviews on their site are overwhelmingly positive. Not all products seem as effective, as discussed in our tests, and Creativity and Clarity seem to be the least liked. On the other hand users liked Motivation and Confidence the most, unlike me.

I’m going to be honest with you, I was skeptical but I started a new job so I thought maybe it could help.Within a half hour of the first time taking it I saw immediate results.I’m more alert and focused than I’ve been in years.I’m so happy I found Thesis as it has been life changing for me so far. Elliot S, 5-star

I have been off stimulants for months now and these formulas are far superior. My husband and daughter both noticed the change and said I have been more productive, focused, less anxious, and more “thinking outside the box”. I have tried for years to get off stims and nothing would work. Thank you for making such an amazing product. Debbie M, 5-star

If you’re new to nootropics, we can guide you to the blends we believe will work best for you based on your lifestyle and goals. You can make adjustments to these blends based on what works best for you.

Our Starter Kit is designed so that you can try multiple formulations to identify which nootropics work best with your unique brain chemistry. Each week you will sample one of your recommended blends, and record how you respond. Things to note would include increased productivity, decreased procrastination, enhanced focus and any changes in your routine At the end of the first month, you should have a good idea as to which blends work most effectively for you. These will be the blends you will continue with in your next month.

We offer the most advanced nootropic system available, to find the exact compliment for your specific brain chemistry and desired areas of focus. Our innovative Starter Kit allows you to experience multiple formulations, and determine what works best. Our process is complex because we’ve found that it yields the best results in the shortest amount of time. If we could formulate one pill that would work for everyone, we would! Because the human brain is deeply complex, that is just not possible.

Depending on your genetics and experience with nootropics, the effects can be felt in as little as 30 minutes after taking each blend. Nootropics have the most impact when taken on an empty stomach, just after waking from a normal night of rest. Some people may need a few days of consecutive use to feel the effects of the nutrients.

Verdict: Thesis Nootropic Review – 4 Weeks with Noticeable Effects

I find the approach that Thesis is taking to be a sound one. While some may be annoyed or turned off by the initial quiz, it’s certainly a necessary step in the overall process of finding which blends work for you, and which you should avoid. Also, without it, it would be a one size fits all product, and there are plenty of those already on the market.

Personally, I thought that Clarity and Creativity did the most for me . They each had noticeable effects that were largely in line with what was expected. Motivation and Confidence I wouldn’t have again, as Motivation seemed to to correspond with poor sleep and Confidence just didn’t provide enough of a benefit for me.

Bottom Line – If serious about adding nootropics to your routine, Thesis offers a great way to find what’s best for you.

Thesis Nootropics

Ingredients, effectiveness, nootropic blend.

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Curious About Brain Optimization? Thesis Nootropics May Be Your In

Pills for creativity, energy, confidence, and more.

By Will Price and Rebekah Harding

Medically Reviewed by Sydney Greene, M.S., R.D.

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Ever feel like you have the ability but not the willpower or inspiration to excel at your job? Or maybe you’re stuck in a creative rut and are struggling to get yourself out. Thesis , a nootropics company, wants you to stop being so hard on yourself.

Nootropics are the buzzy brain-boosting substances of the moment, and Thesis attempts to match people to different nootropic blends designed for certain needs—creativity, confidence, energy, clarity, logic, and so on. But can you really summon the powers of creativity on demand from a pill? Myself, and fellow Edge writer Rebekah Harding, tried Thesis for three months to find out. Here’s what you need to know. 

Why You Should Trust Us

Hone Health is a team of health-obsessed journalists, editors, fitness junkies, medical reviewers, and product testers. The two authors of this review, Rebekah Harding and Will Price, spent months taking Thesis’ nootropics blends and logging how we felt. We’ve reported on the ingredients Thesis incorporates in its nootropic blends extensively, such as  ashwagandha ,  Alpha-GPC ,  Lion’s mane , and more.

For this review, we opted to review the product and service independently, as nootropics do not all affect people in the same way. Here’s what we found. 

Thesis Nootropics

Personalized recommendations.

• High quality ingredients, third-party tested

Excellent customer service

Not for everybody, what is thesis.

Thesis’s thesis (sorry, I had to) is that you are capable of more. But as co-founder and CEO Dan Freed says on the back of the box the pills come in, “…people thought I was lazy, stupid, or unmotivated. I knew there was more in me.” Freed and his brand propose that the solution to this conundrum many of us face may be nootropics, which are substances that aim to improve cognitive performance. 

New users are funneled through a quiz that determines the best nootropic blends for them—each named for the feeling they’re meant to evoke, e.g. confidence, clarity, creativity. Boxes come with four blends, each of which should last one week, with auto-renewing deliveries shipping at $79 a month. (Note: you can buy Thesis for just one month, but it will cost $119). 

You’re meant to take notes on how each blend makes you feel and, after you’ve completed your first box, adjust which blends you receive going forward.

What are nootropics?

Nootropics are medicinal substances (some pharmaceutical, some natural) that take aim at improving brain performance—memory, creativity, motivation, mood, as well as anxiety reduction and sleep improvement.

While most have heard of popular nootropics like caffeine , creatine , or nicotine , most over-the-counter nootropic supplements—like Thesis—are formulated largely with herbs, vitamins, minerals, and other natural compounds that are known to benefit the brain.

Thesis ingredients

Each Thesis blend contains different ingredients, many of which are supported by solid research. Here are a handful. 

Lion’s mane: Mushrooms that contain hericenones and erinacines, which can stimulate nerve growth and may offer potential cognitive benefits ( 1 ). In addition to thinking capacity, these mushrooms may lower the risk of age-related brain diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease ( 2 ).

Alpha-GPC: May increase your levels of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which facilitates memory and learning, and plays an important role in cognitive function ( 3 ). 

L-Theanine: An amino acid that can positively affect mood. Studies have found L-theanine may be a beneficial nootropic for mood and mental health. It may also help ease anxiety and stress levels ( 4 ).  

Ashwagandha: An ancient herb taken for thousands of years, ashwagandha is an adaptogen that has been found to reduce cortisol —stress—levels in humans, which can have a number of powerful knock-on effects on the brain ( 5 ). 

DHA (Omega-3): This omega-3 fatty acid plays a role in supporting cognitive function and promoting growth and maintenance of brain cells . Research suggests that DHA may improve memory, learning, and overall cognitive performance ( 6 ). 

Synapsa: This patented extract of Water Hyssop boasts nootropic benefits such as enhanced memory and cognitive function ( 7 ). Research shows that taking Synapsa regularly may improve your information processing speed, increase your attention span and enhance your memory ( 8 ).

Ginkgo Biloba: Ginkgo Biloba has antioxidant properties, which are associated with cerebral blood flow and neuroprotection ( 9 ). Studies suggest that this nootropic may boost memory, mental clarity, and overall cognitive function ( 10 ).

Theacrine: This natural plant compound acts as a mild stimulant, without the tolerance build-up and jitters associated with caffeine ( 11 ). Theacrine may boost energy, mental clarity, and focus.

What’s Good About Thesis Nootropics?

There are a lot of folks interested in nootropics. Google reports something like 100,000 monthly searches for the term each month. The issue many have is simple: nootropics aren’t easy. 

It’s not easy to know what companies are selling legitimate products and which are pushing low-grade stuff. It’s not easy to get a handle on what the many, many different nootropics are meant to do. Sometimes it’s not easy to know if the good week you just had was thanks to a nootropic you just took, or the absence of some stressor you forgot about. Then there’s dosage, doctors, and the way in which these substances play off each other to worry about. 

Getting your foot in the door with nootropics is a challenging task. Thesis’s approach is designed to simplify this, and it largely works.

The personalization is somewhat limited, in that the blends themselves cannot be changed, but the blends you receive can. Interested customers are prompted to complete a simple questionnaire that asks about physical traits as well as your goals in taking nootropics. You’re then given a “Starter Kit” that includes four different blends suited to what you’re after. 

High-quality ingredients

The more you delve into nootropics, the more you realize there are, broadly, two classes of company: the legit class and the not-so-legit class. Thesis, by our account, is the former. The company’s products are products in FDA-approved cGMP facilities, which ensures the manufacturing of the product is sound. More importantly, though, and this will sound humorous if you’ve never shopped for nootropics, Thesis actually tells you what’s in its blends. 

Thesis is not the only company selling nootropic blends as a shortcut for people not interested in doing months of research. There are a great many companies that don’t specify ingredients (“focus blend”) or, more commonly, aren’t clear on dosage of each individual nootropic.

Thesis’s nutrition label is crystal clear on what’s inside each serving of its nootropic blend.

When launching oneself into a health category one doesn’t know much about, having a friend can be helpful and reassuring. Thesis’s customer support service—available via email or phone—is the weird science friend you need. 

I pestered them numerous times and each issue was responded to and resolved within 24 hours every time. The first time I called. Is there a way to remove the caffeine from the blends (there’s 100mg, or a cup of coffee’s worth in each pack)? You can request non-caffeinated blends on your next order, but for the time being simply don’t take the white pill in the daily dose packet. My email questions were answered with similar speed as well. 

There’s also Thesis’s coaching feature, which is effectively customer service for questions about your specific blends, how the blends make you feel, and so on. When I called into it I mentioned that some of the blends made me slightly antsy, some made me feel great, and others seemed to have no effect at all. Not only is this common, it’s expected: these substances do not affect us all in the same way, so there is a necessary trial period to get through. 

Having a source of reassurance when trying something new to improve our health makes the process more comfortable. 

MENTAL WORKOUT

What’s Not Good About Thesis Nootropics?

As previously mentioned, not all blends will work for you. Several reviews online suggest there are people for which none of them will work. My fellow reviewer and I each found one or two blends that worked especially well, some blends that didn’t seem to have any effect at all, and others that caused some minor anxiety. 

This is sort of the rub with nootropics. Different people will be hit different by different nootropics ; and even then there is the matter of dosage and duration, as most research suggests there is bedding-in period associated with nootropic effectiveness ( 12 ).

So is this a con for Thesis or for nootropic supplementation more generally? It’s a little of both, but more so a hurdle with the wider world of nootropics.

If you’re already waist deep in nootropics as a hobby or interest area, you can likely build your own nootropic stacks for cheaper than what Thesis offers.

Thesis costs $79 a month, or $3.29 per serving, once you’ve set up your account for automatic renewal. This is, unsurprisingly, on the middle-higher end of the nootropic blend market. 

Budget brands like Focus Factor come in at less than a dollar per serving. Mind Lab Pro , a brand closer to Thesis’s efficacy and quality, goes for about $2.10 per serving. The popular NooCube blend is also about $2.15 per serving. 

It should be said that I’m obviously comparing apples to oranges here. Each of these blends are made of up different stuff. Each of these companies is selling to a different customer. It could be argued that Thesis’s hyper responsive customer service and task-focused personalization model makes the $79 a month bill a fair deal. That said, the price doesn’t pull you in quite like the promise the rest of the product provides. 

What It’s Like to Take Thesis Nootropics

Tester #1 info : Female, 23 years old Reason for taking : diagnosed ADHD, brain fog, difficulty concentrating, anxiety Blends taken : Confidence, Motivation, Energy, Clarity

When I was diagnosed with ADHD in 2016, everything clicked. I’ve struggled with brain fog, task paralysis, and extreme difficulty concentrating for as long as I can remember. But all I have to show for my diagnosis is a raging caffeine addiction, two failed tries at taking prescription stimulant medication, and an ever-changing-never-working supplement stack.

As a neurodivergent person, the idea of nootropics—supplements that may improve cognitive performance—is intriguing to me. The idea of spending hours researching different blends and stand alone supplements, however, is not. That’s where Thesis comes in. 

To order your four-blend starter kit, Thesis kicks things off with a quick 25-question quiz. The questions were quick and multiple choice, and didn’t take more than a couple of minutes. (As a company that markets to ADHD-ers, I have to say they know their audience.) The quiz covers questions like how much sleep you clock in each night, your typical mood, and your procrastination habits—and a memory test at the end that I won’t spoil. At the end, you plug in an email and receive a customized recommendation based on your goals and struggles. 

I’m ultra-productive, but I have extreme anxiety and frequent brain fog depending on the state of my hormones. Thesis recommended four blends—Confidence, Motivation, Energy, and Clarity—to boost my mental health, promote relaxation, and fight off brain fog. 

I took each blend for six days each—as directed—with one day in between to reset.

Week one I opted for Confidence—a blend that includes saffron, ashwagandha, sage, and magnesium—which oddly produced the opposite of its intended effect. Two days in, I ditched the separate, white caffeine pill in the packet, but that only alleviated my anxiety slightly. Week two, I took Motivation—which contains artichoke extract, vitamin B12, methylliberine, and L-theanine. I enjoyed this blend the most, and felt like my mood and concentration got a decent boost. Weeks 3 and 4 I took Energy (mango leaf extract, theacrine, citicoline, and more) and Clarity (Lion’s Mane, L-theanine, and more) respectively. I noticed no changes these weeks.

Overall, I think Thesis is worth a shot for the nootropic-curious. Especially if you don’t have the time or patience to research these trendy supplements. However, I don’t think I’ll be stocking up on any of their blends any time soon.

BRAIN GAMES

Tester #2 info : Male, 30 years old Reason for taking : brain fog, unfocused, spark creativity Blends taken : Clarity, Logic, Creativity, Energy

I’ve not been evaluated for or diagnosed with any neurological or neurodevelopmental matters, but I have struggled to train my mind’s gaze on one thing for long periods of time for as long as I can remember. Call it brain fog or something else, it’s been a persistent issue of mine going back to my high school and college years, where I’d substitute just about any distraction available to me instead of something that would require real attention.

A Thesis ad on Instagram suggested this issue may not be my own failing (a source of great personal anxiety), but perhaps something that could be fixed with nootropics. I’m willing to believe most anything that suggests my failings are not my failings, so I ordered my personalized starter kit. 

My kit came with the Clarity, Logic, Creativity, and Energy blends. I quickly eliminated Clarity and Logic from the rotation, and both seemed to trigger a mix of uncomfortable headaches and anxiety (a quick browse of the internet suggests this isn’t an uncommon reaction to these specific blends). Energy, while effective, wasn’t the most useful to me, someone who doesn’t struggle as much with alertness. 

Creativity was different, though. During the second month of testing, once I’d taken Creativity for a few weeks straight (remember there is a bedding-in period!), things started to click. I started to feel the gears turning a bit more in brainstorm meetings at work, and I could think more deeply about how I could build a workout plan for a friend.

That’s how I would describe the feeling: a noticeable but slight improvement in my ability to untangle a problem of some kind. It wasn’t as though the shackles of my brand were removed and I launched a Fortune 500 company which, thankfully, Thesis does not suggest in any of its marketing materials. 

I’ve taken the Creativity tablets for a few months now and find them to be good value for the money, for me. For those curious about nootropics, I think of Thesis as the ideal first stop. Once you figure out what works for your brain and needs, you might seek out other solutions. 

The Bottom Line

Thesis nootropics are probably the best way to get into nootropics without having to do loads of research. The brand isn’t the cheapest out there, but the product is quality and the customer service is excellent.

Lai, Puei-Lene et al (2013) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24266378/

Skubel Tomasz et al (2022) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363300485_Therapeutic_potential_of_Lion

Ham, Juhee et al (2018) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5645066/

Williams, Jackson L. et al (2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31758301/

Lopresti, Adrian L. et al (2019) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6750292/

Yurko-Mauro, Karin et al (2015) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364972/

Downey, Luke A. et al (2012) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23281132/

Kumar, Navneet et al (2016) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5075615/

Mashayekhu, Ameneh et al (2012) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163160/

Ge, Wei et al (2021) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014356/

Bello, Marissa L. et al (2019) https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-019-0287-6

Malik, Matej et al (2022) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9415189/

About the author

Will Price is Hone Health’s Senior Lifestyle Editor. Before Hone he was Gear Patrol’s home and drinks editor. 

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Thesis Nootropics Review

WellStart Health is reader supported. We may earn a commission when you purchase through links in our content. Our reviews are fact checked for accuracy and adhere to our strict editorial guidelines.

Thesis Nootropic takes supplementing to a whole new level – and a whole new price tag. Is it worth the investment? Find out how we got on with our trial in this Thesis Nootropic review.

The nootropics field isn’t exactly new. The term itself was introduced back in 1972, while many of the core nootropic ingredients have been used for their benefits for centuries.

And there is no denying it, nootropics do help with our cognitive function and health, which is why they have gained substantial attention in recent years.

However, though we often see repeat appearances from certain nootropic ingredients, especially in the best nootropics out there, occasionally we come across a brand that approaches the standard way of supplementing with something slightly different.

Enter, Thesis Nootropics. These guys stand out in the market with their strong emphasis on personalization . They understand that every one of us is different, and hence, our cognitive needs and goals vary as well.

As such, their approach is to provide tailored nootropic formulas that meet these individual differences .

In the sections to follow, we will discuss more on Thesis Nootopics’ offerings, their key ingredients, and their potential impact on cognitive performance – plus the results of my own personal experience with this different approach to finding the best nootropic.

Quick Verdict: Thesis Nootropics

Thesis Nootropics has six blends – Clarity, Creativity, Logic, Energy, Motivation, and Confidence, each with high-quality ingredients.

A questionnaire will help you understand which it is you need, plus you have experts to hand to guide you along the way. The result is that you find a nootropic that your body responds to best, and provides all the benefits you need the most.

Thesis Nootropics are more expensive than your standard nootropic supplement. But if you want the knowledge and understanding as well as a unique stack of ingredients that work especially for you, it’s a worthy investment in yourself.

What Is Thesis Nootropics?

Thesis Nootropics isn’t your run-of-the-mill supplement. It has carved a niche for itself in the competitive cognitive supplements market by focusing on customization.

Each ingredient goes through a battery of tests – internal testing, customer beta testing, and third-party lab testing for safety and purity. I’m all about transparency – and Thesis provides it in spades.

To ensure that each individual gets the most uniquely suitable cognitive enhancement, Thesis Nootropics starts by capturing the user’s cognitive baseline .

By taking an in-depth assessment online, Thesis examines your mental performance and your specific cognitive objectives.

Based on this foundation, Thesis then tailors its products to fit your unique cognitive blueprint. They propose a Starter Kit, allowing you to try four of their pre-made blends over a month to discover the most fitting mix for your cognitive enhancement.

As a regular nootropics user, I found this method intriguing. In many cases, supplements come in a ‘one-size-fits-all’ format. With Thesis Nootropics, it’s a refreshing shift towards personalized wellness .

Thesis Nootropics use a variety of ingredients in its blends, all aimed at enhancing cognition . Their blends include common nootropics such as Alpha-GPC and Lion’s Mane Mushroom, but also unique ingredients like Mango leaf and Indian Trumpet tree.

Each blend is even available in a caffeine-free alternative – the same blend, but without the caffeine and L-Theanine in it. I really love this. It means everybody can find their perfect nootropic with the right balance between stimulation and relaxation.

These comprehensive ingredient formulations speak to Thesis’s commitment to cater to a wide range of cognitive demands. It’s clear that a lot of thought and expertise is going into each blend.

You also have an expert to hand for personalized advice , which is something very unique indeed. Their responsiveness, especially over the phone, has garnered rave reviews. This eye for detail and dedication to customer satisfaction hardly go unnoticed, further solidifying Thesis Nootropics’ position in the market.

There is no doubt about it: Thesis Nootropics lean on the pricier side. The monthly cost is $79, or about $3.29 per serving. This places the brand on the higher end of the nootropic blend market. For comparison, budget-minded brands such as Focus Factor offer similar blends for less than a dollar per serving.

Even premium brands like Mind Lab Pro and NooCube have products priced around $2.10 and $2.15 per serving. So, Thesis Nootropics may strain your wallet more than other options in the market, but it could be worth it. Let’s find out why.

Benefits Of Thesis Nootropics

The Thesis Nootropics line is comprised of six different blends: Energy, Clarity, Creativity, Logic, Motivation, and Confidence.

What’s enticing is how each blend targets distinct cognitive areas. For instance, if you’re struggling with focus, the Logic blend might be a suitable choice. Alternatively, if you’re lacking motivation, they’ve got a blend especially for that too.

Their blends use a variety of potent ingredients. You’ll find a selection containing adaptogens, like Ashwagandha Root, that aid stress management. The inclusion of amino acids and herbal extracts, such as Lion’s Mane Mushroom and Sceletium Tortuosum, have been documented to support brain function.

Ultimately, with Thesis, you can choose which benefits you get from Thesis. Here is an overview for each:

Each stack is engineered to precisely meet the specific cognitive demands of its user. Now that’s a smart approach to smart drugs.

Thesis Blends & Their Ingredients

With its six different blends here, I’ll try and keep things slick and to the point. One consistent pattern throughout all of them is the caffeine content, which you can toggle on or off for your customization.

So if you see it included in the list, remember the option is there to remove both the caffeine and L-Theanine for non-stimulant nootropic.

Thesis Clarity is the blend that works on your attention span and focus . If this is something you struggle with, and if you suffer with brain fog, then Clarity is a great blend to consider.

The DHF, Alpha GPC, and Lion’s Mane are here to increase blood flow to the brain and stimulate the production of acetylcholine, a powerful neurotransmitter associated with learning, memory, and attention. It’s particularly adept at cutting through brain fog.

Camellia Sinensis, commonly known as tea, exhibits varying neuropharmacological effects based on the part of the plant used. Leaf extracts specifically tend to produce a calming effect on the mind and mood, reducing those unnecessary distractions.

Thesis Logic aims to help us process information faster, think deeper, and memorize more easily.

It contains Triacetyluridine, which caters to the health of the entire central nervous system, while Phosphatidylserine helps facilitate communication between and protection of brain cells.

Thesis Energy uses Cysteine and Tyrosine alongside caffeine to deliver a steady energy supply.

It also includes TeaCrine, a branded form of Theacrine, which partners with Caffeine to affect adenosine signaling and prevent fatigue.

Motivation is the perfect blend if you need support with managing stress, tackling challenges more easily, and fueling your achievements with willpower.

Blood flow and cellular function are at the core of this blend’s targets. It employs artichoke extract, forskolin, and B12 to achieve these goals, with a healthy dose of phenylalanine for added focus and motivation.

Creativity isn’t as fluffy as it sounds. When your mind is stretching its boundaries, you’ll find you can problem solve and find solutions and ideas more easily.

Thesis Creativity aims to realign you with your inspiration by removing barriers caused by stress, anxiety, and depression. It contains ingredients with powerful anxiolytic properties and 5-HT re-uptake inhibition.

Confidence is designed to work hand-in-hand with Creativity, using saffron and DHH-B from magnolia bark to increase dopamine levels and decrease anxiety. You should feel calmer and less stressed, which should aid your ability to think clearer and be confident in your decisions.

One fascinating ingredient in this formula is Sage Extract, which one 2021 study showed can help with various memory tasks, including name and face recognition. It’s worth noting, though, that this study employed a 600mg dose compared to Thesis’ 333mg dose.

How Do You Use the Thesis Blends?

If you’re building your own, you can select the ones that you think (or the questionnaire advises) will give you the benefits that would help you the most in life.

Choose four, then you can track how you respond to them over a week. This gives you the opportunity to ‘see for yourself’ how best your body responds, plus you have an expert to hand.

The outcome will be that you discover a nootropic blend that is perfect for you.

My Experience With Thesis

For someone like me who is always curious to explore new possibilities in personal wellness and mental improvement, Thesis Nootropics was something that I had been looking forward to trying out. The promise of customized nootropic blends, backed by a legitimate understanding of my cognitive baseline, was certainly a unique proposition.

The process of getting started was simple. It started with easy-to-answer questions, such as age and weight, and the areas in life you think you need support.

But then the questions really did escalate, delving into areas that helped paint a precise picture of my mental framework and personal goals. Questions such as ‘ How much do you procrastinate? ‘, or ‘ Do you feel regret when thinking about the past? ‘.

At this point, I found it all a bit much. I wondered if they were simply bulking up their questionnaire to make themselves look good, but for me it actually just felt overly personal for a nootropic.

However, it was no big deal to keep going, and I continued throughout the many questions, until Thesis recommended some blends to try. Blends, to be honest, I could’ve predicted myself, but that’s perhaps unfair judgement as I’m used to studying them.

I then easily contacted a wellness coach to see how well they delivered on this unique service. I got a prompt answer and she was very knowledgable on all the blends and ingredients, and seemed genuinely interested in my personal results.

Based on her suggestions and help, I felt confident I would have some good results. Thus far, the experience I’d had with Thesis was something I’d never had before – I can see how hugely beneficial it would be particularly for someone who wants to learn about nootropics and blends.

During my trial period, the Energy and Clarity blends had the biggest impact on me. While the Energy Blend kept me alert and focused without the jitters common with caffeine-based products, the Clarity Blend accentuated my mental sharpness on a noticeable level.

By the end of my trial, I did feel like I’d nabbed a nootropic that really was personal to me. My body agreed with it. It responded well, and I noticed all the benefits I specifically wanted to improve on.

That’s full marks, right?

Well, there is the cost to consider. You’re paying extra for the personalization of it all. As someone who trials a lot of nootropics, I didn’t feel I needed this. Decent nootropics like NooCube don’t need to personalize their formula for it to work – it just works, really well, and at a lower cost.

However, you cannot dispute that Thesis have their own niche here, and it’s perfect for someone who wants to study the effects different nootropics can have on them personally. After all, we are all very different, and what works well or not at all for one person could be life-changing for another.

Thesis also use really high-quality ingredients that have a lot of clinical backing. I could feel the difference in supplementing with them, especially with Clarity and Energy. Even better is that they’ve clearly spent a lot of commitment building unique blends with and without stimulants.

Thesis really do create something for everyone, and I found a highly effective nootropic through their exploration and support.

Thesis Nootropic clearly offers a unique approach to cognitive enhancement. It’s all about personalization, tailoring blends to individual needs, and offering a comprehensive array of ingredients aimed at boosting various mental aspects.

The nootropics themselves help elevate clarity, energy, creativity, and more. But the USP for Thesis is the knowledge it provides. It helps us learn what works best for our bodies, and why.

And the blends are effective. They’re carefully curated and dosed well, with the option to choose between caffeine content and without.

However, all this personalization comes at a cost. From my own personal experience, NooCube works well for me; it has an excellent formula that draws in many, many positive user reviews at a much lower price point.

That being said, I’m used to trialing nootropics. I know what to look for, and what should and shouldn’t work.

If you’re new to nootropics, Thesis can be an incredibly helpful entry point. It’ll help you understand the areas you need help with (you may even learn something about yourself along the way), and you have experts to help guide you as you trial your way to the perfect blend.

If you want straightforward, NooCube is great. If you want the gold standard of understanding nootropics for you specifically, Thesis Nootropics are incredible. With them, it’s all about finding what works best for you.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4258547/
• https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/45218/1/nutrients-13-00218.pdf

Jason has written across a wide range of health and wellness publications and is passionate about men's physical and mental wellbeing. He is well versed in the field of sleep, nootropics, nutrition and physical fitness. Current wearable tech of choice is Oura Ring and Whoop Band.

Thesis Nootropics Helped Me Ditch My 3-Coffee-A-Day Habit

Here's what to know about the personalized supplement brand.

As someone who pours herself a tall glass of iced coffee three times a day — and sometimes even more, oops — I figured it wouldn’t hurt to look into other ways to boost my energy and focus. Of course, I also try to get enough sleep, water, and exercise, too. But I was also down to try a few supplements from Thesis, a nootropics company that aims to make you feel more productive with its plant-based blends.

If you’re not familiar, nootropics are similar to adaptogens in that they’re a class of functional plants that are buzzy in the wellness world. But nootropics — which include ingredients like ashwagandha , L-theanine , choline , and functional mushrooms — are more focused on activating different parts of your brain to support motivation, mood, memory, and cognitive processing . That’s why they’re sometimes called smart drugs or cognitive enhancers — and thus have a different role to play than everyday vitamins.

At Thesis, you’re hooked up with a kit of personalized vitamins , adaptogens , and nootropics that are meant to help support you in accomplishing your goals and feeling more energized and productive. I tried them out for a month and I have some thoughts. Here’s what it was like to try Thesis, in case you’re also a coffee fiend who could use a little more focus and energy.

• Price: $79/monthly subscription
• Best for: Energy, focus
• My rating: 4/5
• What we like: Personalized supplements, supportive coaches
• What we don't like: Can seem pricey, you have to be ready for some trial and error

What Is Thesis?

To get started, you’ll first take a quiz on the Thesis website that asks you about how you feel on a day-to-day basis, how much coffee you drink, what your energy levels are like, and how much you sleep (among other lifestyle questions) so that it can determine the best supplements for you. It’ll then send you a starter kit with six different supplement blends targeted for each issue you might be experiencing. From there, it’s up to you to decide which ones you want to continue using. It works like a process of elimination — you experiment by taking each supplement for six days to see whether or not it feels effective.

The Thesis line features eight different supplement blends: Creativity, Focus, Motivation, Clarity, Energy, Motivation, Confidence, and Logic. Though the brand notes it would love to formulate one pill that works for everyone, brain chemistry is so complex, so it decided it’s better to take the long route and have customers try multiple supplements in order to find the best fit for their noggin. That’s why Thesis also puts you in contact with a wellness coach, so you can chat and ask questions with an expert along the way.

How Do Nootropics Work?

Nootropics are meant to allow your brain to do its thing, only faster and with more efficiency. So, instead of slogging away at your desk with brain fog , you might notice that you feel perkier, extra organized, and more on-point than you normally do as you continue taking the supplements.

Some of the blends contain the nootropic acetylcholine , which is a neurotransmitter from the essential nutrient choline known for memory, learning, and healthy brain function . There are also plenty of amino acids, vitamins, and plant-based adaptogens in each packet to fight off fatigue and stress while protecting your brain from toxins so it’s easier to take in info — and actually remember what you learned. Other staple nootropics include ginkgo biloba , certain kinds of mushrooms, and caffeine, each of which plays a unique function in your cognitive function.

My Experience

When I took the Thesis quiz , I said that I wanted to improve my energy, focus, and mood. A few days later, I received my starter kit, which contained Clarity , Confidence , Motivation , and Logic all laid out in cute little boxes. You’re supposed to pick one — each box contains six sachets full of pills — and take a packet a day for six days. I was immediately drawn to Clarity, a supplement combo that’s supposed to help with high-pressure situations, concentration, and tasks that require focus and attention. It has Lion’s Mane extract (a mushroom), caffeine, L-theanine , and a few other ingredients meant to support a calm, focused flow. The idea is to take the supplements in the morning so they kick in before you start your day, and most of the effects are said to last from four to six hours.

I’d been taking Clarity for a few days when I had a phone call with Cindy Yan , a Thesis wellness coach and nootropics expert. We chatted about my usual routine, how I’d been feeling, and any questions I had about the process. When I said I felt a slight uptick in focus, but nothing too dramatic, Yan told me the first couple days are called the “loading phase” which is when the nutrients work their way into your body. If you don’t feel anything after that point, it’s a sign the supplement isn’t necessary or right for your neurochemistry. If you do like how you feel, it’s a keeper.

As we chatted about my routine, Yan realized I’d benefit from Creativity, an ashwagandha-based supplement meant for brainstorming and public speaking, so that I could feel like a rockstar at work. I also told her that I tend to crave a nap around 3 p.m., so she suggested the Energy supplement made with choline and mango leaf extract , which you can take every day or on extra-busy days, before a workout , or whenever you want to feel alert.

Talking to a coach as I tested the supplements was a true perk. While the quiz got me started with some great options, having access to Yan helped me hone in on what I truly needed.

Yan suggested I log how I felt every day as I took each supplement so I could keep track of any noticeable differences. A week in, I looked at the scribbles in my notebook and noticed that I did seem more productive during the six days I took Clarity. I wasn’t launching rockets to the moon, but I was getting through my emails and typing away like a woman on fire.

The next supplement on my agenda was Energy, a blend meant for busy days, intense workouts, and staying alert thanks to its mango leaf, theacrine , caffeine, and n-acetyl cysteine — and this is the one that gave me the most benefit. Yan was right on the money. She said I could take it in the morning and/or right after lunch to nip my afternoon slump in the bud, and it truly worked — no fourth mid-day coffee for me.

The more I took Energy, the less I felt like I needed to unhinge my jaw and dump as much cold brew into my face as possible. I found myself drinking a sensible cup or two in the morning, and that was that. Thesis says you can feel the effects of the supplements in as little as 30 minutes or it can take up to five days for all the benefits to sink in as your body and brain adjust. For me, though, Energy kicked in pretty quickly.

The Bottom Line

Typically, Thesis users land on two or three supplements for their regimen. After the month-long trial phase, you can order just the ones you want and forget about the rest. Personally, I’m sold on Energy and can see myself hanging onto Clarity, too.

Thesis seems to have figured things out in the nootropic supplement realm. While the boxes seem pricey, it isn’t so bad when you think about buying each supplement on your own individually — and the fact that you get a wellness coach, too.

TL;DR: I’d recommend it for anyone who feels fatigued, unproductive, or unfocused, or for folks who rely on caffeine to get through the day, like me. You might just find that there’s a better way.

Studies referenced:

Baba, Y. (2021). Effects of l-Theanine on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Subjects: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. J Med Food. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4803. Epub 2021 Mar 22.

Coqueiro, AY. (2019). Glutamine as an Anti-Fatigue Amino Acid in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients. doi: 10.3390/nu11040863.

Gelabert-Rebato, M. (2019). A Single Dose of The Mango Leaf Extract Zynamite ® in Combination with Quercetin Enhances Peak Power Output During Repeated Sprint Exercise in Men and Women. Nutrients. 2019 Oct 28;11(11):2592. doi: 10.3390/nu11112592.

Lai, PL. (2013). Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia. Int J Med Mushrooms. doi: 10.1615/intjmedmushr.v15.i6.30.

Malík, M, Tlustoš P. Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs. Nutrients. 2022 Aug 17;14(16):3367. doi: 10.3390/nu14163367. PMID: 36014874; PMCID: PMC9415189.

Mokhtari, V. (2017). A Review on Various Uses of N-Acetyl Cysteine. Cell J. doi: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4872.

Penry, JT. (2008). Choline: an important micronutrient for maximal endurance-exercise performance? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.18.2.191.

Sam, C. (2022). Physiology, Acetylcholine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan–. PMID: 32491757.

Silberstein, R. B. (2010). Examining Brain-Cognition Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract: Brain Activation in the Left Temporal and Left Prefrontal Cortex in an Object Working Memory Task. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM , 2011 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/164139

Suliman, NA. (2016). Establishing Natural Nootropics: Recent Molecular Enhancement Influenced by Natural Nootropic. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. doi: 10.1155/2016/4391375.

Todorova, V. (2021). Plant Adaptogens-History and Future Perspectives. Nutrients. doi: 10.3390/nu13082861.

Wiedeman, AM. (2018). Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle. Nutrients. doi: 10.3390/nu10101513.

Accurate Thesis Nootropics Review: What to Expect From the Hyped Brain Supplements

Nootropics are becoming some of the most sought-after supplements. Given the enticing promises such as cognitive enhancement, many of us are left to wonder — can they live up to their hype? Rest assured, you are not alone in asking this question. To provide some clarity, we have decided to take a closer look at one of the emerging brands: Thesis Nootropics.

In this Thesis Nootropics review, we will explore their products, compare the claimed benefits with current scientific research findings, and assess customer experiences to help you make an informed decision.

What is Thesis Nootropics?

Thesis offers multiple blends, including Clarity, Creativity, Energy, Logic, Motivation, and Confidence — all available without a prescription.

As per the brand, they stand out from competitors by providing customizable formulas tailored to individual needs. Users are prompted to take a quiz to determine the four most appropriate blends to try out. After using each blend for a week, customers are encouraged to check in for possible adjustments.

Thesis Nootropics claims to third-party test each batch of their products for quality and label accuracy. Their supplements are also covered by a 30-day refund policy.

Deep dive into Thesis Nootropics products

As previously noted, Thesis offers a range of nootropic blends, each designed to provide different cognitive benefits.

To judge the brand fairly, our research team has delved into each blend by carefully analyzing every active ingredient and comparing the brand’s promise to the current scientific data. After our analysis, we concluded that only the Energy blend stands as a product that may be suitable for those seeking an extra cognitive boost. While other blends also contain potentially useful ingredients, for every one of them we found major drawbacks that we will explain further below.

Thesis Nootropics Energy

Try Thesis now

Energy blend is marketed to support energy levels, enhance mental performance, and fight fatigue. It is also claimed to contribute to increased alertness and focus.

Key Ingredients

The blend has 7–8 active ingredients in the formula, depending on whether you pick the version with or without caffeine. While all of these ingredients have undergone clinical testing and shown potential benefits for brain health, some ingredients have limited research support, with relatively small samples.

For instance, a few active ingredients within the Energy blend may improve cognitive performance, including Zynamite® extracted from mango leaves. Furthermore, caffeine and Theacrine® may support performance by enhancing focus, while Sabroxy® and choline may be beneficial for memory. Other ingredients such as N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine and l-theanine may be helpful in supporting overall cognitive function.

Notably, caffeine and l-theanine are considered a synergistic blend, as some studies suggest this combination may improve alertness and accuracy in attention switching tasks.

Pros and cons

• Caffeine-free version
• Third-party tested
• Non-GMO and gluten free
• Made in GMP-certified facilities
• CoA is not provided on the website
• May cause side effects

Our verdict

For people trying to increase their “mental energy” levels, this nootropic blend is a suitable choice due to clinically studied ingredients in safe doses.

Keep in mind that this supplement should not be used by children and pregnant or breastfeeding individuals. Certain ingredients could cause interactions with medications. If you are taking any, it is important to consult with your doctor before including Energy in your routine.

Other Thesis Nootropics blends

Our team has also evaluated other Thesis Nootropics formulas but found them to be less scientifically supported than the Energy blend mentioned earlier. If you are interested in understanding our decision in more detail, we will briefly review the key factors that led us to approach these Thesis Nootropics products with caution.

Thesis Nootropics Clarity

The Thesis Clarity blend is marketed for people looking for ways to support focus, increase mental clarity, and enter the so-called flow state. It contains 5-6 ingredients depending on the selected version: with or without caffeine.

Although most nootropic ingredients, like alpha GPC in this blend are clinically studied, one of them lacks scientific evidence: 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone. As there are no human studies investigating its effect on cognition, no guidance on safe doses exists. For this reason, our team would not recommend purchasing this product for cognitive health.

Thesis Nootropics Logic

The Thesis Logic blend is promoted to support cognitive functions, especially memory, focus, and processing speed. The formula contains 7–8 active ingredients, based on whether you select the caffeinated option.

While most active ingredients in Logic are considered to be generally safe (e.g., ginkgo biloba, bacopa monnieri), this product contains a rather high dose of phosphatidylserine (400 mg) . Current published clinical studies have used doses only up to 300 mg, with the exception of one short-term study in athletes that used 600 mg. As the study lasted only 10 days, involved a small participant pool of 10 athletes, and focused on whether phosphatidylserine is beneficial for acute exercise stress, there is no indication of whether higher doses are safe for use in healthy individuals, particularly over longer periods of time.

Moreover, our team has noticed an inconsistency between the ingredient label and the description on the website. On the label, this product is supposed to contain 30 mg of triacetyluridine, but the website claims to include 250 mg of uridine monophosphate instead. Although these compounds have the same target, they differ significantly in their structure and metabolism.

Thesis Nootropics Motivation

The Thesis Motivation blend is promoted to boost willpower, sustain energy, and increase focus. The blend features 6–7 active ingredients, depending on whether or not you opt for the caffeine version.

Some of the ingredients within this formula may have cognitive benefits. For instance, methylliberine, caffeine, and L-theanine may improve cognitive performance. However, these potential benefits are not directly expressed as a motivation increase . For this reason, our team has determined the brand’s claim or this Motivation blend to be rather far-fetched and misleading.

Thesis Nootropics Creativity

As per brand claims, the Thesis Creativity blend is supposed to increase inspiration, support verbal fluency, and maintain confidence in social settings. However, similarly to the motivation blend, our team has concluded that the brand's claim for this Creativity blend appears to be somewhat unrealistic .

In short, although it contains ingredients that may have cognitive benefits (e.g., alpha GPC), the brand appears to overstate them in unsupported health claims.

Thesis Nootropics Confidence

Thesis Confidence, according to the brand, may promote relaxation, a positive outlook, and mental flexibility.

While most ingredients in the formula are typically regarded as safe and well-tolerated, there is some concern surrounding the use of sage extract . When used for prolonged periods, this herb, specific bioactive compounds, may cause severe side effects, including convulsions . For this reason, our team would not recommend this blend.

Comparing Thesis Nootropics with other products

* — The price indicated in this comparison table is before any discounts.

Do nootropics work for everyone?

Whether a nootropic supplement will have any benefits for your cognitive functions will depend on several factors, including your goals, health status, genetics, and lifestyle. While this applies to any supplement on the market, this is especially true for nootropic supplements as they tend to have a blend with several active ingredients that all may have different effects on you.

For instance, studies analyzing the effects of caffeine based on genetics suggest that it can affect people differently — despite being the world’s most popular stimulant.

As other active ingredients within these cognitive supplements are not as well studied as caffeine, whether the product will suit your needs is harder to say. Adverse effects that you may experience will also vary greatly.

If your goal is to increase your cognitive abilities and performance, it is important to consider factors beyond nootropics. Some of the key elements include sufficient sleep, a balanced diet, and regular exercise. Staying mentally active can profoundly help your brain health. As an example, studies show bilingual people tend to experience dementia symptoms later in life compared to monolingual individuals.

If you are experiencing any troubling symptoms such as brain fog or decline in cognitive function and performance, it is best to consult your doctor before incorporating nootropic supplements into your routine.

However, certain nootropic ingredients may have beneficial effects such as increased wakefulness, focus, and overall cognitive support. Look for products that include ingredients that have undergone clinical trials.

Our verdict — what do we think of Thesis Nootropics?

Some of the Thesis ingredients (e.g., ginkgo biloba, alpha GPC , citicoline, etc.) have undergone clinical studies and have been shown to be beneficial for overall brain health.

However, our team has determined the brand to be overstating certain benefits, especially those that are hard to study in scientific settings, such as the increase in motivation and creativity. Moreover, some of the blends contain ingredients that may be unsafe long-term in the doses found in Thesis nootropics.

Recommended Thesis formulas

If you are interested in trying out nootropic blends, Energy by Thesis Nootropics may be worth looking into. The possible benefits (e.g., reduction of fatigue and increase of energy) of some of the ingredients within this formula have been supported by findings from placebo-controlled studies.

Other formulas

Other products are less supported by scientific evidence. Moreover, the Logic blend contains ingredients in relatively high doses, which have not been clinically tested in humans for efficacy in cognitive function and long-term safety.

If you are experiencing any side effects from taking nootropic supplements, discontinue use immediately.

Is Thesis the same as Adderall?

No, Thesis is not the same as Adderall. Adderall is a prescription medication primarily used to treat conditions like ADHD and has been clinically proven to offer cognitive benefits for those with the disorder. Thesis, on the other hand, is a supplement, and its benefits are less established than those of prescription stimulants.

How soon will Thesis nootropics start working?

According to the brand, some of the first effects may be noticeable within 30–60 minutes. This is especially applicable to the caffeinated version. However, some ingredients (e.g. bacopa monnieri) may show effects only after prolonged usage.

Is Thesis legal?

Yes, Thesis nootropics are legal. They are supplements that are proposed to have benefits such as increased energy levels, reduction of brain fog, and cognitive support. Moreover, Thesis products are not considered to be prescription medications although they may also cause certain side effects in some people. For this reason, it is best to consult your doctor before including them in your routine.

• Nutrients. Nootropics as cognitive enhancers: types, dosage and side effects of smart drugs.
• Nutrition Reviews. Acute effects of tea constituents L-theanine, caffeine, and epigallocatechin gallate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
• Cureus. A combination of caffeine, TeaCrine® (Theacrine), and Dynamine® (Methylliberine) increases cognitive performance and reaction time without interfering with mood in adult male egamers.
• Psychopharmacology. Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine.
• Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. Bilingualism and aging: implications for (delaying) neurocognitive decline.
• Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. The effects of phosphatidylserine on endocrine response to moderate intensity exercise.
• Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. The cognitive-enhancing effects of Bacopa monnieri: a systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials.
• Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults.
• The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Effects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety, and depression in the elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
• Human Psychopharmacology. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings.

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Thesis Nootropics Review: Unveiling the Effects on Cognitive Enhancement

Nootropics , often referred to as “smart drugs” or cognitive enhancers, have gained popularity for their potential to improve mental functions such as cognition, memory , intelligence, motivation, attention, and concentration . As an avid researcher in the field of cognitive enhancement , I have come across various products that claim to offer these benefits. Thesis, a company that provides personalized nootropic stacks, presents a unique approach to cognitive enhancement by customizing supplements to match individual needs and goals.

My personal journey with nootropics led me to investigate Thesis Nootropics further. Their promise hinges on the tailoring of their product to the user’s specific cognitive profile. This level of customization is intended to maximize the benefits while minimizing potential side effects. In reviewing Thesis Nootropics, I examined the ingredients used, the science behind them, the efficacy as reported by users, and how they compare to other products in the market.

Key Takeaways

• Thesis provides personalized nootropic stacks to enhance cognitive functions.
• Customization of supplements is designed to optimize benefits and reduce side effects.
• Examining user experiences and comparative analysis is crucial in evaluating Thesis Nootropics.

Understanding Nootropics

Nootropics, often referred to as “smart drugs,” have garnered attention for their potential cognitive benefits . I’ll give you an overview of their history and types, specifically focusing on natural versus synthetic variants.

History and Definition

Nootropics, a term coined in 1972 by psychologist Corneliu E. Giurgea, refer to substances that can improve mental performance. Initially, nootropics were associated with compounds that met very specific criteria that include the enhancement of learning and memory while providing protection to the brain under various conditions. The concept has since expanded to include a variety of nootropic supplements that claim to boost cognitive functions such as memory, creativity, and motivation.

Natural vs. Synthetic

Natural nootropics are compounds found in nature such as herbs and plant extracts that may offer cognitive enhancements. Common examples include:

• Ginkgo Biloba: Often used with an aim to improve memory.
• Panax Ginseng : Sought for its potential to boost brain function.

Conversely, synthetic nootropics are manufactured compounds like racetams and amphetamine derivatives. They include:

• Piracetam: The first synthetic nootropic, designed to aid in memory and learning.
• Modafinil: Prescribed for sleep disorders but often used off-label for its concentration-enhancing effects.

Both types aim to offer cognitive benefits, but their effects and mechanisms can widely differ. Natural nootropics are typically preferred by those seeking milder effects and a more holistic approach, whereas synthetic ones are chosen for their strong, targeted actions.

Thesis Nootropics Specifics

I’ve researched Thesis Nootropics intricately to provide accurate details on their product lineup, the customization process, and the intricacies of their subscription model.

Product Offerings

Thesis Nootropics presents a range of dietary supplements, each targeting specific cognitive functions. Their offerings typically include Thesis Energy , designed to boost stamina and focus , Thesis Clarity , intended to enhance cognitive sharpness, and Thesis Motivation , aimed at increasing users’ drive and productivity. The ingredients in these supplements range from natural extracts to amino acids , all selected for their potential nootropic properties.

• Thesis Energy : Ingredients such as caffeine and L-theanine
• Thesis Clarity : Includes nootropics like Rhodiola Rosea
• Thesis Motivation : Features compounds such as sulbutiamine

Thesis Customization

The cornerstone of Thesis Nootropics is personalization. Upon embarking on their nootropic journey, customers receive a starter kit which allows them to test different ingredients and track their effects. This process is critical in developing personalized blends that match individual cognitive needs and goals. I appreciate that this approach acknowledges biological uniqueness and optimizes supplementation for personal effectiveness.

Subscription Model

Thesis offers their nootropic supplements through a monthly subscription model. After the initial starter kit evaluation phase, customers receive monthly deliveries of their tailored supplements. Subscriptions provide convenience and ensure continuous use for consistent cognitive support. This model necessitates a commitment but also emphasizes regularity in pursuing cognitive enhancement.

• Monthly Deliveries: Ensures a steady supply of personalized nootropic blends
• Subscription Cycles: Typically require a monthly payment with the flexibility to pause or cancel

The focus on specifics ensures that you possess a clear understanding of what Thesis Nootropics brings to the table in terms of products, customization, and purchase options.

Benefits and Efficacy

In evaluating Thesis Nootropics, I’ve found that the primary benefits are centered around enhancing cognitive function and managing mood and stress, both essential for optimal mental performance.

Cognitive Function Enhancement

Energy & Concentration: Users report heightened energy levels, which appear to correlate with an increased ability to focus and maintain concentration. This makes tackling complex tasks somewhat easier.

Memory & Clarity: Memory recall and mental clarity are also areas where Thesis Nootropics shows potential. My review notes improvements in these domains, supporting better retention of information and clearer cognitive processing.

Motivation & Creativity: There’s mention of an uptick in motivation, alongside a conducive environment for creativity. This is pertinent for those requiring innovative thinking in their daily activities.

Mood and Stress Management

Mood Improvement : Regular intake of Thesis Nootropics may lead to a stabilized and improved mood, as suggested by my analysis and user testimonials. This is vital for sustained cognitive performance.

Stress Reduction: Stress levels reportedly see a downward trend with these nootropics. My observations concur, and lower stress is indispensable for reducing cognitive friction and the dreaded brain fog.

Potential Side Effects and Safety

In assessing the side effects and safety of Thesis Nootropics, I focus on the documented experiences of users and the available clinical evidence supporting safety claims.

Common Concerns

Side effects : In my examination, users have reported various side effects that may include headache , anxiety, and jitteriness—typically associated with products containing caffeine . While individual tolerance varies, I have observed these reports to be relatively infrequent.

• Headache : Possible in sensitive individuals or new users.
• Anxiety : Can occur, particularly in formulations with high stimulant content.
• Interactions : As with any supplement, a check for potential interactions with prescription medication is prudent.

Clinical Evidence

Clinical Trials : Thesis Nootropics’ safety profiles are often supported by studies on individual ingredients rather than on the products themselves. Comprehensive, product-specific clinical trials that are peer-reviewed and FDA-recognized remain limited.

• Caffeine : Investigations affirm it’s generally safe in moderate amounts; however, excessive intake can lead to side effects.
• FDA Oversight : Dietary supplements like Thesis Nootropics are not as stringently regulated as prescription medications, hence the FDA does not approve them. However, safety can be inferred from the FDA’s guidelines on individual ingredients.

Comparative Analysis

In this section, I examine how Thesis Nootropics stack up against other prominent brands in the market and assess their value for money.

Thesis vs. Other Brands

Thesis Nootropics stand out due to their personalized approach to cognitive enhancement. Customers complete an assessment that tailors the nootropics stack to their individual needs.

• Mind Lab Pro offers a universal nootropic aiming to target all areas of cognitive function without personalized stacks. It has received acclaim for its comprehensive formula .
• Onnit’s Alpha Brain is another competitor, well-known for celebrity endorsements and a formula that supports memory, focus, and cognitive processing without the need for personalization.

When looking at customer reviews , Thesis seems to have a strong following due to its bespoke service. On the other hand, both Mind Lab Pro and Alpha Brain have amassed numerous reviews praising their effectiveness for a broader audience.

Pros of Thesis: personalized approach, tailored benefits. Cons of Thesis: may be costlier due to customization, less known than other brands.

Pros of Mind Lab Pro: broad-appeal formula, strong market presence. Cons of Mind Lab Pro: lacks personalization, potential overkill of ingredients for some.

Pros of Alpha Brain: popularized by endorsements, focus on cognitive processing. Cons of Alpha Brain: potential variability in individual results, less tailored experience.

Cost-Benefit Consideration

When I consider the price of Thesis, it is generally on the higher side due to the personalized nature of the product. However, my logic dictates that the cost could be justified if the tailored stacks lead to more noticeable improvements in cognitive function.

• Thesis sells their personalized nootropics starting at a certain price point that can go up depending on the customization.
• Mind Lab Pro comes at a set price, positioning itself as a one-size-fits-all solution, potentially more cost-effective for those not seeking personalization.
• Alpha Brain is similar to Mind Lab Pro in pricing but frequently offers deals and discounts which may make it a more attractive option for budget-conscious consumers.

To decide if Thesis is worth it , compare:

• Price: Higher for customization.
• Buy: Direct and through subscriptions for ongoing benefits.
• Reviews: Positive for the personalized approach.
• Comparison: More expensive than some, but the cost is justified for users who value bespoke formulas.

The deciding factor often comes down to whether an individual prefers a personalized approach or a generalized formula that has been traditionally popular in the market.

User Experience and Reviews

In this section, I will provide a detailed look at what consumers and professionals are saying about Thesis Nootropics. I seek to offer a balanced and informed perspective on the real-world impact these supplements have on cognitive performance.

Customer Testimonials

Thesis Nootropics have been met with a broad spectrum of feedback from users who typically emphasize gains in focus, clarity, and energy levels. Below is a curated selection of customer testimonials:

Professional Opinions

In the realm of expert analysis, coaches and neuroscientists have offered their professional outlook on Thesis Nootropics. The consensus is that these supplements provide a tailored approach to cognitive enhancement, by customizing nootropic blends to individual needs.

• Dr. Aiden Smith, Neuroscientist : “Thesis Nootropics offer an innovative approach to cognitive support, backed by scientific research in neurology.”
• Coach Jennifer Lynn , Cognitive Performance Coach: “My clients report clear, sustained focus and improved mental energy when incorporating Thesis into their wellness routine.”

Frequently Asked Questions

In this section, I provide answers to some of the most common inquiries regarding Thesis nootropics. I focus on ingredients, comparisons with pharmaceuticals, potential benefits, side effects, user feedback, and top-rated alternatives for cognitive enhancement.

What are the main ingredients in Thesis nootropics and how do they work?

The main ingredients in Thesis nootropics include a range of vitamins, amino acids, and herbal extracts, each serving a specific function. Ingredients like Rhodiola and Bacopa enhance memory and focus, while L-Theanine and caffeine stimulate alertness and cognitive performance.

How do Thesis nootropics compare to Adderall in terms of effects and safety?

While Adderall is a prescription medication primarily used to treat ADHD, Thesis nootropics are over-the-counter supplements aimed at boosting cognitive performance. Adderall contains amphetamine salts, which have a significant impact on neurotransmitters but also carry a higher risk of side effects and dependency. Thesis nootropics offer a milder, non-prescription alternative with a focus on safety and minimal side effects.

Can Thesis nootropics potentially improve attention and focus in individuals with ADHD?

Some users with ADHD may find the ingredients in Thesis nootropics beneficial for improving attention and focus. However, Thesis products are not approved as a treatment for ADHD by the FDA, and individuals with ADHD should consult with a healthcare provider before using these supplements.

What are the reported side effects of taking Thesis nootropics?

The reported side effects of Thesis nootropics tend to be mild and can include jitteriness, stomach upset, or headaches. These are typically dosage-dependent and can often be mitigated by adjusting the intake.

How effective are Thesis nootropics according to user reviews?

User reviews generally suggest that Thesis nootropics are effective for enhancing cognitive functions such as focus, memory, and mental clarity. Effectiveness can vary individually, but many users report noticeable improvements after consistent use.

What nootropic is considered the highest-rated for cognitive enhancement?

While individual experiences may vary, many users and experts consider modafinil to be one of the highest-rated nootropics for cognitive enhancement. It is often praised for its ability to increase wakefulness, focus, and productivity. However, it is important to note that modafinil is a prescription medication and should be used under medical supervision.

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Thesis Review: Are Personalized Nootropics Legit?

Calloway Cook Calloway Cook is the President of Illuminate Labs and has reviewed over 1,000 clinical trials. See full bio . , Author | Taylor Graber MD Taylor Graber is a Medical Doctor (MD) and a practicing anaesthesiologist. He's also an entrepreneur who runs a health and wellness startup. See full bio . , Medical Reviewer Last updated: Nov 05, 2023

Calloway Cook Calloway Cook is the President of Illuminate Labs and has reviewed over 1,000 clinical trials. See full bio . , Author

Taylor Graber MD Taylor Graber is a Medical Doctor (MD) and a practicing anaesthesiologist. He's also an entrepreneur who runs a health and wellness startup. See full bio . , Medical Reviewer Last updated: Nov 05, 2023

We review published medical research in respected scientific journals to arrive at our conclusions about a product or health topic. This ensures the highest standard of scientific accuracy.

Illuminate Labs has a team of medical experts including doctors and Registered Dietitians who are assigned to review the accuracy of health claims and medical research summaries based on the relevancy of their expertise to the article topic.

The focus of our articles is to share our opinion on the potential efficacy and safety of health trends and products.

T hesis is a wellness brand that sells personalized nootropics. The brand sells supplements with unique names like “Creativity” and “Motivation,” and claims that their individualized products are “based on your unique brain chemistry.”

But is there legitimate research backing personalized nootropics or is this just a marketing spin? Why does the brand ask for so much personal data? Are their supplements well-formulated? And how do real users rate and describe the effects of Thesis?

In this article we’ll answer all of these questions and more as we share our concerns about the marketing practices and health claims of Thesis.

We’ll also analyze the ingredients in one of their formulations based on medical research to give our take on whether or not it's likely to be effective. We’ll share customer reviews of Thesis nootropics including some from individuals with ADHD.

Is the “Personalized” Approach Fake?

The branding around Thesis is of “personalized nootropic formulas,” however this may be entirely untrue.

We submitted test answers into the health intake form of their site, along with a fake email, and after submitting all of this information we were brought to their “Starter Kit” landing page which is accessible at this link .

If you access the above link in a new window, the products suggested are the exact same, which suggests that Thesis is really collecting sensitive customer health data based on the guise of “personalized” supplements, while providing no additional value, which is a highly questionable marketing approach in our opinion.

The concept of “personalized nootropics” doesn’t even make sense, because the manufacturer would have to literally formulate and package them when a customer placed an order, unique to each customer’s order which is highly unlikely. It would make no business sense for a company to formulate millions of unique products and would be logistically impossible.

It appears that Thesis simply recommends some of their supplements to consumers based on their needs, which is not a “personalized nootropic formula,” it’s a personalized recommendation which literally any brand could offer.

This leads us to our second concern about this brand.

Rather than simply selling supplements, they require users to complete a questionnaire which asks a number of sensitive health questions. 

As shown above, the brand requires users to answer questions about their gender identity and their alcoholic intake in their health quiz. What does this have anything to do with nootropics, and why would any user share this data with a random supplement startup?

We would recommend avoiding this brand based on these marketing and data collection practices alone, but in the next section we’ll analyze the formulation of one of their products.

Ingredient Analysis

Thesis’ “Motivation Formula” contains five active ingredients: l-phenylalanine, Dynamine, vitamin B12, forskolin and artichoke extract.

L-phenylalanine is an amino acid that Thesis describes as supporting mood, attention and motivation, however these claims are uncited and we can’t find any medical evidence supporting them. 

Most of the clinical research we found on this ingredient involves obesity, with this clinical trial finding that l-phenylalanine may increase the sense of fullness and decrease calories consumed in overweight individuals, but only at a dose 20x that in Thesis’ supplement.

Dynamine is a trademarked form of methylliberine, which is a chemical compound that can be isolated from coffee beans and tea. Thesis claims that this compound “supports alertness” but this claim is uncited and we can’t find any medical evidence supporting it.

The manufacturer of this ingredient is a company called Compound Solutions, and the company even states on their website that this ingredient is “typically used in combination with caffeine and TeaCrine,” because all three of the clinical trials that the manufacturer cites on their website use Dynamine in combination with either caffeine or TeaCrine.

However, there is no caffeine or TeaCrine in Thesis Motivation.

Vitamin B12 is often included in nootropic formulations, but we’re unsure why. As we referenced in our review of another nootropic supplement called Noocube which also contains this ingredient, we can’t identify any medical evidence that vitamin B12 improves cognitive function in healthy adults without a vitamin B12 deficiency.

Forskolin was shown in an animal study to reduce memory loss, but the lowest dose used was equivalent to over 200% of the human-equivalent dose in Thesis. We can’t identify any clinical trials with human trial participants proving this compound to be an effective nootropic.

Artichoke extract is the final active ingredient, and Thesis claims that this ingredient “supports blood flow and promotes stress management.” These claims are uncited and we’re unclear on why this ingredient would be included in a nootropic formula, as even the stated health claims do not reference an explicit improvement in cognitive function.

Thesis fails to publish inactive ingredients for Motivation, which is an important consumer safety concern.

Overall we do not consider Thesis Motivation likely to be effective for improving cognitive function or productivity as we are unable to identify a single active ingredient that we would consider effective at the given dose, based on a review of clinical studies.

We do not recommend this supplement or brand, and consider this product to be one of the worst nootropic formulations that we’ve reviewed on Illuminate Health. Most nootropic supplements we review at least contain one effectively-dosed active ingredient.

We Tried Thesis Ourselves

One of our product testers named Matt Donnelly tested Thesis. Here's his experience:

I spent the month trying out the starter pack, which included CLARITY, MOTIVATION, LOGIC, and MOTIVATION.

Of the four, the only one that seemed to have any positive effect was LOGIC. It's good for “Research projects” and “Complex problem-solving” according to the packaging.

I was hoping for good results because I had been sidetracked from creative projects. It seemed like this one may have contributed to more focus overall and focused attention.

On some days I got very tired a few hours after taking the capsules, and needed to lie down in the afternoon.

There are three or four pills in each packet. It seemed to me like a lot to consume on a daily basis, and the pills are large so they could be challenging to swallow.

Overall, I would rate Thesis 3/10 and I wouldn't purchase this product again.

Thesis User Test

A YouTube creator named “LUKAS YAN” reviewed Thesis nootropics and shared his thoughts on whether or not the supplements improved his physical and mental energy:

Will Thesis Nootropics Cause Side Effects?

Thesis Nootropics do not appear to have been studied in any clinical trials, so it’s impossible to say for certain whether or not they’re likely to cause side effects. However, we can make an educated guess based on their formulations.

Most of the active ingredients in Thesis supplements appear to be safe and well-studied. We don’t have access to the full set of the brand’s supplements because instead of transparently posting all product pages they rely on the “individualized” marketing.

Our concern in regard to side effects is that the brand fails to clearly publish inactive ingredient information, and some inactive ingredients can cause side effects.

We hope that in the future Thesis publishes inactive ingredients in the same section where active ingredients are published for each supplement they sell. This is important for consumer safety.

Our Clean Nootropic Picks

Mind Lab Pro   by Performance Lab is our top premium nootropic pick.

This is the first Illuminate Labs Certified supplement, and   has been shown to be effective for short-term cognitive improvements in   two   clinical   trials   published in peer-reviewed journals.

Performance Lab MCT Oil   is our top food-based nootropic pick.

MCT oil  is derived from coconut oil, and  improved memory recall by 20% in adults  in a 2022  meta-study .

Illuminate Labs Ginkgo Biloba Extract   is our top herbal nootropic pick.

A  medical review  published in the  Psychopharmacology  journal  found that ginkgo biloba supplementation improved attention and cognitive performance in healthy, young adults.

Is Thesis Effective for ADHD?

We don’t recommend using Thesis supplements to treat any specific health condition.

There are several TikTok reviews from individuals with ADHD who tried Thesis supplements.

A TikTok user named Syd shared her experience using Thesis while having ADHD:

@sydneydelucchi Lets try @takethesis ! #nootropics #nootropicsforadhd #adhd ♬ original sound - Syd 🦋

A TikTok creator named Mike Cribbs shared her experience:

@mikacribbs Replying to @adrienne here are my initial thoughts using @Thesis 💙🩵 #takethesis #nootropics #thesis ♬ Fukashigi no Carte Lofi Hiphop (Bunny Girl Senpai) - bvyunx

We disagree with the way Thesis markets their products, and we recommend that consumers avoid giving sensitive health data to dietary supplement startups unnecessarily.

The one Thesis supplement that we analyzed based on its active ingredients, called Motivation, was underwhelming. We were unable to identify any effectively-dosed ingredients based on a review of medical research, and the brand fails to clearly publish inactive ingredient information or cite the health claims made about their ingredients.

We do not recommend Thesis supplements although we don’t consider it likely that the supplements will cause side effects.

Some TikTok users with ADHD who tried Thesis supplements had relatively negative feedback.

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The Science Behind Nootropics – Do They Actually Work?

Herbal brain boosters are on the rise, but does science back them up here's some truth behind nootropics and their alleged benefits..

Sometime in 2024, I started getting ads in my Instagram feed from a supplement company called Thesis. The ads generally featured good-looking, fashionable people telling neat, 30-second stories about how the supplements had solved their chronic procrastination, indecision, or distractibility. Many of the evangelists were identified as high-achievers in their respective fields — a Ph.D. neuroscientist, a CEO, or a surgeon.

I’d be lying if I said that the ads weren’t compelling. As a digital journalist, my working life is constantly mediated by my computer screen. That same screen is a gateway to a functionally infinite amount of information, news, and entertainment. And, over the years, the internet has slowly harnessed more and more of my waking hours on and off the clock. It’s a reality that, at times, leaves me feeling overstimulated and paralyzed.

Many other people have had a similar experience. Over the past decade, young people have experienced an increasing amount of psychological distress , and people have been diagnosed with ADHD at higher and higher rates .

Nootropic supplement companies pitch an attractive solution. What if you could take a pill (or powder or gummy candy) that would make your brain function better in our technology-mediated world? Something that would help you focus on what is important, remember the right details and block out the noise. The nootropic industry is already worth more than $2 billion and is expected to double in size in the next decade, according to one report .

But, unlike prescription nootropics like Adderall or Ritalin, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration doesn’t highly regulate nootropic supplements. In many cases, American consumers must rely on the companies they buy from for information.

Testing and Research on Nootropics

Most of the ingredients found in nootropics have been studied to some extent. Thesis, the company that popped up in my Instagram feed, includes caffeine and L-theanine in most of their products. Research has reported that these two compounds might quicken your reaction time and boost your ability to process visual information and remember numbers .

Another common nootropic ingredient, Ashwagandha root, was shown to improve cognitive flexibility, visual memory, and reaction time in a study on 43 healthy Americans.

Other nootropic components, though, have far less evidence to back up their efficacy. Alpha-GPC, a common nootropic ingredient, was shown to mitigate drug-induced amnesia in rats in a study from the 1990s. Yet, subsequent studies on the cognitive effects of the chemical on healthy people have yielded little to no positive results .

The evidence for the efficacy of most nootropic ingredients lies in a gray area somewhere between hearsay and the robust clinical trials used to approve pharmaceuticals. There’s almost always a reason to be hopeful. Yet, there’s almost never enough evidence to characterize the effects completely or with conviction.

Read More: Does Neuriva Work and Can It Really Help the Brain?

The Nootropic Company Thesis

By his own admission, Thesis founder Dan Freed always struggled with focus.

“I remember how painful it was. It’s seared into my memory,” Freed says.

Sitting in a classroom was so painful, that Freed dropped out of high school and embarked on a career in the service industry. According to Freed, he eventually worked his way up to a position as a station chef at a 3-star Michelin restaurant. But, after a decade in the industry, he was burnt out and decided to study business management. His attention problem hadn’t improved much over the years, and he was desperate to fix it.

According to Freed, this is when he started experimenting with Nootropics. He read everything he could find on the subject and developed his own proprietary blend of powders, mushrooms, and pills. He credits the supplements with earning him a high score on the GMAT and a spot in a master’s program with the Yale School of Management.

Thesis’ business model is built around Freed’s early experiments with nootropics. The company encourages users to test a number of its six proprietary blends before settling on the one that works best for them.

“We created this data-driven approach to essentially finding the right ingredients for each individual to unlock their potential,” Freed says.

Read More: Strange Side Effects From Supplements and What You Need to Know

A Quasi-Scientific Approach

According to Freed, each ingredient in Thesis products goes through an internal review process that takes months to complete.

First, the company does a literature review of peer-reviewed research on the compound. Second, Freed tries it himself (this step hasn’t changed since the early days of powders and pills). Third, willing employees, friends and family members give it a shot. Finally, Thesis conducts “beta testing,” a randomized test on around 50 to 200 people, which Freed says is designed to mimic a crossover design that might be conducted on a prospective pharmaceutical.

These four steps roughly mirror the first two phases of the clinical trials of pharmaceuticals seeking FDA approval . Of course, there are third and fourth phases to a full clinical trial. Thesis stops after two. The company is allowed to do this because, technically, it is selling dietary supplements, not drugs. You can find a statement like this at the bottom of practically any nootropic company selling to Americans:

“The products and information on this website are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. The information on this site is for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice…”

The FDA issues a few warning letters a year to nootropics companies that use overly prescriptive language or forget to include a disclaimer. Thesis has not received one.

Freed argues that the lower bar for supplements like the ones that Thesis sells is actually advantageous for consumers. The nootropics industry can find ingredients faster and with far less investment than the pharmaceutical industry.

“The question I get asked the most is essentially, ‘do nootropics work?’” Freed says. “The question I think most people should be asking is, ‘which nootropics work for me?’”

Freed has so much conviction in his products, that he says he is working to find researchers to take Thesis blends through full clinical trials. But, until that day, customers will have to decide for themselves if the evidence is enough to go on.

Even after reporting this story, I’m unsure how I feel about nootropics. On the one hand, none of the ingredients seem to be harmful (except to your wallet), and the idea of taking a pill to make my brain work better is still tantalizing. On the other hand, simple things like sleeping and eating well have even more evidence to back up their efficacy on cognitive health. For now, I think I’ll set up a Google Scholar Alert and keep following the news.

Read More: Memory-Boosting Supplements Could Lack Compounds and Contain Bacteria

Article Sources

Our writers at Discovermagazine.com use peer-reviewed studies and high-quality sources for our articles, and our editors review for scientific accuracy and editorial standards. Review the sources used below for this article:

Psychological Medicine . Trends in self-reported psychological distress among college and university students from 2010 to 2018

Missouri medicine. ADHD Diagnostic Trends: Increased Recognition or Overdiagnosis?

Allied Market Research. Nootropics Supplement Market Size, Share, Competitive Landscape and Trend Analysis Report, by Type, by Product Type, by Distribution Channel : Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2023-2032

Biological Psychology. The effects of l-theanine, caffeine and their combination on cognition and mood

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine . Efficacy of Withania somnifera supplementation on adult’s cognition and mood

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior . Effect of a new cognition enhancer, alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, on scopolamine-induced amnesia and brain acetylcholine

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition . The effects of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, caffeine or placebo on markers of mood, cognitive function, power, speed, and agility

FDA.gov. Step 3: Clinical Research

FDA.gov. Warning Letter

Gabe Allen is a Colorado-based freelance journalist focused on science and the environment. He is a 2023 reporting fellow with the Pulitzer Center and a current master's student at the University of Colorado Center for Environmental Journalism. His byline has appeared in Discover Magazine, Astronomy Magazine, Planet Forward, The Colorado Sun, Wyofile and the Jackson Hole News&Guide.

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Best Nootropics

Smart drugs designed to improve your memory are everywhere in 2024. we researched the top contenders and tried them ourselves to help you pick the right one for your needs..

Lee is a senior editor and writer at Innerbody Research. They received a bachelor's degree in Psychology with a focus in Neuroscience from Ohio Wesleyan University, and an MFA in Creative Writing from Northern Arizona University.

In this Review

We researched, investigated, tried, and compared the most compelling nootropic options of 2024 to help you find the right smart pill for your needs. If you’re short on time, here is the rundown of our top picks.

Summary of recommendations

• Best overall: Thesis
• Best budget pick: Focus Factor Original
• Best generalized nootropic: Mind Lab Pro
• Best for brain health: Thesis Logic
• Best for memory: Mind Lab Pro
• Best for stress and anxiety: Thesis Creativity
• Best for studying: Thesis Clarity
• Best non-stimulant: Mind Lab Pro
• Easiest to take: TruBrain Personalized Drinks
• Best range of products: BrainMD Brain & Body Power Max

Thesis is our top nootropic recommendation. Their formulas are scientifically backed and stimulant-free.

Thesis supplements help rebalance the brain, without negative habit forming side effects. Choose between 5 personalized brands to enhance your mental performance.

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Why you should trust us

Over the past two decades, Innerbody Research has helped tens of millions of readers make more informed decisions about staying healthy and living healthier lifestyles. As nootropics have emerged and proliferated in the supplement landscape, we’ve invested serious time to determine which are worth your consideration.

We’ve spent hundreds of hours researching and testing various nootropics, including specialized formulas, generalized nootropics, and individual ingredients. Over the course of our nootropic studies, we’ve read over 350 clinical studies examining the safety and efficacy of various nootropic ingredients. To get a first-hand look and feel, we ordered and tested nootropic supplements ourselves, meaning we’re speaking from experience — not just regurgitating what others have said.

Additionally, like all health-related content on this website, this review was thoroughly vetted by one or more members of our Medical Review Board for accuracy. To keep things up to date, we monitor the nootropics landscape and update this page as information changes.

How we evaluated nootropics

Nootropics are complicated supplements, but that doesn’t mean it’s impossible for the average person to understand them. When we review nootropic supplements, we consider four main criteria:

• How well they work
• How safe they are and what precautions the manufacturers take
• How much they cost
• How convenient they are to purchase and use

Typically, a nootropic’s effectiveness is the most important criterion: no matter how good of a deal it is or how safe it may be, it doesn’t make sense to invest in a product that just doesn’t work. Safety ranks second above cost; your brain is a delicate organ, and many nootropics contain ingredients without a long history of adequate research, which calls their safety into question far more than something like a multivitamin. Those ingredients and a company’s testing routine vary much more dramatically than cost or convenience.

Thesis comes close to a clean sweep in our ratings in 2024, winning in effectiveness and convenience (with TruBrain as a close runner-up) and matching Mind Lab Pro in safety. It’s one of the most effective nootropics out there, with:

• Rigorous safety standards
• Research-backed ingredient lists that are well-dosed (which is astonishingly rare in the nootropic landscape)
• Lots of little conveniences that add up, like packets with each day’s serving so you don’t have to count pills
• Free one-on-one consultations to help you maximize the benefits you can get

The only area where Thesis falls short is its price: spending $79 or more per month on a nootropic is out of reach for many of us. If you have a tighter budget, Focus Factor has the most reasonable price point on our list by a long shot; it costs four times less per dose than our second least expensive nootropic, Hunter Focus.

Effectiveness

Winner: Thesis

An effective nootropic is one that makes a big difference in your mental state without overloading your system with thousands of unnecessary milligrams of botanicals, vitamins, minerals, and other ingredients. If 100mg works similarly to 10,000mg, it’s going to be much more effective to get 100mg in a blend. And when it comes to nootropics, effectiveness becomes slightly more complicated because there are two major categories:

• Generalized nootropics , which claim to increase memory and focus, reverse brain aging, and regulate mood all in one dose
• Specialized nootropics , which sink all of their focus into one area

Because of their jack-of-all-trade tendencies, generalized nootropics tend to be less effective than specialized nootropics.

We think Thesis is the most effective nootropic because of its reasonable dosing and, more importantly, its unique blend configuration. Where most other nootropics provide one formula, Thesis lets you try four of its six formulas in a Trial Kit before committing to your favorite (or favorites). Each blend is dedicated to a specific part of your cognition you might want to enhance, such as motivation and creativity, so you can utilize effective ingredients to treat the aspect of your cognitive health that’s most important to you.

Here's a short video showing the sort of package you'll receive in the mail if you order from Thesis, as well as sharing summary details about its effectiveness from our team who tested it:

TruBrain’s drinkable nootropics take a similar approach but are ultimately less effective because not every formula has the same scientific robustness as all of Thesis’, and the drinkable liquid means there are more ingredients necessary for a good flavor — like agave syrup, xylitol, citric acid, and cane sugar — that you just won’t see in a capsule nootropic like Thesis.

Runner-up: Mind Lab Pro

Despite having been around since the mid-1950s in some form, nootropics still often use lots of ingredients without much research that backs up positive effects on cognition. Because your brain is a sensitive and delicate organ that controls every part of your life, it’s critical that nootropic supplements are safe. The more research into a product or ingredient has behind it, the more we know about its safety and can make better-informed decisions. We consider the following factors to be critical for our safety scores:

• Clarity around ingredient lists (not hiding dosing information in proprietary blends)
• Transparent testing and manufacturing conditions
• Clear instructions on necessary tasks like cycling

Both Thesis and Mind Lab Pro are exceptionally safe nootropic supplements. Neither contains hazardous ingredients you’d need to cycle (though Thesis still recommends taking at least one day off a week from their nootropics, just in case), and both use ingredients that are backed by the latest research.

Both Mind Lab Pro and Thesis make their nootropics in GMP-certified , FDA-registered facilities, but Thesis is more transparent about its use of third-party testing for ingredient and formula purity. And more importantly, Thesis uses short lists of ingredients in doses that are closely aligned with scientific studies. Mind Lab Pro is mostly underdosed (only three ingredients are present at the same doses found in clinical studies), though their in-house study found the nootropic had great success matching, if not exceeding, said studies.

Winner: Focus Factor

New technologies — and supplements — are often much more expensive than ones that are simpler or have been around for longer. For the most part, nootropics follow this trend. Prices can range considerably depending on the manufacturer, ingredient list, and other factors but generally fit into one of two categories:

• $35 or below and lower quality
• $65 or above and higher quality

Among the group of nootropics that provide a reasonable formula, Focus Factor is our least expensive nootropic by a long shot. The company makes several different nootropic supplements, and its Original formula is one of the best and the least expensive per serving on our list. One 15-serving bottle costs $14.99, and costs per dose decrease as you buy bigger bottles. Even the next least expensive nootropic, Onnit’s Alpha BRAIN, costs more than twice as much per serving.

While some of the biggest nootropic companies make one product and others make dozens, here’s a breakdown of the costs and money-saving opportunities for our top picks’ most popular product in as close to a 30-day supply as possible. (All costs noted are pre-savings.)

Focus Factor doesn’t accept returns, which is a pain, but you can get both bulk deals and savings from subscription programs on your orders, which drops the price further. And it has the least expensive shipping across all of our favorite nootropic options, so while you can’t get it in stores yet, you can get it regularly shipped to your front door for very little.

Convenience

Runner-up: TruBrain

Nootropics aren’t the most convenient supplements. Most of the time, they require taking several medium-to-large pills with food in the morning. Depending on their ingredients, some will ask you to cycle your use. Cycling means that you take a few days, weeks, or months off to keep yourself from developing a tolerance or building up too much of a substance that could harm you in high enough doses. And while nootropics hopefully improve your memory enough to remember when you need a refill, subscription services that are easy to modify or cancel improve a nootropic’s convenience score.

Every formula from Thesis contains multiple capsules, which is a little inconvenient but standard for nootropics. However, its serving sizes are small for nootropics, and the company lets you opt in or out of a caffeinated formula whether or not you’ve purchased either form. Its caffeine pills come as a separate white capsule, so you can identify and skip it if you’d rather not give up your morning coffee. Every day’s serving is packaged in an individual plastic bag, and while you’ll have to pull out a pair of scissors to open it (there’s no tear notch), you won’t have to count capsules and can easily slip the packet in your bag or pocket for on-the-go use.

Except for TruBrain, all other nootropics come in homogenous capsules or tablets in a big bottle, which means lots of counting and a commitment to either caffeinated or non-caffeinated formulas. Add in the excellent starter kit so you can try four of the six formulas before committing to your favorite few, and it becomes clear why we consider Thesis to be the most convenient nootropic.

On the other hand, you can take TruBrain’s six nootropic formulas in three different forms: liquid pouches (like squeezable applesauce), capsules, or powder sticks. It also offers a “brain aging” supplement with its own separate formula. This is the only liquid nootropic worth its salt right now, providing a convenient option for people who can’t swallow pills. Like Thesis’ packets, it’s also easier to carry and take with you, and you won’t have to worry about dividing up your daily dose.

How our top picks compare

Some of our favorite nootropic companies center on one formula. Others have broad horizons and create multiple lines of products. It can make trying to compare nootropic supplements confusing at best. To simplify things, we’ve created two charts:

• One comparing the companies themselves
• One comparing our favorite products from each brand

Here’s a closer look at our top products from each company. This isn’t an exhaustive list, and we’ll go into more detail on a few other products from these same companies later, but this will give you a good starting point in your investigation.

Here are a few important facts about the companies themselves:

What are nootropics, and how do they work?

Broadly speaking, nootropics are substances that improve your cognitive functioning. This definition is generous as it applies equally to supplements, prescription medication, and recreational drugs. In recent years, the supplement industry has grabbed onto this term to describe products with vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals that are designed to improve your brain game. We’ll follow suit and focus on nootropic supplements in this guide.

The first nootropic to use the term was a drug developed throughout the 1950s and 60s called piracetam. It was intended to treat anxiety and provide patients with a soothing experience that might even lull them to sleep. 2 The effect was quite different than what its creators intended, as users reported sharper focus, and later testing pointed toward improved memory. (At the time of writing, the FDA still hasn’t approved piracetam for use in supplements or as a prescription medication, though many still take it.) 3 Nootropics also include prescription medications like Adderall and Ritalin, as well as medications for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Caffeine is also a nootropic substance and an ingredient you’ll find in many nootropic supplements.

Nootropic supplements may have one ingredient, or they may have dozens. Some ingredient lists look similar to multivitamins, and others focus more on cutting-edge botanicals. Because no two brains are identical, the best nootropic for our team or other people may not work for you, but we’ll provide all of the research and information you need to make the best decision in this guide.

Contemporary nootropics generally have three main goals:

• Protect your brain from damage
• Improve your memory, learning, and attention
• Regulate your mood

Not every nootropic does all three; some have a more specific focus, such as improving your learning ability or neuroprotection. These kinds of nootropics are called specialized nootropics. Others, called generalized nootropics, try to improve your brain’s function holistically across all three categories. But either way, all nootropics are designed to help your brain work more efficiently.

As cognitive enhancers, nootropic ingredients alter how your nerve cells and neurons work. This takes place in a variety of ways, including:

• Affecting circulation to the brain
• Positively impacting signaling pathways
• Combating oxidative stress
• Regenerating and strengthening neural connections
• Improving mitochondrial function
• Increasing the expression of neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine and dopamine

Common nootropic ingredients and studies of them

To better understand the potential mechanisms of action in any nootropic, we have to take a closer look at its ingredients. Unfortunately, there are several hundred ingredients used in these kinds of supplements, yet manufacturers claim that all of them work equally well. This, obviously, isn’t true. A vast majority of nootropic ingredients have mixed evidence of their benefits and few research studies verifying these benefits.

That said, there are some nootropic ingredients that research supports wholeheartedly (or close to it). Here are nine of the best ingredients you should consider noteworthy when picking a nootropic supplement.

Choline is an essential nutrient that allows our bodies to make phosphatidylcholine, a fatty acid necessary to build our cell membranes. There are several choline-related ingredients you might find in a nootropic supplement, including choline, phosphatidylcholine, citicoline, and alpha-glycerophosphocholine (alpha-GPC). The latter two are the most common in nootropic supplements; between the two, citicoline works more effectively, but alpha-GPC is more common (though the research suggests that alpha-GPC may not produce statistically significant results over caffeine or a placebo). 4 Citicoline more reliably improves episodic memory without serious side effects and is a contender for a future possible dementia or stroke treatment, though more research is necessary. 5 6

Ashwagandha comes from a plant commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine to lower stress and anxiety levels, improve sleep, and regulate your HPA axis (which, for men, can also boost testosterone levels). 7 In contemporary research, these practices hold up well, consistently lowering self-reported anxiety levels and improving sleep quality by up to 72%. 8 9 By improving your sleep and lowering stress, ashwagandha seems to work as a natural nootropic, but there’s some evidence it may also improve executive functioning in people with neurological and severe psychiatric disorders. 10 Our testers noted significant drop-offs in their stress and anxiety levels when they tried ashwagandha supplements .

Tyrosine is an amino acid commonly found in nootropic supplements because our bodies use it to create dopamine and norepinephrine. Having higher tyrosine levels means you’ll have more materials to make dopamine and norepinephrine, so your body is less likely to fall flat when you need them most. Studies show that higher tyrosine intake translates to better resilience in stressful or cognitively demanding situations, better short-term memory, and improved cognitive flexibility. 11 12 You’re most likely to see tyrosine as NALT (N-acetyl L-tyrosine) in supplements.

You might find you don’t function the same without your morning cup of coffee . That’s thanks to caffeine, a potent nootropic. While scientists don’t know exactly how caffeine works in the brain, the running theory is that it prevents adenosine (which gradually makes you sleepy over the course of a day) from building up in your brain. This makes you feel more alert than you would be without caffeine. Repeatedly in scientific studies, caffeine improves human attention spans as much as prescription stimulants. 13 A 2022 review also outlined how caffeine has neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer’s disease in animal models, though this still needs to be tested more rigorously in humans. 14 And it doesn’t take much caffeine to see these improvements — even 100mg of caffeine, or what you’d get from one cup of coffee, is enough to benefit your brain.

Most common in tea leaves, theanine is another amino acid that’s key for our relaxation. Like ashwagandha, it’s long been known to reduce stress, particularly when used in conjunction with caffeine (where theanine reduces the jittery effect so common when you have a little more than you need). 15 There’s a link between L-theanine and improved sleep quality, too, though there still needs to be more research on this subject before anything can be stated definitively. 16

Rhodiola rosea is an herb common in northern Europe that’s similar to ashwagandha. It’s surprisingly effective at reducing fatigue, calming your nerves, and lowering stress levels. 17 Rhodiola also works in combination with tyrosine to improve your focus during stressful times. 18 There’s some research on its role in learning and memory that’s generally favorable, but most of these studies focus on animals, not humans. 19

Bacopa monnieri is a botanical nootropic ingredient that’s common for a good reason: it’s one of the better-studied nootropic ingredients and improves choline levels, giving ingredients like citicoline or alpha-GPC a boost. According to a 2014 meta-analysis, it seems to improve your attention and decrease reaction time. 20 However, studies are mixed on whether or not bacopa extract improves memory recall, too. 21

There are a few kinds of ginseng you might find, but they can generally be separated into Asian ginseng (including Korean red ginseng, a particularly potent form) and American ginseng. Generally, Asian ginseng improves cognitive performance more than American ginseng, though the American form does still have cognitive enhancement properties. 22 It generally improves concentration, scanning ability, and memory recall and is thought to stabilize the nervous system and decrease neuroinflammation. 23 Ginseng seems to be particularly potent when paired with ginkgo biloba, another nootropic botanical. 24

Huperzia serrata produces a potent compound known as huperzine A. Huperzine A raises your acetylcholine levels by limiting the amount of acetylcholinesterase (which breaks down acetylcholine) released. This essentially means you’ll have more acetylcholine available for synapses to take up for longer. It has potent antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects and, when used correctly, is perfectly safe. 25 However, because nootropic supplements aren’t regulated by the FDA, there’s a greater likelihood that supplements containing Huperzia serrata can be dangerous. When too much acetylcholine accumulates (known as cholinergic toxicity), you can experience things like headaches, nausea and vomiting, and confusion, and it can lead to overdose in extreme situations.

It’s important to note that just because an ingredient works well in one research study, it doesn’t mean the ingredient will work exactly like that in your body. Our brains are just as individual as our fingerprints, shaped by both genetics and our lived experiences. Everything from our weight and what we ate for breakfast to our parents’ reactions to medications can make individual nootropic ingredients interact differently from person to person. Likewise, these ingredients’ doses and interactions with other ingredients can change a lot about how they work. Some ingredients might keep others from working, while others might boost others’ ability to work. Most of this information hasn’t been properly researched yet, so it’s hard to predict how a nootropic will work without an independent study of the product. (We take a look at the four studies that have been done on specific nootropic supplement formulas later in this guide.)

Keep an open mind while you’re starting to try nootropics. We recommend starting with nootropics supplements that have relatively short ingredient lists so you can quickly pinpoint ingredients that do or don’t work for you.

There are some other classes of ingredients that may not directly affect your brain like you might expect a classic nootropic to, but that are still important to support your brain’s overall health.

Like the rest of your body, your brain and central nervous system need amino acids to make proteins. It’s well-known that the brain uses three amino acids — tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine — to make the three major neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, respectively). 26 But a 2020 study found seven amino acids that improved older adults’ cognitive, social, and psychological functioning: leucine, lysine, isoleucine, histidine, valine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. 27 The only amino acid that we know doesn’t make much of a difference in your brain is glutamine. You might see some of these amino acids as acronyms like NALT (tyrosine), too.

Fatigue and brain fog are extremely common symptoms of vitamin and mineral deficiencies. B vitamins (especially B6, B9, and B12), vitamin D, iron, and magnesium are the most important vitamins and minerals for your cognitive health. Though direct analyses often yield mixed results, fatigue and brain fog make a big difference in how easily thoughts come to you and how good you feel, and vitamins and mineral deficiencies are more common than you might expect. 28 Healing these deficiencies is often just as good as — if not better than — just taking a nootropic supplement.

Oxidative stress is caused by a buildup of free radicals — reactive oxygen species missing electrons that cause damage to nearby cells. It occurs due to aging, environmental pollution, exposure to tobacco smoke, food breakdown in our digestive system, and dozens of other small factors that add up over time. With enough buildup over time, oxidative stress can cause permanent damage and may lead to things like heart disease and cancer. This damage is most common and harmful in the brain due to its massive oxygen consumption and the fact that adult brains don’t replace dead and dying cells.

Antioxidants have free electrons that they donate to the raving oxygen molecules, taming them and allowing the body to repair damage. There are thousands of antioxidant compounds, but things like omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins C and E, polyphenols, and carotenoids are potent antioxidants. Antioxidants are most useful when consumed alongside chemicals present in their natural forms like fruits, vegetables, and fish , but they can still help on their own in a supplement .

Insider Tip: You likely won’t see pure amino acids in a nootropic supplement. Instead, you’ll see something with a letter before it, like L-theanine. This letter represents the direction the molecule is turned in production — L- means it’s all turned to the left, D- means it’s all turned to the right, and DL- means there’s some of both. L- amino acids are absorbed best by the body and are almost always cheaper.

Tolerance and habituation

Some ingredients require a little more care to use properly. Tolerance (our brains physically adapting to a new situation) and habituation (our psychological adaptations) can both be present while you’re using nootropics. (These are both different from addictions, which involve an inability to control your use even when you want to and developing a dependence on it for daily functioning, among other features. It is possible to become addicted to some nootropics, though it’s not common.)

If a nootropic asks you to cycle, or occasionally take a few days off from taking it, it’s likely that it contains ingredients that could build a tolerance. These generally are ingredients that affect your brain’s acetylcholine levels, like huperzine A.

Ingredients to avoid

Some ingredients with little to no evidence still find their way into nootropic supplements. There aren’t many that are inherently dangerous; vinpocetine can induce miscarriages or birth defects if taken while pregnant, and huperzine A can cause acetylcholine toxicity if taken in extreme doses for too long. But plenty of ingredients are essentially filler. Sadly, most nootropics will contain at least one ingredient with questionable research behind it. Here are some of the worst offenders we’ve found, even in our favorite nootropics:

• Artichoke extract . There’s only one study (from 2022) on this topic. It suggests artichoke extract may reduce some biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s disease, but there’s no evidence it can otherwise support your brain. 29
• Oat straw extract . There’s no clinical evidence this does anything for your brain.
• Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) . This antioxidant was sold as an alternative to ADHD medication called Deanol between 1950 and 1980, but it was recalled due to a lack of scientific evidence on its safety. 30 There hasn’t been much, if any, research on it since.
• Coleus forskohlii extract . This mint-like plant is advertised as being able to do a lot for an aging brain, but there’s no evidence it has any cognitive benefits.
• Glutamine . Despite being the most common amino acid and protein building block in your body, it mostly works on rebuilding muscles post-workout unless you’ve experienced a lack of oxygen to the brain (and even that finding is tentative). 31
• Taurine . Despite how frequently you might see it in energy drinks, and though taurine deficiencies are common in people with cognitive dysfunction, there’s no clear evidence taking taurine improves cognition. 32

Studies on our favorite nootropics

Because nootropic ingredients vary so wildly in their clinical support and almost no research studies look at ingredients in combination with each other, it’s always nice to see a company run a study on its product. There are some clear biases possible — when a company funds a study, the researchers may feel pressured to produce certain results — but some information is better than none.

Four of our top picks tested their nootropics in some capacity: Focus Factor Original, Alpha BRAIN, Mind Lab Pro, and Qualia Mind. In general, Mind Lab Pro worked the best on reaction time, anticipation, memory recall, and information processing (particularly among the 30-and-over crowd), and Focus Factor Original also had some significant positive findings on recall ability. 33 34 Alpha BRAIN has two studies under its belt, both of which are somewhat mixed but suggest that it may improve verbal memory, and Qualia Mind’s findings were disappointing — while participants reported significant improvements across six cognitive categories, they weren’t significant over a placebo. 35 36 37 These findings ultimately make a big impact on how we judge these supplements, and while nothing’s going to work perfectly for every person, it provides insight as to the strengths and weaknesses of these products.

You can read more about these studies in the products’ full reviews, linked under each product breakdown in this guide.

Are nootropic pills safe?

No nootropic pills are created equally, so it’s hard to say they’re all safe. Many are safe for healthy adults who don’t take any prescription medication, but that leaves out two-thirds of all U.S. adults, according to Georgetown University’s Health Policy Institute. 38 And nootropics can also interact with other supplements, so you’ll want to cross-check ingredient lists. As with any supplement, we encourage you to talk to your doctor before starting a nootropic to ensure it doesn’t interfere with any conditions you have or medications you take.

Our top recommendations generally use ingredients in safe doses for most people. They err on the side of caution and are more likely to under-dose than overload your system with the latest and greatest botanicals, which is frustrating in practice but better for you in the long term. This isn’t the case for every supplement — we’ll point out which ones to approach with extra caution in our product breakdowns — but, in general, you’re more likely to experience fewer effects than a laundry list of side effects.

Side effects and contraindications are always a possibility, though. Some ingredients cause more side effects than others. (Since many nootropics have at least 90mg of caffeine, we recommend curtailing your coffee and tea consumption until you know how this new energy source affects you.) Keep an eye out for things like headaches, stomach aches, and dizziness when you’re starting a nootropic. If you find these symptoms don’t go away after a day or two of use, stop using them and contact your doctor. It may be a poor ingredient fit, or nootropics might just not be a good idea for you.

Some nootropics will require you to cycle (take days off in your weekly dosing routine). It’s inconvenient and a bit of a pain to have to remember, but it’s important for your health to follow these instructions. Taking a few days off keeps them from building up in your brain, either flooding your body with excess acetylcholine that can’t get cleaned up (and can cause problems like muscle twitching or decreased respiration) or causing you to develop a tolerance or dependency. Cycling requirements generally depend on a few ingredients — notably huperzine A and other acetylcholinesterase blockers — included in a given formula.

Other ingredients you might see that mean you should regularly take time off include:

• N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)

Caffeine, for example, is an addictive stimulant (as you may know if you drink a cup of coffee each morning and don’t feel right without it), whereas NAC regulates the amount of glutamate released by your body. Cycling NAC prevents building a tolerance, which can have effects on your mood — like an inability to feel pleasure — whereas cycling caffeine can keep you from developing a dependency on it.

You might find that taking your nootropic five days a week and resting for two days works for you. Taking it for three months straight, then stopping for one month, may be better for others. Many nootropics that suggest you cycle have recommendations on how to plan your weeks, but ultimately, deciding the right routine is up to you and how you feel while taking the nootropic.

Who should (and shouldn’t) try a nootropic?

Most of us can understand a desire to be smarter. Many of us have struggled through brain fog and confusion after several nights of staying up too late. A nootropic sounds like something we could all use, but some populations would benefit more from adding it to their routine, and others should stay away at all costs.

Pregnant people, nursing parents, and children under 18 should all avoid taking standard nootropic supplements. There are a few nootropic supplements specifically designed for children (including types from Focus Factor and BrainMD), but we don’t know enough about how they might interact with a developing fetus to state they’re safe for pregnant people.

We always strongly recommend sitting down with your doctor before starting any new supplements, especially nootropics. Your situation may be unique, and they’ll have the best sense of what might work for you. They may also order lab tests to ensure you don’t have any deficiencies, disorders, or other health problems that could be causing your cognitive symptoms.

Psychiatric and neurological medications can cause some of the biggest problems when combined with nootropics. (We’ll explore this in more depth shortly.) You should also avoid nootropic supplements if you’re taking:

• Blood thinners like warfarin
• Levodopa (L-Dopa)
• Cholinesterase inhibitors like Aricept or Reminyl
• Insulin or diabetes medication
• Immunosuppressant medications

Likewise, several conditions can be exacerbated by nootropic supplements. Not every nootropic will affect all of these conditions, but if you have anything listed below, be particularly cautious about starting a nootropic.

• Kidney disease
• Liver disease
• Thyroid disorders
• Heart problems (especially if you have bradycardia, a slow heart rate)
• Lung conditions like asthma and COPD
• GI blockages or stomach ulcers
• Urinary tract blockages
• High blood pressure
• Endocrine disorders (such as diabetes, thyroid problems, or low testosterone)
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Muscular dystrophy

Nootropics also don’t interact well with drugs or alcohol. Some nootropics may be safe to have alcohol in moderation (such as a glass of wine with dinner) while taking it, but it’s generally best not to combine the two for your liver’s sake. Ingredients like green tea extract can cause liver inflammation, which is exacerbated by alcohol. 39 Recreational drugs generally increase either dopamine, serotonin, or glutamate (inhibiting GABA), so adding nootropic ingredients that do the same thing can lead to side effects like tremors or worse.

Studies on individual products — such as the self-funded study on Mind Lab Pro — regularly find that nootropics work best for the over-30 crowd. This doesn’t mean that they can’t help college students or young professionals, but because your 20s are generally some of your healthiest years, there’s less age-related dysfunction for the nootropics to address. One of our 25-year-old testers who tried Thesis, for example, found that it supported their focus and clear thinking as much as — if not more than — a 37-year-old peer tester. Like all other factors, age can make a difference, but your youth alone won’t keep you from getting something out of a nootropic supplement.

Psychiatric and neurological conditions

If you have a psychiatric condition — even mild depression or generalized anxiety disorder — you are more likely to experience negative side effects or worsening symptoms by taking a nootropic. This is especially true if you take neurological or psychiatric medications, which act on the same neurotransmitters as nootropics. Having too much of any neurotransmitters is just as bad as not having enough and can lead to unpleasant side effects like headaches, stomach aches, tremors, or serious complications like serotonin syndrome. 40

This neurotransmitter is responsible for our mood, sleep, and digestion, and it stabilizes other neurotransmitters. It’s implicated in many psychiatric disorders, most notably depression, and is the subject of many psychiatric mediations. This includes SSRIs (such as Zoloft, Prozac, Celexa, and Paxil), SNRIs (such as Effexor and Savella), MAOIs, tricyclic antidepressants, and some mood stabilizers like lithium. Nootropic ingredients that affect it include acetyl-L-carnitine, Bacopa monnieri extract, L-tryptophan, and Zembrin (Sceletium tortuosum).

Dopamine plays two roles in our brains: motor movement and reward. It’s responsible for pleasure and plays a critical role in our executive functioning. 41 There’s a huge range of medications that influence dopamine: stimulants like Adderall, Ritalin, and Concerta; medication for Parkinson’s disease like Mirapex; antipsychotic medication (which primarily targets dopamine but may also affect serotonin) like Seroquel, Risperdal, and Abilify; and prescription nootropics like L-dopa and modafinil. Many ingredients in nootropic supplements also affect your dopamine system, including Bacopa monnieri extract, citicoline, L-theanine, L-tyrosine, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), and uridine.

Like dopamine, acetylcholine controls our muscles and learning, memory, and attention. Cholinesterase inhibitors prescribed for dementia or mild Alzheimer’s disease keep acetylcholine in a neuronal synapse, as do medications treating myasthenia gravis and many eye conditions. 42 Acetylcholine-influencing compounds are extremely common in nootropic supplements. The most common ingredients you’ll find are alpha-GPC, citicoline, and huperzine A, but you might also find DMAE, donepezil, and galantamine.

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter, which makes it easier for neurons to send impulses where they need to go. This speed also means it’s critical for learning and memory. While there aren’t currently many prescription medications that directly affect glutamate, there are several companies investigating its potential for treating severe treatment-resistant depression, substance abuse, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, works along the glutamate pathway and has shown promise as a potential treatment for severe depression in small doses. In nootropic supplements, caffeine, cocoa, theobromine, and l-theanine may influence glutamate.

GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, turning down the rate of electrical impulses in the brain. Antiepileptic medications, like Lamictal and valproic acid, raise GABA levels. So can traditional anti-anxiety medications like benzodiazepines (Xanax and Klonopin) and barbiturates (Seconal), Gabapentin, and some sedative-hypnotic sleep medications like Ambien. L-theanine can influence GABA, as can phenibut and kratom, but you’re more likely to see GABA on its own as an ingredient in nootropics or on its own as a supplement.

Best overall, best for brain health, best for stress and anxiety, and best for studying

• Available with or without stimulants
• Useful starter pack lets you try up to four formulas at once
• Wellness coaching included
• Outstanding customer support
• Free shipping every time
• Use code INNERBODY for 10% off your first order
• Money-back guarantee is only 30 days

Between strong testing measures and even more robust customer service — along with convenient packets delineating daily doses that are easy to travel with —- Thesis easily ranks as one of our favorite nootropic companies and is our top pick among nootropic supplements in 2024. The company relies on strong science to back its empathetic messaging, emphasizing that having cognitive deficits isn’t a cause for shame but that there are ways to improve your brain in a healthy way.

The company offers six different formulas, posed as working well in pairs. These include:

• Clarity and Logic
• Energy and Motivation
• Creativity and Confidence

Generally, each product contains fewer than 10 ingredients, including caffeine and L-theanine. (You can read more about the individual ingredient breakdowns in our full review of Thesis .) However, there are clear goals for each formula:

• Clarity : increasing blood flow to the brain and stimulating acetylcholine, cutting brain fog
• Logic : improving communication throughout the central nervous system and cell membrane quality
• Energy : boosting cellular energy and blocking adenosine
• Motivation : increasing blood flow to the brain and boosting cellular energy
• Creativity : anti-anxiety and antidepressant
• Confidence : anti-anxiety and boosting dopamine levels

Our testers found that Clarity gave them the biggest effects, with a significant boost to their focus great for a several-hour study session, but some experienced a sense of dissociation or a headache as it wore off. One tester ultimately preferred Logic for a subtler, longer-term sense of clarity and better memory recall.

If you aren’t sure where to start, you can take a short quiz on Thesis’ website to determine which one would be best for you. Most quiz results offer more than one formula in the form of a starter kit. This kit allows you to try each blend for a week to see how they affect you, eventually choosing one (or more) to become your daily nootropic. You can also continue to receive the starter kit on a subscription basis and use different nootropics for different situations.

Insider Tip: If you already know what you want to try, you can skip the quiz by navigating to the Starter Kit page. The first question in the FAQ, halfway down the page, has a link to “Get Started,” where you can assemble your kit yourself.

Special Offer from Thesis: 10% OFF your first order with code INNERBODY

Quite possibly the best part of using Thesis’ is that you can easily toggle caffeine on or off with any formula. Other companies either don’t offer a stimulant-free option or have a different formula that may not be as effective. Thesis simply lets you order any of their formulas without stimulant ingredients included. Our testers did find that caffeine enhanced the effects, so if you aren’t sensitive to caffeine or are looking for the biggest boost, we still recommend going with the caffeinated form. Plus, if you decide later that you don’t want to take caffeine, Thesis keeps each caffeine pill as a separate capsule (the smallest white capsule in each packet), so you can easily ditch it.

Thesis also provides wellness coaching to all subscribers, so you can get the most out of your nootropics and find new ways to improve your life and your brain.

Several companies in this guide take pains to test their products, looking at purity and dosage in particular. But Thesis is among the few who rely on third-party testing rather than internal testing. One of the reasons the ingredient lists in Thesis nootropics are shorter than some of the competition is that Thesis only uses ingredients that are either Generally Recognized As Safe by the FDA or have undergone phase III clinical trials. The only ingredient that’s of any potential concern is ashwagandha, which isn’t safe for people who have thyroid problems.

Pricing and payments

Thesis has a particularly unique structure. If it’s your first time ordering from them, you’ll have to take a quiz to identify what formulas might fit your needs best. Since nootropics can be such a dense, confusing industry to navigate, it’s a definite plus that Thesis helps you select what might work best for you based on real cognitive testing measures and lets you try more than one formula at once (since a test can only reveal so much). Those are two big benefits you won’t find with any other nootropic.

Whether you stick with the starter kit or customize your order, the prices for a 28-day supply remain the same:

• One-time purchase: $119
• Monthly subscription: $79

Subscription orders ship every 30 days, and you can’t change their frequency, but you can pause or cancel at any time.

Insider Tip: We recommend you consider starting a subscription for the $30 discount; you can cancel, pause, or skip shipments at any point without hassle, though there are a few more steps involved than other subscription canceling menus. Luckily, you won’t have to pay for shipping at any step unless you need a refund.

If you aren’t happy with your Thesis nootropics, you can reach out to the company’s customer service team. They’ll recommend adjustments to a schedule or suggest other products to try first. When you know you want a refund, you’ll need to go to the returns page, which sends you an email link to actually process a return. You can send back any unopened box of Thesis for a full refund within seven days of delivery if you have more than you need, or you can refund one month’s supply within 30 days of purchase. You’ll have to physically mail back whatever you have — even if the box is empty — and Thesis doesn’t cover the cost of return shipping.

Mind Lab Pro

Best for memory and best non-stimulant

• Supported by independent research
• Stimulant-free
• Vegan formula
• Flexible dosing options
• Uniquely socially conscious among nootropics
• Free bottle with a purchase of three
• Limited ingredient dosages
• Free shipping on the largest orders only
• Complicated return policy
• No subscription options

Mind Lab Pro has a lot going for it, including third-party testing and research. Its study is the most successful self-funded study out of any nootropic on our list, displaying the best results after three months of taking Mind Lab Pro in the following areas:

• Simple choice and reaction time
• Anticipation (predicting the next step in a structure)
• Information processing (especially for people 30+)
• Immediate and direct recall (memory)

The supplement doesn’t use any novel ingredients, and its components all boast research of their own that show safety and efficacy. These include citicoline, lion’s mane mushrooms, and Rhodiola rosea, among others. Notably, though, all but three (two B vitamins and lion’s mane) are all underdosed compared to the supportive outside research. Luckily, Mind Lab Pro’s study is so successful that it’s still very likely you’ll see positive results from this nootropic.

They also have one of the lowest allergen profiles of any nootropic, as their formula is:

• Gluten-free
• Synthetic additive-free
• Caffeine-free
• Non-irradiated
• Vegan-friendly

We think this is your best option if you want a generalized nootropic and know you don’t want a caffeinated supplement. You can learn more about its ingredient profile and how it’s changed over time in our full review .

Because Mind Lab Pro only offers one product, the pricing structure is simple:

• One Bottle: $69
• Two Bottles: $138
• Three Bottles (plus one free): $207

Shipping on three-bottle orders is free, but smaller orders incur a charge of $9.95 for standard (3- to 10-day) or $14.95 for expedited (2- to 4-day) shipping. Mind Lab Pro has also kept in mind that mail times have slowed substantially in the last few years, extending their delivery windows by a few days.

Their refund policy is confusing, depending on whether you just want a refund or want to use their money-back guarantee.

You can get a refund in full within 14 days of delivery, assuming you haven’t opened the bottle. The money-back guarantee only applies to the first bottle in your first order, but you can claim a refund through this policy within 60 days, and you’ll have to pay shipping both ways. This reduces your expected refund amount to about $40.

Easiest to take

• Several delivery methods into the body
• Various bundles available
• Great for people who can’t swallow pills
• Shots are extremely convenient
• Specific supplement for brain aging
• Free shipping
• No money-back guarantee
• Contains full-spectrum CBD oil
• Drinks contain high-FODMAP ingredients

Designed by UCLA-trained neuroscientists, TruBrain offers a novel delivery method for their most popular nootropics. Each product is available in liquid form and stored in a small pouch. You can crack one open and drink it in short order, and it doesn’t matter if you have any trouble swallowing pills.

There are seven available flavors:

• Sleep: uses GABA, melatonin, and 5-HTP to relax you
• Mellow: an all-around balanced and low-dose nootropic with Noopept, vitamin C, NALT, centrophenoxine, magnesium, L-theanine, and CBD oil
• Matcha: a green-tea-based drink with magnesium, Noopept, and NALT designed to increase mental clarity
• Mushrooms: a botanical blend with four mushrooms and vitamin C intended to promote cognitive health
• Medium : identical to Mellow, but without the CBD oil
• Strong: a caffeinated version of Medium
• Extra Strong: Strong plus 150mg of Adrafinil, a non-prescription version of modafinil

Mellow, Medium, and Strong are all nearly identical; Mellow adds functional CBD oils , and Strong adds caffeine. While they’re easy to take, you’ll need to be careful if you can’t take CBD or regularly need drug testing since full-spectrum CBD oil does contain a small amount of THC. (Though not enough to provide any psychoactive effects, the full-spectrum CBD oil in TruBrain could potentially cause you to fail a drug test.) Overall, the doses are okay, and TruBrain picked somewhat unconventional ranges of ingredients; Noopept is a strong, branded nootropic with some more serious side effects than normal, but there’s little research supporting most of the mushrooms included in the Mushrooms flavor despite not having any major known side effects.

Customers generally report that the flavors are pleasant, though there are a significant number of other ingredients added to make these drinks palatable. Overall, we think that TruBrain’s unique form makes their drinks interesting and a good option for people who don’t like taking pills, but they don’t offer as much value on a supplemental level as something like Thesis, which has many similar customizable aspects, starter kits, and trials and more advantageous formulas.

If you aren’t crazy about the thought of drinking your nootropic, TruBrain has shifted its capsule offerings to encapsulate all seven formulas (pun intended) as TruBrain Capsules . Now, you can get one bottle of 30 servings in every formula for the same flat price, which varies depending on how you’re ordering it. This payment structure is almost identical to Qualia Mind’s, though you’ll get a much more succinct ingredient list and a few more servings for $10 more on your first order.

You can get these drinks with both bulk (from 10 to 60 pouches per order) and subscription deals (10% off every delivery). Uniquely, you can also prepay and save up to a year in advance for 30% savings if you know you like them and will continue to drink these supplements through the subscription program. You can choose exactly how many of which flavors you want, which is a nice bonus.

If you live in the U.S., you can also try 10 drinks for $29 with free shipping, though you won’t be able to pick and choose exactly how many of each flavor you’ll get. Note, though, that it automatically signs you up for a 20-drink monthly subscription; if you don’t cancel within two weeks, you’ll be charged $59/month for a box of 20 TruBrain drinks.

Clockwise is TruBrain’s brain aging supplement designed to counter the effects of time on cognition and memory. It contains nicotinamide, a B vitamin that can increase NAD production and mitochondrial functioning. That improved mitochondrial function should be able to address multiple systems, not just the brain.

Clockwise also contains green tea extract, vitamin C, and alpha-lipoic acid, among other ingredients in smaller quantities. However, note that these capsules are on the larger side, so they aren’t as accessible for people who have trouble swallowing. In that case, stick with TruBrain’s custom drinks.

One bottle of Clockwise costs $69, or you can subscribe and get bottles for $65 per month. (Those prices have gone up $4 and $6, respectively, in the last year.)

Powder Sticks

Unlike the shots, which are premixed, TruBrain’s powder sticks are designed for you to mix with water or a beverage of your choice. They contain Noopept, a generous dose of vitamin C, and several other nootropic ingredients. TruBrain uses xylitol, monk fruit, and stevia as sweeteners, so there’s no added sugar.

TruBrain Powder Sticks can make a good substitute for a mid-day cup of coffee. Each one contains 100mg of caffeine.

TruBrain Powder Sticks cost $59 for a one-month supply, or $55 per month if you subscribe.

TruBrain Bars

These bars are one of the few solid, edible delivery methods for nootropics. They contain Noopept, citicoline, and theanine, along with several sources of healthy fats like chia and flax seeds. Their macronutrient balance isn’t the best among protein or meal replacement bars, but these really belong to a different class than those.

TruBrain Bars currently come in just one flavor: triple cacao. They’re primarily sweetened with dates but also contain stevia.

You can get a box of 12 or 24 from TruBrain, and here’s how they price out:

• Box of 12: $55/box or $49/box with a subscription
• Box of 24: $99/box or $89/box with a subscription

Other TruBrain products

In addition to their signature shots, TruBrain offers a handful of other products, some of which are nootropics. (Others include ketogenic powder, coffee, and protein bars, all designed with brain health in mind.) TruBrain has a ‘prepay and save’ system on select products that allows you to save up to 30% when you buy in bulk. Here’s how it breaks down:

• 3-month supply: 10% off
• 6-month supply: 20% off
• 12-month supply: 30% off

You can get free shipping on any order that costs more than $55. TruBrain’s return policy is quite strict and will only accept a return if you send back an unopened box within seven days of delivery (not just the products themselves, but the container they’re delivered in). You also won’t be refunded the cost of shipping.

Focus Factor

Best budget pick

• Extremely inexpensive
• Almost all formulas are uncaffeinated
• Extensive ingredients list
• One of two companies to make a kids’ formula
• Gummies and drinks available
• Comes with its own companion app
• Some formulas are particularly unsafe for pregnant people
• Unclear nootropic dosage
• Some ingredients lack long-term safety data
• No safety and testing information available

Focus Factor has its hands in several different areas of your cognitive health, branded and packaged specifically to help you while also providing things like energy drinks and partnering with NASCAR. Their Original formula includes a litany of ingredients connected with higher brain function. Some of these include:

• L-Glutamine
• Bacopa monnieri​ extract
• Phosphatidylserine
• Vinpocetine
• Electrolyte concentrate
• Huperzine A
• More than a dozen vitamins

Focus Factor provides a dose for their proprietary blend of nootropics, but they don’t reveal the quantities of individual ingredients in their blend. They do have specific measurements for each of their vitamins and minerals because it’s required by law, but everything else hides under the blend label. And that blend is relatively small, too — Focus Factor Original contains only 640mg of the entire blend, whereas most successful studies use that much on one ingredient alone.

A self-funded study found moderate success, improving participants’ scores on a verbal learning test over six weeks with no complaints of serious side effects. However, because it has huperzine A (albeit in a likely very low dose), you may find you need to cycle this nootropic.

One important ingredient is vinpocetine, which is present in Focus Factor Original. Vinpocetine is a known teratogen, meaning it might cause birth defects and miscarriages if someone consumes it regularly or in a high enough dose while pregnant. Nootropics aren’t generally a good thing to take while pregnant or lactating, but you should especially stay away from Focus Factor for your baby’s health. There’s no clear information on Focus Factor’s website about the products’ safety, nor any information about in-house or third-party testing, and asking customer service doesn’t provide any new knowledge, either.

Ultimately, if you’re already taking a multivitamin, you likely won’t get anything new out of Focus Factor. However, if your general nutrition needs a boost or if you’re hesitant to try a potent nootropic, Focus Factor Original could be a good fit. We don’t recommend any of Focus Factor’s other products, aside from their children’s line and Focus Factor Brain & Vision, because there just aren’t enough differences to justify their increased costs.

And in the case of the company’s energy shots, they’re identical to 5 Hour Energy and Monster drinks, which are significantly more accessible from your nearest gas station or vending machine, whereas Focus Factor isn’t sold in stores.

You can learn more about Focus Factor — including a full product breakdown — in our review.

Here’s a look at the company’s lineup and costs, which come down with larger orders:

The Focus Factor Kids formula is extremely mild compared to the adult-oriented formula. We think this is a good thing, as children’s brains are still developing and are more susceptible to potential side effects.

The children’s formula includes the following in their nootropic blend:

• Bilberry (fruit)
• N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine
• Coenzyme Q10

The company has also added a new line of nootropic products in the last year, which are designed to work better for gamers. However, we still prefer their Original and Brain & Vision formulas; the nootropic formulas are closer to pre-workout and energy drinks than true nootropic supplements.

In the last year, Focus Factor has added free shipping to U.S. addresses for orders of $50 or more. If you don’t meet that $50 threshold, shipping from Focus Factor costs the following:

• Standard (5-7 days): $6.95
• Priority Mail (1-3 days): $14.95

Focus Factor doesn’t accept any returns unless your product arrives defective.

One of the coolest things that Focus Factor offers is the Brain Hub app. You can try it for free for seven days, and it provides you with guided meditations, a small audiobook library, mind and mood trackers, and a suite of five kinds of brain games (in focus, memory, math, problem-solving, and language) designed to keep you sharp and show how you’re progressing as you take their supplements. However, our testers only found two game categories actually fun (focus and problem-solving).

The app looks old and isn’t super intuitive, and we think there are better cognitive training apps on the market, but because this one is paired with Focus Factor and comes with a free trial, it’s worth it to give it a shot. Just be sure to cancel as soon as you can so you don’t accidentally get charged.

After your week-long free trial, you can pay for the Brain Hub app in the following ways:

• Monthly plan - $17.49/month
• Yearly plan - $59.99/year (saves you $149.89)
• Lifetime plan - $299.99 billed only once

Best range of products

• Huge range of nootropic supplements
• Supplements have a targeted focus
• Quiz is useful and not overly prescriptive
• Can shop by dietary restrictions
• Good learning resources
• Too many nuanced options for some users
• Generalized nootropics are very expensive
• Some supplements use up to 10 capsules per serving

BrainMD offers both comprehensive nootropics like Brain & Body Power and more targeted combinations like Calm My Brain. The latter supplement provides only magnesium and ashwagandha, whereas Brain & Body Power boasts more than 40 ingredients. Generally speaking, products with shorter ingredient lists tend to be higher in quality — with doses more in line with scientific research — than products like Brain & Body Power that contain dozens of ingredients. The company’s more targeted supplements tend to deliver higher doses of specific ingredients, and their more comprehensive offerings have relatively low doses of each component. It’s a great brand if you know you’ll want to shop around and try a few different kinds of supplements for your cognitive health.

It can be difficult to know which of the company’s vast array of products you should take, so they offer a short quiz about your lifestyle and cognitive performance. After the quiz, an algorithm will identify yours as one of 16 brain types. The site then lets you shop by your brain type to see only the supplements that would provide you with the biggest potential benefit. It’s more comprehensive and less prescriptive than Thesis’ quiz, which is better for people who want a more hands-on approach to their supplement journey.

BrainMD’s prices vary widely depending on their ingredient lists (as do the products’ efficacy). Subscribing is a good way to save, as you’ll take 15% off your order, but the company’s supplements are a bit expensive for what they offer. They aren’t as high-priced as TruBrain’s Clockwise or Qualia Mind, but they also don’t generally have the same first-time saving discounts. Instead, you can bundle both subscription and bulk deals for extra savings, like Focus Factor.

Here’s a look at a few of their most popular supplements:

Previously, all seven of these supplements were available as part of a free trial program . Now, they only offer Put Me To Sleep Naturally, Happy Saffron Plus (which is one of our top picks for the best saffron supplement ), Brain & Body Power, and Serotonin Mood Support, but you can still try any one of them for free for up to 14 days. After that, BrainMD will automatically enroll you in a subscription program for that supplement at the products’ standard cost.

Shipping with any subscription order is free, and non-subscription orders cost a flat $7.95 unless you order at least $75.

Hunter Focus

• Well-designed nootropic ingredient combination
• Free shipping on bulk orders
• Buy three bottles, get one free
• Part of a three-supplement plan
• Large serving size (six capsules)

Hunter Focus is the nootropic component of Hunter’s supplement system. Much like Onnit’s range of products, the company’s system includes Hunter Burn, a thermogenic fat burner, and Hunter Test, a natural testosterone booster.

Hunter Focus is a relatively straightforward supplement. It contains many of the most popular nootropic ingredients in relatively high doses. Here’s a brief look at some of their most effective ingredients:

• Acetyl-L-Carnitine (800mg)
• L-Tyrosine (500mg)
• Lion’s mane (500mg)
• Bacopa (300mg)
• Ashwagandha (300mg)
• Citicoline (300mg)
• Maritime pine bark extract (75mg)

All told, Hunter Focus contains 20 active ingredients that can directly or indirectly improve cognition, memory, and mood. This nootropic is very similar to Mind Lab Pro but contains more ingredients at slightly higher doses. Some of these ingredients are likely to bring positive benefits — ashwagandha root and ginseng, for example — while others are still on the newer side in research, such as Spanish sage. Hunter Focus contains 100mg of caffeine, so it’s not a good option for people who want a stimulant-free nootropic. (100mg is about what you’ll get in a cup of coffee and is very typical to find in nootropics that have caffeine.)

Between the two, we think Mind Lab Pro will be better for more people because some of Hunter Focus’ ingredients may inadvertently cancel each other out or cause strange side effects. Combining ashwagandha and caffeine may cause a particularly complicated response, for example. However, there’s nothing that stands out as harmful or otherwise strange in this supplement, so it is still a solid option.

Hunter Focus doesn’t offer any subscriptions, but you can save a little bit by buying in bulk (though comparatively much less than other products that offer bulk savings). Here’s how Hunter Focus’ pricing works out:

• One bottle: $90
• Two bottles: $180
• Three bottles (plus one free): $270

You’ll get free shipping as long as you buy two or more bottles at a time. Shipping for one bottle costs $7.95. Hunter has some of the widest-reaching international shipping options available with depots in London and Tennessee, and they can ship to all but 17 countries. If you don’t like Hunter Focus, you can return your bottle, opened or unopened, within 30 days of delivery; just reach out to their customer service team with your name, email, and order number, and tell them you’d like to return your bottle of Hunter Focus (and why) to get the ball rolling.

Qualia Mind

• Transparent formulation
• Large B vitamin doses
• Contains several well-regarded ingredients
• Steep discount on first subscription delivery
• 100-day money-back guarantee
• Non-stimulant option available
• Particularly expensive
• Most ingredients are underdosed
• Several ingredients lack clinical backing
• Take seven capsules daily for a full dose

These ingredients include:

• Vitamin B12
• Pantothenic acid
• Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCL
• Artichoke leaf extract
• Bacopa monnieri extract
• Rhodiola rosea extract
• DL-Phenylalanine
• Uridine-5’-monophosphate
• Whole coffee fruit extract
• Velvet bean seed extract
• Celastrus paniculatus seed extract
• Ginkgo biloba leaf extract
• Coleus forskohlii root extract
• Pyrroloquinoline quinone
• Huperzia serrata

It’s also important to note that Qualia Mind is generally underdosed in these ingredients compared to clinical studies. You could make the argument that we don’t know if the ingredients can all boost each other to sufficient efficacy, but we’d have to turn to the self-funded study on Qualia Mind to determine that. This study was thorough and clinically run, but after measuring six major cognitive performance aspects (executive function, attention and focus, inspiration, perceived stress, work engagement, and mindfulness) as well as self-reported sleep quality, immune health, productivity, and mood, researchers found that there was little difference between Qualia Mind and a placebo.

While it’s a relatively safe and very well-tested supplement, Qualia Mind isn’t going to be the best option for someone who’s just getting started with nootropics. If you don’t mind taking a lot of pills and are looking for a generalized nootropic with focus- and attention-boosting potential but are sensitive to high ingredient doses, Qualia Mind may be a good fit for you.

Learn more about Qualia Mind’s ingredients in depth in our full review .

Neurohacker Collective offers steep sales on all products when you start a subscription program. You can save $100 by ordering Qualia Mind as a subscription once and then canceling your subscription rather than purchasing a single bottle one time.

Here’s a closer look at Neurohacker Collective’s nootropic lineup:

The company used to offer free shipping on most orders but now charges either $7.98 for standard shipping (3-5 days) or $12.98 for priority shipping (2-3 days), only to a restricted list of English-speaking countries. Or, if you order from a third party, you’re more likely to get a now-extinct product called Qualia Mind Essentials, which comes in smaller sizes and has a shorter ingredient list. For the greatest chance of effectiveness, we recommend purchasing from the Neurohacker Collective website specifically.

Neurohacker Collective has one of the longest money-back guarantees in its category, offering users 100 days to see if the product works (and you’ll still get a refund if you open the bottle and test it). But a closer look reveals downsides here:

• The refund will only apply to your initial order or the most recent order within a subscription. You could start a subscription and ask for a refund on day 99, but you’ll only get a refund for whatever was part of that last month’s order.
• Your entire household will only be eligible once. This means you won’t be able to access a refund if someone in your household happened to try Qualia Mind in the past and returned it.

Onnit Alpha BRAIN

• Company has a focus on fitness
• Liquid nootropic shots available
• 90-day money-back guarantee
• Military discount available
• Limited dosage information
• Free shipping only on orders over $150

Onnit is a full-scale fitness brand offering everything from nutritional supplements to workout equipment. They have four Alpha BRAIN nootropic products that are caffeine-, dairy-, nut-, and gluten-free, as well as more than two dozen other supplements designed to optimize your health and wellness. We’ll focus mostly on their flagship product, Alpha BRAIN capsules, which also come in a Black Label version (with clearer dosage information, albeit a dissimilar ingredient list), an Instant powder, and Focus Shots, which are premixed caffeine shots with other nootropic ingredients.

Alpha BRAIN has a decent ingredient list as far as nootropics go, with a big focus on boosting your acetylcholine levels as much as possible (which may lead to things like intense lucid dreaming. and requires a strict cycling routine). 57 However, most of these ingredients are hidden behind a few proprietary blends, meaning Onnit provides the measurement of blend per serving but not each individual ingredient. While it’s used to keep competitors from copying an exact formula, it also keeps you from understanding what you’re actually taking. Onnit does well with testing measures, but the lack of greater transparency is a disappointment for Alpha BRAIN’s overall safety measures. Proprietary blends make it difficult to determine what side effects you’ll be more likely to experience, if any. And while proprietary blends are sadly not uncommon in nootropics (and Alpha BRAIN isn’t the worst offender, at least breaking down their blend into three separate smaller blends), it isn’t something that gives us confidence.

Alpha BRAIN has been subject to two scientific studies with mixed results, though they both found some evidence that Alpha BRAIN improved verbal memory scores. If you’re looking to improve learning and memory overall with a special focus on being able to restate what you know and are able to track a cycling schedule, this might be a good option for you.

You can learn more about Alpha BRAIN and its specific ingredient breakdown in our full review .

Alpha BRAIN pricing

Onnit Alpha BRAIN supplements come in various quantities, with larger orders offering impressive savings. Here’s a look at how their four nootropics price out:

A 30-count bottle of Alpha BRAIN is the only option where you can get a bulk discount. If you buy two bottles, you’ll save 25% ($26.22/bottle, or $52.43 total), and if you order three bottles, you’ll save 30% ($24.47/bottle, or $73.40 total). Both bulk deals give you a free copy of Joe Rogan’s seven-page eBook on his life philosophy and workout routine, but you shouldn’t let the free gift sway you — you can find the PDF for free elsewhere on the Onnit site.

You can also get a 15% discount as a member of the military, first responder, or medical provider, though you’ll need to verify your identity at checkout with an ID the first time you want to use this discount.

Shipping from Onnit is free on orders over $150. Otherwise, shipping varies depending on your location; our testers found it averaged between $7 and $11.

If you know where to look, you can also get a free trial of Alpha BRAIN . Onnit will give you a 30-count bottle of Alpha BRAIN for just the cost of shipping and sales tax, though it’s slightly hidden on Alpha BRAIN’s webpage. Onnit also features the second-best return policy on our list with an extra twist — you have 90 days to return any bottles that are at least half-full for a full refund. If you ordered a 30-count bottle for your first purchase and didn’t love it, Onnit will give you a full refund for the bottle without asking you to return it within that same 90-day window.

Alternatives to nootropic supplements

Your brain is the control center of the rest of your body, but there’s a two-way connection. What you eat, how you sleep, and hundreds of other small decisions influence how well your brain works. Not every factor is something you can control — as much as we might like to, there’s no stopping aging — but there are still plenty of things you can control. Improving other areas of your health will also often improve your daily cognitive functioning.

Generally, we first recommend checking in on your daily habits (are you sleeping and eating enough? Are you getting time outside?) and making lifestyle changes if you’re otherwise healthy. Adding supplements like vitamins, minerals, and individual nootropic ingredients is also a good bet if you’re struggling without an identifiable cause — especially B and D vitamins, omega-3s, and ashwagandha. And if things don’t get better with nootropics, lifestyle changes, and other vitamins, we encourage you to reach out to your doctor. There may be a more serious underlying cause, and they’ll be able to point you in the right direction.

Many of the individual ingredients in nootropics can be purchased on their own as supplements, like ashwagandha, ginseng, vitamins, and minerals, if you’re curious about how a particular supplement works but don’t want to commit to the full ingredient roster (or price) of a nootropic supplement. However, there are a few other kinds of supplements that improve common complaints also addressed by nootropics.

Fatigue can be hugely detrimental to your cognition, making it more difficult to think, recall memories, and convey ideas, and can dampen even great moods. It’s also a common symptom of multiple kinds of vitamin deficiencies — most notably vitamins B and D — so simply taking a vitamin (or multivitamin) supplement for energy can improve your cognition without having to turn to nootropics. (If you still want to try a nootropic but feel like a multivitamin may help you more, try Focus Factor Original.) Otherwise, vitamin supplements are cheaper and safer than nootropics. If a multivitamin isn’t the right step, you can also try a pre-workout supplement, which is designed for muscle building and exercise expansion, rich with amino acids and caffeine; they’re generally safer but less convenient to take, and they may not do much for you if you aren’t working out while you’re taking them.

Omega-3 — found in things like fish oil , algae, and walnuts — is one of the best things you can take for your brain as you get older. One large study in late 2022 found that even among people in their 40s, omega-3 intake correlated almost directly with brain health and structure, altered slightly by APOE genotype. 43 Omega-3 supplements are generally inexpensive and high-quality, as they’ve been around for a significant amount of time and are highly popular. If you aren’t thrilled about the possibility of dealing with fishy burps, NAD+ supplements improve mitochondrial functioning that wanes with age. Since NAD+ is closely linked to vitamin B3, these supplements are generally safer than the botanical blends in nootropics, though they aren’t necessarily less expensive, depending on the brand you choose. (We recommend Renue by Science’s NMN SL sublingual powder, which is easy to take and only about $32.)

However, we recommend not using Prevagen, another nootropic supplement advertised as the best for an aging brain. It only contains a small dose of vitamin D and apoaequorin, a protein found in bioluminescent jellyfish that binds to calcium, which some researchers think may lead to neuronal death in excess. Studies have shown that Prevagen just doesn’t really work. 44

For anxiety and depression

The best ingredients for anxiety and depression in a nootropic supplement are easy to find on their own. Ashwagandha and ginseng are likely to be your best bets, as they have some of the most reliable clinical backings for stress relief.

You may also find success with a GABA supplement , particularly if you struggle with anxiety. However, if you have low blood pressure, you shouldn’t take a GABA supplement. GABA effectively lowers blood pressure, which is situationally great (high anxiety can raise blood pressure, even if you don’t have hypertension), but it can be dangerous if your blood pressure is low at the outset. We think Thorne’s PharmaGABA is the best GABA supplement on the market because of its high efficacy and flexibility. It comes in two doses: 100mg, which will be better for low-level anxiety, and 250mg, which will be better for more moderate anxiety and insomnia.

There aren’t as many non-prescription options for depression as there are for anxiety, and most of them that do exist have some serious problems. 5-HTP, a precursor to serotonin, is one of the bigger names you’ll see, but we hesitate to recommend it because 5-HTP can be toxic, causing serotonin syndrome in high doses. Most studies seem to agree that 5-HTP can alleviate depression symptoms, but these studies are also small.

If you’re struggling with depression, don’t be afraid to reach out to your primary care provider. Most general practitioners will write prescriptions for common SSRI antidepressants like Zoloft, Prozac, and Celexa, so you don’t have to wait for a psychiatrist appointment.

Lifestyle changes

We know: this is the last thing you want to hear. But living through the last few years means you’ve likely picked up some bad habits, experienced extremely high stress levels, or changed your lifestyle completely. It’s worth re-examining your daily routine to find ways you can naturally improve factors that impact cognition. These steps may make a bigger difference for some people than others — it may be more practical to fix your sleep cycle as a college junior than as a new parent — but it’s always going to be faster, safer, and generally better to try making lifestyle changes first.

Getting your eight hours a night is critical for proper brain function. While the exact mechanisms of sleep are still elusive, one theory is that sleep helps “wash” your brain , and medical experts know that your risk of brain disease increases the more sleep debt you get into. And sleep debt is difficult to recover from — even missing just two hours a night during one work-week means you’ll need to sleep an additional ten hours just to catch back up to baseline. Sleep deprivation is also closely tied to poor mental health outcomes and worse higher-level cognitive abilities. 45

Some people find they experience sharper cognition when they eat fewer calories, closer to their basal metabolic rate. Others find they aren’t actually eating enough, and eating more improves their capacity. Researchers have found that people suffering from anorexia nervosa who are underweight have diminished sensorimotor speeds and struggle with forgetting long-term memories, which improve with recovery and weight gain. 46 Different foods can make an impact on our cognitive states, too; our brains need healthy amounts of carbohydrates, protein, and healthy fats in order to function at full capacity.

According to a 2020 meta-analysis, long sessions of coordinated exercises — such as yoga, tai chi, and pilates — are the most beneficial for our brains, particularly if you’re male. 47 The length of time you’re exercising is important here, as longer exercise routines require you to practice your planning, concentration, and willpower abilities, which strengthen the brain beyond the other healthy effects of exercise. 48 The neural benefits of exercise are even greater for people with mild cognitive impairments, as evidenced by a study that also found lower levels of depression and better sleep quality. 49

Psychological researchers agree: touching grass really can make a big difference in your mental health. Exposure to natural settings improves participants’ working memory, cognitive flexibility, and attentional control more than exposure to urban centers, likely due to our long-standing evolutionary ties to natural settings. 50 Even things like air pollution and city noise can decrease your focus and general psychological functioning over time. 51 Spending a few hours in spaces rich in green — whether it’s your backyard, a forest on a long hike — or kayaking down a river can help reset your brain and improve your cognition.

The harmful effects of blue light on our sleep are well established. Sunlight is blue light, and so is the kind that emanates from our screens. Your brain uses blue light to regulate your internal clock; getting too much blue light disrupts your natural melatonin production, making it more difficult to sleep and causing sleep loss, which dramatically affects cognition. Using blue light filters (built into iPhones and with downloadable programs for computers) and wearing blue light glasses can help diminish blue light’s effects, but minimizing screen time — especially in the two hours before bedtime — makes the biggest difference.

Our testers all listen to music regularly while they work and find it makes a big difference in their ability to focus. Studies generally agree: background music improves attention scores, with a few caveats. The best music to listen to if you want to improve your attention is generally low-energy music without lyrics that you already know. 52 53 Genre doesn’t matter, but anything that you dislike — or enjoy — too much can be distracting. 54 Both scientists and musicians are picking up on this, and new concepts like binaural beats (providing slightly different tones to each ear in stereo) are starting to pop up, but note that familiarity is still one of the most important parts that makes music effective. 55

Focus Factor had the right idea when the company decided to release a cognitive training and diary app alongside supplements. Cognitive training through electronic games has been around as long as the technology it runs on, and many companies make huge claims about what their apps can help with (including things like ADHD, PTSD, Alzheimer’s, and dementia). However, a 2017 meta-analysis looking at almost 8,000 studies found only two brain training programs had more than one study in their favor (BrainHQ and CogniFit), and there’s no evidence to support them as a preventative or treatment strategy. 56 Ultimately, playing brain games won’t make a huge difference in your cognition, but it can help you flex some skills better than another round of Candy Crush.

See a doctor

Whether you’re struggling with mild depression or the signs of early dementia, nootropics might help, but they aren’t a cure. We always recommend talking to a doctor before trying any supplements, especially nootropics, as there may be an underlying cause for your brain fog that needs to be professionally treated.

Depending on your experiences, you may be given:

• Stimulants like Adderall or Ritalin
• Dopaminergic medications like L-Dopa
• Antidepressants like Paxil
• Anti-anxiety medications like Xanax
• Sleep medications like Ambien

It can be difficult to identify the root cause of cognitive issues because it’s a symptom of hundreds of different conditions, so checking in with a medical professional might help you catch something like hypothyroidism or anemia or, more seriously, something like MS or early-onset Alzheimer’s. You could also be experiencing a vitamin B12 deficiency, depression, or long COVID. A doctor will be able to look at your particular cognitive struggles and give you tests to identify the specific underlying problem. (Again, a nootropic supplement cannot, and will not ever, give a diagnosis, nor will it cure or prevent medical concerns.)

Nootropics FAQ

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No. Like any other supplement, when you stop taking a nootropic, you’ll stop seeing its effects. This doesn’t mean that you’ll lose access to new memories you’ve made, but any cognitive benefits you’ve gained will revert back to how your brain was functioning pre-nootropic. Most studies suggest that it takes 4-6 weeks of consistent use to reach a nootropic’s full potential. Studies also suggest that the effects slowly wear off over the course of one month after stopping if you’ve been taking them for at least six weeks. You can always go back on a nootropic after you’ve stopped taking it, too.

Can nootropics make me smarter?

Taking a nootropic doesn’t mean you’ll wake up a genius after a few weeks (or days). Nootropics can help you stay focused and improve your memory recall abilities, which may make studying easier or help you remember what you learned on your latest Wikipedia deep-dive. But you’ll still have to put in the effort to learn new facts and skills.

Can nootropics treat my ADHD?

Nootropic supplements aren’t a replacement for prescription medications. As a supplement, it’s against the FDA’s rules to state that they can treat or cure (or diagnose, prevent, or mitigate) any diseases and disorders, including those related to your cognitive health like ADHD or Alzheimer’s disease, no matter how mild they are. Nootropics may improve aspects of your cognitive performance, and some ingredients show promise in clinical studies by improving the quality of life of people with dementia, but nothing is proven or guaranteed. If you’re struggling with your mental health, we strongly recommend reaching out to a psychiatrist or your general physician first.

Is it possible to build your own nootropic?

Not only is it possible, but many people prefer building their own nootropics from individual ingredients. This is called building a “stack,” or a combination of ingredients much like one you’d find in a traditional nootropic supplement. There are pros and cons to this strategy.

On the negative side:

• You’d have to do the research to determine the proper dose.
• This approach sometimes involves swallowing many pills.
• Your safety isn’t as guaranteed as it is with a trusted nootropic manufacturer who’s done the right testing or formulated its product with proper caution and respect for what clinical studies have shown.

But it does mean you can choose to take only the ingredients that work well for you, which is always a good approach. Since it can be a little tricky to identify what does and doesn’t work, we recommend finding single-ingredient supplements from trusted manufacturers like Nootropic Depot through companies like iHerb, where you can order all of your ingredients in one place.

How do you pronounce “nootropic” anyway?

The term nootropic comes from two Greek words: nous , meaning mind or intelligence, and tropikos , meaning turning or changing. (That means that nootropic roughly translates to “mind-changing.”) Noo - sounds like “new,” and -tropic would rhyme with “toe-pick.”

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Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs

Associated data.

Not applicable.

Nootropics, also known as “smart drugs” are a diverse group of medicinal substances whose action improves human thinking, learning, and memory, especially in cases where these functions are impaired. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the potential effectiveness and importance of nootropics. Based on their nature and their effects, this heterogeneous group of drugs has been divided into four subgroups: classical nootropic compounds, substances increasing brain metabolism, cholinergic, and plants and their extracts with nootropic effects. Each subgroup of nootropics contains several main representatives, and for each one, its uses, indications, experimental treatments, dosage, and possible side effects and contraindications are discussed. For the nootropic plant extracts, there is also a brief description of each plant representative, its occurrence, history, and chemical composition of the medicinal part. Lastly, specific recommendations regarding the use of nootropics by both ill and healthy individuals are summarized.

1. Introduction

At one time or another, everyone has dreamed of becoming more intelligent, learning more things in less time, thinking and reacting faster, and having a better memory. There are compounds currently available on the market that promise various combinations of the benefits mentioned above. This group of substances is known as the nootropics [ 1 ]. Although these substances are more effective in cases where cognitive functions are obviously impaired, they are of interest to healthy individuals because of their ability to increase intelligence and improve memory [ 2 ]. The vast majority of these substances are of natural origin [ 3 ], not subject to prescription, and can usually be easily obtained in the form of food supplements or herbal extracts. Their availability in synthetic form is somewhat limited and some preparations do require a valid prescription to obtain them. Nootropics tend to be well tolerated in patients with cognitive impairments; the incidence of side effects is low, and those that do occur are usually mild [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Most nootropics do not have an immediate effect after a single dose, and therefore long-term use is necessary to achieve the desired results [ 7 ]. However, their long-term effects on healthy individuals are still unknown [ 8 ].

This literature review provides an overview of the potential importance of nootropics, their types, use, dosage, and side effects. Original research articles, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews were included in our investigation and relevant animal studies were also considered. We did not limit our review to specific results, but focused on providing an up-to-date overview of readily available substances, primarily over-the-counter, either as food supplements or medications, that are also used by healthy people such as students. We tried to include all the currently popular “smart drugs.” Illegal drugs and drugs with a primarily non-nootropic function, such as stimulants, vitamins, etc., were not included. There have been few studies on healthy young individuals, so we tried to describe the effects of these substances also on individuals whose cognitive functions were impaired. Lastly, we summarized their potential effectiveness with recommendations for use.

2. What Are Nootropics?

Nootropics, also known as “smart drugs” in English language journals [ 2 ], are a heterogeneous group of compounds [ 9 ]. The term “nootropic” was first used by Cornelius E. Giurgea in 1972/1973 [ 10 , 11 ] to describe substances that primarily activate cognitive functions, such as memory and learning, especially in situations where these functions are impaired [ 1 ]. In a sense, they interfere with the metabolism of neuronal cells of the central nervous system (CNS) [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. The name consists of two Greek words: nöos , which means thinking, and tropein , which means to guide [ 10 , 11 ]. There is no uniform approach to categorizing these compounds. Some authors distinguish between classical nootropics and substances that enhance brain metabolism, while others combine these two groups, or use the term cognitive effect rather than nootropic [ 15 ].

2.1. Mechanisms of Action

Nootropics do not act directly by releasing neurotransmitters or as receptor ligands [ 16 ], but improve the brain’s supply of glucose and oxygen, have antihypoxic effects, and protect brain tissue from neurotoxicity [ 9 , 17 ]. They also positively affect neuronal protein and nucleic acid synthesis and stimulate phospholipid metabolism in neurohormonal membranes [ 18 , 19 ]. Some nootropics have been found to affect the elimination of oxygen free radicals, possess an anti-aggregation effect, and improve erythrocyte plasticity. This improves the rheological properties of the blood and improves blood flow to the brain [ 3 , 20 , 21 ]. These substances are metabolically active, but most nootropics show no immediate effects after a single dose, requiring an extended period of use to produce results. They need to be able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier to improve brain metabolism and long-term use is necessary to achieve stable changes [ 7 ].

2.2. Indications

Nootropics are used in acute or subacute conditions for treating memory, consciousness, and learning disorders [ 22 ]. They are recommended for incipient brain damage, which manifests with memory loss, mental retardation, and qualitative changes in consciousness. This condition is referred to as acute psychoorganic syndrome (POS). It is usually reversible, but it can progress to dementia in some cases. Acute POS can be caused by brain trauma, infection, stroke, or intoxication (alcohol, drugs with central anticholinergic effect, or carbon monoxide). Delirium tremens also belong to the POS group [ 23 ].

Other indications may include chronic disorders of cognitive functions such as mental retardation or memory impairment [ 22 ]. Nootropics are given relatively often in these cases, but their benefit, especially in more severe dementia, is questionable. They seem to be more effective in patients with mild cognitive disorders or the so-called benign senescent forgetting when there is only a slowing down of brain function without the development of dementia [ 24 , 25 ]. Nootropics are sometimes used for attention and memory disorders due to fatigue and exhaustion [ 26 , 27 ]. They are also used by children with minimal brain dysfunction syndrome [ 28 , 29 ] and patients with encephalopathy [ 30 ], and their effect on myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome) has also been tested [ 31 ]. As cognitive enhancers, nootropics are administered to patients who have Alzheimer’s disease [ 3 , 32 ], schizophrenia [ 33 ], hyperkinetic disorder [ 34 , 35 ], or senile dementia [ 15 , 24 , 25 ].

2.3. Nootropic Treatment

Nootropics are usually very well tolerated. Their efficacy depends on the size of the dose, and in practice, administering too low a dose is a common mistake. Treatment should be continued for at least 2–3 weeks after the disturbance of consciousness has disappeared [ 10 ]. A clinical scale has been developed to assess the depth and duration of impaired consciousness. Three aspects of behavior, such as motor response, verbal performance, and eye-opening, are measured independently. These are recorded and consistently evaluated according to the chart [ 36 ]. Side effects of nootropics are uncommon and are rarely serious. In addition to individual intolerance, an increase in activity in the undesired direction, a sleep disorder, or an increase in libido may occasionally occur [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Nootropics are contraindicated in hypersensitivity, pregnancy, and lactation [ 6 ].

2.4. Use by Students

Nootropics, thanks to their alleged ability to increase intelligence and improve memory and cognitive functions, attract the attention of university students in particular. They are known among them as ‘smart drugs’ [ 8 , 37 ]. Because most nootropics are of natural origin, students can obtain them as food supplements or as drugs that do not require a prescription [ 3 ], and, like many other substances and drugs, nootropics are increasingly available on the Internet. However, the use of nootropics by healthy individuals is of great concern due to the lack of clinical evidence regarding their efficacy, safety, and social consequences, especially in long-term use [ 2 , 8 ].

2.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural vs. Synthetic Nootropics

The indisputable advantage of natural origin drugs from several plant organs (flower, leaf, root, etc.), is that they can have a greater variety of potentially beneficial pharmaceutical effects. This is due to the diverse composition of substances in a herbal drug that can have synergistic or additive effects [ 38 ]. Natural nootropics also usually have lower toxicity, which reduces the possibility of harm from an overdose. However, some compounds can reduce the pharmaceutical activity of other compounds [ 39 ]. Higher doses of such a herbal drug are needed to achieve the desired effect, which is why plant extracts are often used. There is also a problem in the case of storage or possible falsification and verification of the authenticity [ 40 , 41 ]. The advantages of synthetic compounds are their pharmaceutical purity, specificity of action, and a possible increase in their effect by modification of the chemical structure [ 42 ]. They usually are active at lower dosages, but this entails a greater risk of overdose [ 43 ].

3. Classical Nootropic Compounds

3.1. deanol (dmae).

The chemical name is 2-(dimethylamino)ethan-1-ol and the chemical structure is shown in Figure 1 [ 44 ]. The compound is physiologically present in the human brain. Deanol is commonly marketed as a natural dietary supplement. Many nutritional supplements contain DMAE in the form of the salt of tartaric acid (bitartrate salt). Small amounts can also be obtained from eating fish, especially salmon and shellfish. Deanol is a choline precursor that allows the brain to optimize the production of acetylcholine, the primary neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory [ 45 ].

Chemical structure of deanol.

Dimethylaminoethanol pyroglutamate increased choline and acetylcholine extracellular levels in the brain’s prefrontal cortex in vivo in rat experiments. It further improved spatial memory and reduced scopolamine-induced memory deficits [ 46 ]. Dimethylaminoethanol cyclohexyl carboxylate fumarate significantly enhanced working memory performance in rats in the radial arm maze [ 47 ].

According to an electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis, supplements combining vitamins and minerals with compounds containing DMAE in humans for three months showed increased alertness, attention, and overall mood improvement [ 48 ]. DMAE also improved sleep quality and was able to induce lucid dreams [ 49 ]. Its administration has been tested in child hyperkinetic syndrome [ 50 ] and minimal brain dysfunction syndrome [ 51 ].

The daily dosage should be 500–2000 mg in the form of DMAE bitartrate [ 52 , 53 ]. It is contraindicated during pregnancy, lactation, and in patients with schizophrenia [ 50 ].

3.2. Meclofenoxate

The meclofenoxate molecule consists of two parts ( Figure 2 ). The first part is a synthetic auxin, a 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid similar to the natural auxin indoleacetic acid found in plant cells and which acts to exchange carbohydrates. The second part of the molecule consists of the already mentioned 2-(dimethylamino)ethan-1-ol or deanol [ 44 ].

Chemical structure of meclofenoxate.

Meclofenoxate is well absorbed when administered parenterally. It dramatically increased CNS choline levels in vivo (in rats). In the hippocampus, this increase in choline was also accompanied by an increased level of acetylcholine. Thus, its effects on choline and acetylcholine levels in the brain are similar to those of deanol but appear to be about twice as effective [ 54 ]. Oral administration of meclofenoxate to rats (100 mg/kg, daily for 37 days) significantly improved memory impairment, and reduced neuronal damage, proinflammatory mediator levels, and oxidative stress to normal levels. The ability to alleviate memory deficits and neuronal damage may benefit cerebrovascular dementia [ 55 ]. The RNA-Seq study of brain tissues of Nothobranchius guentheri, which received meclofenoxate for almost a lifetime, concluded that while meclofenoxate compensated for age-dependent downregulation of neuronal activity genes, its effect on the aging brain transcriptome still could not be considered unequivocally positive [ 56 ].

In a double-blind study, meclofenoxate also increased mental alertness and consolidation of new information into long-term memory in elderly people [ 57 ]. It may be a useful therapeutic tool for potentiating depressed cholinergic neurons and treating neuroleptic-induced dyskinesias [ 58 ]. Meclofenoxate improves the status of qualitatively altered consciousness, has an antihypoxic effect, and is used to mitigate the overall slowdown in speech, thinking, and mental activity caused by CNS intoxication and injury. It has also been tested for treating Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia [ 59 ].

The daily dose should be 500–2000 mg [ 58 ]. Meclofenoxate is deemed to be safe and tolerable. Possible side effects are often caused by overdose, including dizziness, restlessness, nausea, and headache [ 58 , 60 ].

3.3. Nicergoline

Nicergoline is an ergot alkaloid, also known as nicergoline ( Figure 3 ) that has been clinically used since 1970. Nicergoline was initially developed as a vasodilator prescribed for cerebrovascular disorders. It is currently used clinically to treat syndromes of vascular or degenerative origin characterized by cognitive impairment with decreased intellect, and affective, behavioral, and somatic disorders. Specifically, it is used for memory loss, reduced alertness, concentration ability, mood swings, dizziness, fatigue, and vestibular and cochlear disorders [ 61 , 62 ].

Chemical structure of nicergoline.

Nicergoline has a wide range of effects. It protected cultured neurons from β-amyloid toxicity in vitro [ 63 ]. Nicergoline has been shown to be an effective drug for preventing neuronal vulnerability due to experimentally induced nerve growth factor deprivation and improved the function of cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurotransmitters in rats in vivo [ 64 ]. It acted as an antagonist of α 1 -adrenoceptors [ 65 ], increased arterial blood circulation [ 66 ], inhibited platelet aggregation, supported metabolic activity (resulting in increased oxygen and glucose utilization), and had neurotrophic and antioxidant properties in rats in vivo [ 67 ]. Nicergoline also showed an improving effect on cognitive function in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease [ 68 ].

Nicergoline induced vasodilation and increased cerebral blood flow [ 69 ]. Its efficacy has also been demonstrated in patients with vascular dementia [ 70 ]. Nicergoline showed a comprehensive positive effect on different levels of cerebral, systemic, and cardiac hemodynamics in ischemic stroke patients [ 71 ]. According to an electroencephalogram/event-related potential (EEG/ERP) mapping study, in patients with multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, nicergoline improved alertness and information processing at the neurophysiological level, which led to clinical improvement at the behavioral level in both degenerative and vascular dementia [ 72 ].

The daily dose should be 30–60 mg [ 62 ]. Side effects are rare and usually include nausea, dizziness, diarrhea, fainting, and headache [ 73 , 74 ]. Due to the lack of experience with nicergoline in pregnant women, it is not recommended during pregnancy and lactation [ 74 ].

3.4. Piracetam

The chemical name of piracetam is 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide ( Figure 4 ). It is a cyclic derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetamide. Piracetam is thought to act on brain neurotransmission through modulation of ion channels (Ca 2+ and K + ), leading to nonspecifically increased neuronal excitability [ 75 ].

Chemical structure of piracetam.

It enhanced the function of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine via muscarinic receptors [ 76 ], and affected N -methyl- D -aspartate receptors in rat models in vivo, increasing cell membrane permeability [ 77 ]. Piracetam has also been found to increase oxygen consumption in the brain and, in connection with adenosine triphosphate metabolism, it increased adenylate kinase activity in vivo in the rat brain [ 78 ]. It appears to increase the synthesis of cytochrome b 5 [ 79 ], which is involved in the mechanism of electron transport in mitochondria, where it also increases permeability. It alleviated the intensity of hypoxia-induced nerve cell damage, improved interhemispheric transmission, and increased glucose metabolism in the rat brain [ 80 ]. Piracetam has been tested for stroke, unconsciousness, treatment of withdrawal symptoms from alcoholism, and prevention of alcohol-induced hypoxia [ 81 , 82 ]. It also improved brain function in rat models affected by xenobiotics [ 83 ].

In addition to the metabolic effect on brain tissue, piracetam enhances erythrocyte plasticity and consequent brain perfusion [ 84 ]. It was used clinically for the prevention and treatment of post-traumatic cognitive and mental dysfunction, and to improve learning and memory functions in developmental dyslexia in children patients [ 85 ]. Piracetam has also been tested for treating Alzheimer’s disease [ 86 ] and combined with lecithin [ 87 ], but unfortunately without significant benefit in patients. The structural analogues of piracetam are oxiracetam, pramiracetam, etiracetam, nefiracetam, and aniracetam. These compounds act similarly to piracetam, but with varying efficacy [ 42 , 75 ]. According to the assessment of the effectiveness of nefiracetam on higher brain functions in terms of time and space using electric field distribution of the scalp map and low-resolution electromagnetic tomography for evoked potentials and spontaneous EEG with eyes closed, the Gottfries-Brane-Steen scale showed significant improvement. However, the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Hasegawa Dementia Scale, and the Kohs block test showed no improvement. These results suggest that nefiracetam has some benefits in patients with vascular dementia [ 88 ].

The effective dose of piracetam as an infusion for acute treatment is 4–8 g per day. The maintenance dose is usually about 2–4 g/day, adjusted based on kidney function. The tolerance of piracetam is excellent with only rare side effects, including insomnia, irritability, increased libido, and sexual function [ 75 , 83 ]. There is insufficient clinical experience with piracetam in pregnancy. Animal studies have not shown teratogenic or other embryotoxic effects, but piracetam should still be used during pregnancy only after carefully weighing the expected benefits against the potential risks. It should not be used during lactation [ 89 ].

3.5. Pyritinol

Additionally known as pyridoxine disulfide or pyrithioxin ( Figure 5 ), pyritinol was synthesized in 1961 by combining two molecules of vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) via a disulfide bridge. Like pyridoxine, it has different effects on different organ systems; however, the CNS is the primary system in which pyritinol exhibits observable pharmacological effects. Pyritinol crosses the blood–brain barrier and accumulates in gray matter, especially in the hippocampus, cerebral nuclei, cerebellum, and cortex [ 90 ].

Chemical structure of pyritinol.

Animal studies have demonstrated effects on various neurotransmitters [ 91 ]. In vivo assays in rats revealed increased choline acetyltransferase activity, leading to choline accumulation in cholinergic neurons [ 92 ]. Pyritinol plays a supporting role in the recovery of age-related brain deficits. For example, in elderly rats, pyritinol metabolites increased cortical acetylcholine concentration and release, and nucleic acid metabolism in the brain [ 93 ]. Acute or prolonged oral administration of pyritinol reduced formaldehyde-induced nociceptive behavior and tactile allodynia in old diabetic rats. Pyritinol was also able to scavenge oxygen free radicals, thus acting as an antioxidant and improving cerebral circulation [ 94 ]. It also restored the decreased concentration of the primary excitatory neurotransmitter N -methyl- D -aspartate when administered to older mice [ 95 ]. Results of the experiment on rats showed that pyritinol may be helpful in learning and memory disorders caused by malnutrition and deprivation [ 96 ].

A study in healthy human males treated with pyritinol showed performance improvements in response time tests but not in memory tests [ 97 ]. Intramuscular injections of nandrolone decanoate and pyritinol have dramatically affected motor development and learning ability in children with cerebral palsy, without side effects. The combined effects of vinpocetine and pyritinol also improved blood and plasma viscosity in human patients with cerebrovascular disorders [ 98 ]. Due to the status of pyritinol as a dietary supplement in some countries, it can be safely used as an adjunct to any standard treatment of CNS diseases, such as developmental dysphasia and other cognitive disorders, for which current therapeutic options are limited [ 90 ].

No accumulation of the substance was observed, even after repeated oral administration, and toxic concentrations were not reached even in patients with impaired renal function. In practice, underdosing is common. The minimum recommended daily dose is 300 mg, divided into three sub-doses, but the amount taken should be 600 mg or more [ 90 , 97 ]. The common side effects are non-specific rashes, headache, inflammation of the oral mucosa, acute pancreatitis, diarrhea, nausea, and loss of appetite [ 99 , 100 , 101 ]. Pyritinol crosses the placenta, but systemic testing in mice and rats did not show teratogenic or embryotoxic effects. Only minimal amounts of pyritinol are excreted in human milk but a careful evaluation should still be made before dosing during pregnancy and lactation [ 90 , 101 ].

4. Substances Increasing Brain Metabolism

This group of substances exhibits simultaneous nootropic, hemorheological, and vasodilatory effects. Examples include vinpocetine, naftidrofuryl, and dihydroergotoxine, which is a mixture of dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids [ 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ].

4.1. Vinpocetine

Vinpocetine ( Figure 6 ) is a semisynthetic derivative of the vincamine alkaloid that occurs in the lesser periwinkle, Vinca minor [ 107 ].

Chemical structure of vinpocetine.

Experiments ex vivo have shown that vinpocetine acts as a selective inhibitor of Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type I [ 21 , 108 ], a potent blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels [ 109 , 110 ], inhibits platelet aggregation, reduces blood viscosity, vasodilates cerebral arteries, and increases cerebral blood flow [ 111 ]. Ex vivo, vinpocetine increased glucose and oxygen consumption through brain tissue and improved brain cell tolerance to hypoxia [ 112 ].

In vitro, vinpocetine interacted with glutamate receptors [ 113 ], shifted glucose metabolism to more energy-efficient aerobic processes, and increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in the brain [ 114 ]. Thus, vinpocetine offers significant and direct neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo [ 104 ]. This vasoactive alkaloid has been marketed for several years as an adjunct to vasodilators and nootropics to improve memory [ 115 ]. It is also considered an active substance in treating stroke and other diseases, including circulatory disorders in the brain [ 116 , 117 ].

It is recommended that users take only 2–5 mg for the first time to ensure that they do not have a hypersensitive reaction to it. They can then increase the dose to 10–30 mg daily [ 118 , 119 ], a dose that can cause some side effects, although very rarely, including nausea, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, and heartburn [ 120 ]. The use of vinpocetine is contraindicated during lactation and pregnancy [ 121 ].

4.2. Naftidrofuryl

Chemically, naftidrofuryl is a 2-(1-naphthalenylmethyl)-3-(2-oxolanyl)propanoic acid ester of 2-(diethylamino)ethanol ( Figure 7 ). Naftidrofuryl is a vasodilator with beneficial rheological effects on the blood and has long been used to treat intermittent claudication to improve walking and provide symptomatic relief [ 103 ].

Chemical structure of naftidrofuryl.

Naftidrofuryl in vitro has shown a regulatory impact on deoxyglucose uptake [ 122 ] and glucose utilization [ 123 ], and it inhibited the hypoxia-induced decrease in ATP levels in fibroblasts and endothelial cells in vitro [ 124 ]. It inhibited serotonin- and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo [ 125 , 126 ].

In mouse brains, it showed an antagonistic effect on 5-HT 2 receptors of vascular smooth muscle cells and platelets and inhibited serotonin-induced contractions in blood vessels [ 127 ]. 5-HT 2 receptors are a subfamily of 5-HT receptors that bind the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (also called 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Serotonin is important in vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation, leading to atherosclerosis [ 128 ]. Naftidrofuryl was then shown to have antiatherosclerotic effects in various animal models [ 129 , 130 ]. In rats, it also increased the storage of spatial information and showed nootropic effects [ 131 ].

In a double-blind study in human volunteers, naftidrofuryl increased erythrocyte deformability and flow [ 132 ]. The induced reduction in the lactate/pyruvate ratio in healthy human volunteers during exercise suggests that naftidrofuryl increases the efficiency of aerobic metabolism in oxygen-deprived tissues [ 133 ]. It also has a positive effect on the energy metabolism of the neuron. Naftidrofuryl is used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases [ 134 ], senile dementia [ 135 ], and Alzheimer’s disease [ 136 ].

To treat patients with mild to moderate occlusive peripheral arterial disease, it is recommended that naftidrofuryl be administered orally at a dose of 300 to 600 mg/day in three divided sub-doses, swallowed whole. Naftidrofuryl metabolism may be reduced in elderly patients. Therefore, the dose may need to be lowered for these patients [ 102 , 103 ]. Naftidrofuryl is well tolerated, and side effects occur only rarely. These are usually gastrointestinal problems, but there was a single known case of liver damage [ 137 ].

4.3. Dihydroergotoxine

Dihydroergotoxine ( Figure 8 ) is also known as hydergine or ergoloid mesylate, and is a mixture of the methanesulfonate salts of dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids: dihydroergocornine (DHCO), dihydroergocristine (DHEC), alpha-dihydroergocryptine (α-DHC), and beta-dihydroergocryptine (β-DHC). The drug was developed in the 1940s by Albert Hofmann [ 138 ], and thus, is one of the oldest nootropic drugs still in use. It was initially used against hypertension [ 139 ], but later was found, by chance, to improve mental health when patients with Alzheimer’s disease were treated for hypertension [ 140 , 141 ].

Chemical structures of the methanesulfonate salts comprising dihydroergotoxine. Abbreviations: DHCO, dihydroergocornine; DHEC, dihydroergocristine; α-DHC, alpha-dihydroergocryptine; β-DHC, beta-dihydroergocryptine.

Dihydroergotoxine increased neuronal metabolism, and, in rats, it stimulated local glucose utilization in those parts of the brain related to learning and memory [ 142 ]. A similar effect has been observed in patients aged 74 to 79 years with multi-infarct dementia [ 143 ]. Dihydroergotoxine modulated synaptic neurotransmission in the brains of elderly rats by reducing levels of monoamine oxidase enzymes, which are commonly elevated in aging. Monoamine oxidases degrade neurotransmitters and are essential for normal brain metabolism, but an age-related increase in their activity can deplete catecholamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline), which impairs mental function [ 144 , 145 ]. In a rat experiment, hydergine regulated the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the hippocampus [ 146 ] and increased the number of cholinergic receptors [ 147 ]. Furthermore, dihydroergotoxine slowed the release of lipofuscin, which has been associated with the aging process of neurons in old rats [ 148 ]. Hydergine acts as a peripheral and cerebral vasodilator. In monkeys, it increased blood flow and oxygen consumption through the brain [ 149 ].

Dihydroergotoxine also protects the brain against hypoxia. In a double-blind placebo-controlled quantitative EEG and psychometric study, volunteers inhaled a combination of gases simulating high altitude conditions, which caused hypoxia that led to reduced alertness, intellectual function, and performance depending on reaction time. However, after oral administration of hydergine, subjects who were again exposed to the same conditions achieved significantly better results [ 150 ]. It is used mainly in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular and post-traumatic dementias in old age [ 151 , 152 ].

It is non-toxic and relatively safe, with possible side effects including nausea, indigestion, orthostatic hypotension, and blurred vision. It is contraindicated in hypotension, psychosis, and a slow heartbeat. In practice, low dosing is common. The recommended daily dose is up to 6 mg [ 153 ]. The combination with piracetam and xanthine derivatives, which have a bronchodilator and vasodilatory effect, increases the effect of ergot alkaloids [ 154 , 155 ].

5. Cholinergics

Substances belonging to this group usually include acetylcholine precursors or cofactors of its formation. Acetylcholine is the primary mediator in processes related to memory, thinking, counting, and attention. The important representatives of this group include acetyl-L-carnitine, which is a source of acetylcholine precursors, acetyl, choline, lecithin, and pyrrolidine derivatives [ 156 , 157 ]. These substances are classified as cognitive substances that primarily affect cholinergic transmission in the brain rather than nootropics [ 158 ], so only their well-known representative, phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), is described in more detail.

Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin)

Phosphatidylcholine ( Figure 9 ) belongs to a group of compounds called phospholipids, which are the main lipid components of cell membranes. A mixture of these phospholipids in oil is referred to as commercial lecithin. The abundant component of lecithin-containing supplements is phosphatidylcholine, followed by phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylglycerols. Fatty acids ester-linked to phosphatides are represented in lecithin by palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids [ 159 ]. The primary source of commercial lecithin today is soybean and sunflower oil. Lecithin is also present in egg yolk, liver, whole grain products, and nut kernels [ 160 , 161 ].

Chemical structure of phosphatidylcholine.

The presumed mechanism of action shows choline being slowly released from lecithin as a precursor for acetylcholine synthesis. Although the mechanism of action of lecithin appears to be clear, the results of tests of its effectiveness in clinical trials were less convincing. Results of an in vivo experiment suggested that the administration of phosphatidylcholine to mice in a model of dementia increased acetylcholine concentrations in the brain and improved memory [ 162 ].

In contrast, results from randomized in vivo studies have shown no benefit of lecithin in treating patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease [ 163 ]. The data suggest that a lack of control over the subject’s learning levels may contribute to inconsistent findings. Phosphatidylcholine supplements may not uniformly improve memory, suggesting that the dose and time parameters required to achieve a therapeutic effect may depend on variables intrinsic to individual subjects. Students that have subnormal endogenous choline levels, may see a greater increase from phosphatidylcholine supplements, resulting in a measurable improvement in explicit memory, compared to healthy subjects with normal endogenous choline levels [ 164 ].

Many signs of aging are probably related to the fact that the older a person is, the higher the concentration of lecithin in the blood is needed to produce a good effect. The recommended dose of lecithin for prevention is 1200 mg three times a day. In patients, the amount should be 10–15 g/day or higher [ 160 ].

6. Plants and Their Extracts with Nootropic Effects

Pharmaceutical companies invest vast sums of money in discovering substances that could be used in the future to alleviate or treat mental disorders affecting people worldwide. The potential beneficial substances from plants, known as phytochemicals, are still being explored. Several species of plants have been selected for testing as nootropic agents because of their use in traditional medicine, and research has already identified several promising natural substances that could act as cognitive enhancers ( Table 1 ) [ 3 , 165 , 166 ].

Phytochemicals with potential nootropic effect.

1 Heterogenous group of chemical compounds.

6.1. Herbal Drug Plant Collection

Despite the continuous improvement in the production of synthetic drugs, herbal compounds still have considerable use, but the important ones come from commercial plantings. The consumption of popular species is high, and it is impossible to cover it only by collecting wild plants. Bred varieties generally provide higher yields and reduce the risk of confusion or falsification [ 40 , 41 ]. Nowadays, the collector often encounters difficulties that were not present before, such as chemical damage or contamination of the growing plants [ 167 ]. The composition and total content of complex active constituents are variable during plant development and vegetative growth. Choosing a suitable period for harvesting or collecting is essential. Plants should not be harvested in humid or rainy weather, but only when dry. During harvesting, the plants must not be damaged because breaking the leaves sometimes affects the active compounds in an undesirable manner. Many compounds, such as vitamin C or tannins, can also react with metals. Therefore, if possible, the plants or parts are collected in their entirety. The leaves and stems are usually harvested just before flowering or during flowering. The flowers are harvested shortly before full development, but some may still be in the bud stage. The fruits and seeds are harvested at the time of full ripeness. For roots and rhizomes, the suitable period is the developmental dormancy of the plant, which is usually autumn or spring. The bark is harvested in the temperate zone at the beginning of vegetative growth in early spring, or, in the tropics, throughout the year [ 168 , 169 ].

6.2. Plant Material Processing

The extraction of plant material to produce an effective drug usually involves many technical steps. Contaminants on aboveground parts can be removed by sieving or winnowing, while underground organs are decontaminated by washing and brushing. The common method of preservation continues to be drying, preceded by fermentation in some cases. By removing water, enzymes are inactivated, and the growth of fungi and bacteria is limited [ 170 , 171 ]. Most plants should be dried in the shade, and the temperature should not exceed a specific limit. For plants containing volatile essential oils, this limit is 40 °C [ 172 , 173 ]. Freeze-drying or lyophilization is also frequently used. For this method, fresh plant material is rapidly frozen at a temperature of −20 °C to −50 °C and then dried under a high vacuum. However, in some cases, freeze-drying imperfectly preserves important classes of medicinal compounds such as phenolics and volatile substances, reducing the effectiveness of some plant drugs. Additionally, the material dried in this way is very hygroscopic [ 174 , 175 ]. Freeze-dried drugs have to be stored away from moisture, as well as dust, insects, and light [ 172 , 173 ]. The drug is usually processed or cut after drying. Active compounds are used either directly in the form of medicinal products or indirectly as raw materials to obtain active compounds, which become part of medicinal products. Medicinal products produced directly from drugs can be in the form of tea for water infusion, granules, tablets, extracts, and divided or undivided powders. Active compounds are obtained from herbal materials often by extraction (alkaloids, glycosides), distillation (essential oils), or pressing (oils, fats) [ 176 , 177 ].

6.3. Specific Plant Species

6.3.1. ginseng ( panax ginseng ).

As a drug, ginseng is prepared in two different ways, which affect the content of active components and the degree of medicinal effects. It can be modified either by peeling and drying the root, after which it is called white ginseng, or the root can be steamed without peeling when it is referred to as the “hotter” red ginseng [ 215 ].

Ginsenosides have been shown to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) production in several systems. Purified ginsenoside Rb 1 induced NO production in human aortic endothelial cells in vitro. The effect on the NO pathway is responsible for ginseng’s vasorelaxant and mildly hypotensive effect [ 182 ].

Ginseng increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in rats in vivo. Thus, supplementation may prevent increased oxidant accumulation and age-related oxidative protein and nucleic acid damage [ 178 ]. Experimental data from tests on male chicks suggest that Rb 1 may improve memory for the task of visual discrimination and that the nootropic effect may be associated with changes in anxiety [ 179 ]. Ginsenoside Rb 1 also reduced simulated Alzheimer’s disease in a rat model. Thus, it could be used in the future as a therapeutic agent for patients with memory impairment [ 180 ]. Ginsenoside Rg 1 supplementation improved the performance of old mice in the behavioral test, significantly increasing the expression of proteins associated with synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, including synaptophysin and N -methyl- D -aspartate receptor subunit 1 [ 181 ]. Oral administration of a combination of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng extracts improved memory in rats. Data on test drug effects suggested the involvement of a serotonergic transporter as an important neurochemical correlate of rat behavior and memory effects of study drugs [ 216 ].

Ginseng’s effect on the human body can be described as adaptogenic. It increased the physical and mental resilience of the organism, eliminated fatigue, and helped the body to adapt to any current needs [ 217 ]. It is recommended to use a standardized ginseng extract at a dose of 200 mg per day ginseng for an extended period of time. Standardization refers to the content of ginsenosides, which usually ranges from 1.5 to 7 percent. Alternatively, 0.5 to 2 g of dry root per day is recommended, with ginseng taken in tea or chewed [ 218 ]. Ginseng is contraindicated in patients with acute asthma and hypertension. In large doses, it can cause excessive body stimulation, restlessness, insomnia, increased blood pressure, nervousness, inability to concentrate, headaches, and nosebleeds [ 218 , 219 ].

6.3.2. Ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba )

The leaves and ripe fruit are harvested from spring to early autumn. Leaves are used to make alcohol extracts (tinctures) or dried and ground [ 220 ]. Hulled and roasted ginkgo kernels are also consumed [ 221 ]. Mechanisms of action of Ginkgo biloba compounds include free radical scavenging for antioxidant activity, antagonistic effects on platelet-activating factor, vasodilation, and an overall reduction in blood viscosity [ 183 , 187 ].

Results of an ex vivo rat experiment showed that Ginkgo biloba extract had specific neuroprotective effects that may be useful in treating chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. The extract’s pharmacological mechanism involved modulating inflammatory mediators and the cholinergic system [ 184 ]. The triterpene lactones (ginkgolides A, B, C, and bilobalide) in the Ginkgo biloba extract have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. In addition, in an experiment on mice, the extract had an antagonistic effect on glycine and GABA type A receptors [ 185 ].

A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in which participants received validated neuropsychological tests before and after treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract indicated significant improvement in working memory and information processing speed [ 186 ]. In contrast, a critical review of the evidence from several randomized clinical trials did not provide convincing evidence that Ginkgo biloba extracts taken either in a single dose or over a long time had a positive effect on any aspect of cognitive performance in healthy human subjects under sixty years of age [ 222 ].

Still, Ginkgo biloba extracts are widely prescribed to treat cerebral dysfunction and neurological disorders. Doses of 120–300 mg of standardized Ginkgo biloba 761 extracts (24% flavone glycosides and 6% terpene lactones) per day should be administered [ 183 , 223 , 224 ]. No side effects have been reported at regular doses, but mild stomach irritation and headaches occasionally occur with excessive consumption. It causes blood thinning, so people taking some anticoagulants should not take the drug before surgery [ 219 , 225 ].

6.3.3. Asiatic Pennywort ( Centella asiatica )

Centella’s use in traditional medicine is diverse and varies regionally. In the countries of origin, fresh leaves are consumed as a salad, as part of curry spice mixes, or cooked as a vegetable [ 226 ].

An ethanol extract of C. asiatica mediated protection against amyloid-β-induced aggregated neurotoxicity by modulating the antioxidant defense system in cells in vitro, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels. C. asiatica is a traditional medicinal herb with strong antioxidant activity that reduces amyloid-β deposition in the brain. Amyloid-β is the major component of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. This highlights the potential therapeutic and preventive value of C. asiatica in treating Alzheimer’s disease [ 189 ].

The results from in vivo experiments on rats in a maze, monitoring social interactions, locomotor activity, and cage tests, showed that pure asiaticoside, and methanol or ethyl acetate extracts of Centella asiatica had anxiolytic activity. In addition, asiaticoside did not affect locomotor activity, suggesting that this compound does not have sedative effects [ 227 ]. Another in vivo study in mice revealed that a NO modulating mechanism may be involved in the protective effect of Centella asiatica against anxiety caused by sleep deprivation, oxidative damage, and neuroinflammation [ 188 ]. A study in juvenile and young adult mice demonstrated the nootropic effect of an aqueous extract of C. asiatica . Treatment resulted in increased hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity and dendritic arborization of hippocampal CA3 neurons. Thus, treatment with C. asiatica during the postnatal developmental stage can affect neuronal morphology and support brain function [ 190 ].

The reported typical daily dose of C. asiatica is approximately 600 mg of dried leaves, or from 60 mg to 120 mg of standardized extract of C. asiatica (contains at least 85% of triterpenoid glycosides) [ 228 , 229 ].

Based on clinical studies, the reported tolerability of orally administered extracts of Centella is high, and no interactions with other drugs are known. Although no teratogenic effects have been reported, the drug should not be used during pregnancy and lactation. Use by children is also not recommended [ 230 ].

6.3.4. Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera )

The roots and the leaves are harvested and used mainly in dried form. An infusion is prepared from the leaves and a decoction from the root. Fruit is sometimes used as an emetic [ 231 ].

A study in mice indicated that ashwagandha increased the content of hemoglobin, platelets, and red as well as white blood cells. An increase in red blood cells increases the blood’s ability to transport oxygen to the peripheral system, ensuring greater maximum aerobic capacity [ 194 ]. In another study, rats were used as a model of tardive dyskinesia, a disorder characterized by involuntary neurological triggering that leads to spontaneous, repetitive body movements, such as grimacing, sticking out the tongue, or lip movements that were simulated by injection of reserpine. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation products are involved in the pathophysiology of this disease. Long-term administration of Withania somnifera root extract to the rats significantly reduced lipid peroxidation, restored reduced glutathione levels, and reversed the decrease in brain superoxide dismutase and catalase levels induced by reserpine treatment. Thus, Withania somnifera root extract could be a helpful drug for treating drug-induced tardive dyskinesia [ 192 ]. Several tests in animal models have confirmed the nootropic effect of ashwagandha and its potential as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease [ 191 , 193 ]. In another study, the steroidal lactone withaferin, a bioactive compound from the group of withanolides showed significant anticancer properties both in vitro and in vivo [ 232 ].

The dosage can be from 6 to 10 g of ground roots of ashwagandha per day or the equivalent of 750 mg to 1250 mg of extract per day [ 233 ]. Ashwagandha is not recommended in cases of hyperthyroidism or pregnancy. It is a relatively safe drug when used at the recommended doses. Overdoses can cause gastrointestinal problems and vomiting; therefore, treatment should be started with small doses and gradually increased. Ashwagandha is best taken in the evening because, in substantial doses, the herbal extract can act as a sedative [ 234 ].

6.3.5. Water Hyssop ( Bacopa monnieri )

In countries of natural occurrence, it is sometimes used as a leafy vegetable in salads or soups [ 235 ].

In vitro treatment of rat astrocytes with methanol extract of Bacopa monnieri significantly reduced damage caused by high NO concentrations. It has been suggested that glial cells may produce NO by an enzyme-independent mechanism when stimulated by superoxide radicals, and the study results verified the antioxidant activity of Brahmi plant extract [ 196 ].

Treatment of albino rats with an alcoholic extract of Bacopa monnieri increased protein kinase activity and caused an increase in protein in the hippocampus. Overall, the extract has improved learning ability by enhancing cognitive function and memory retention. The chemical compounds responsible for this facilitating effect have been identified as a mixture of two saponins, bacosides A and B [ 197 ]. Choline acetyltransferase expression in the hippocampus was studied in olfactory bulbectomy mice compared to controls. Olfactory bulbectomy reduced cholinergic activity and thus choline acetyltransferase expression in the hippocampus. However, subsequent administration of Bacopa monnieri alcohol extract reversed this effect and gradually improved the induced cognitive dysfunction [ 195 ]. In a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease, Bacopa monnieri alcohol extract improved escape latency in the Morris water maze test. In addition, the loss of neurons and the density of cholinergic neurons were also mitigated [ 198 ]. Experiments have shown inhibition of the degeneration of cholinergic neurons by Bacopa monnieri , suggesting that the herb is a cognitive enhancer and neuroprotectant and may serve as a potential adjunctive drug for treating Alzheimer’s disease [ 195 , 198 ].

The Bacopa monnieri liquid extract dosage (ratio 1:2) is 5–12 mL per day for adults and 2.5–6 mL per day for children aged 6–12 years. For Bacopa monnieri extracts standardized at 20% content of bacosides A and B, 200–400 mg in divided doses for adults and 100–200 mg daily in divided doses for children is recommended [ 236 , 237 ].

No serious side effects have been reported. Rarely, mild sedation or digestive problems may occur after ingestion [ 238 , 239 ].

6.3.6. Guarana ( Paullinia cupana )

The seeds, the so-called guarana nuts, are harvested at full maturity. They are first roasted, then sifted by sieving, mechanically crushed, and mixed with water to make a bitter paste with high caffeine content. A coffee-like beverage is prepared by simmering guarana paste with hot water. Guarana paste is also added to syrups, and various non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks are prepared from it, mainly popular in Brazil. Sometimes, the guarana paste is dried, ground into a powder, and used to make tablets [ 240 , 241 ].

In an in vivo study, the aqueous fraction of Paullinia cupana seeds was repeatedly administered to rats who were then placed in a T-maze, a model of generalized anxiety and panic disorders, and the guarana was shown to have anxiolytic and panicolytic effects [ 242 ]. The impact of long-term administration of Paullinia cupana seed extract by gavage to rats at various doses on their cognitive behavior was studied using the Morris water maze test, which showed identical results in rats with scopolamine-induced amnesia compared with controls [ 200 ]. Mice that ingested guarana suspension showed a significant increase in physical capacity when exposed to stressful situations such as forced swimming. After both single and chronic administration, guarana partially reversed the amnesic effect of scopolamine, as measured by a passive avoidance test in rats and mice, indicating a positive impact on memory acquisition [ 199 ]. Studies have shown that oral administration of processed Paullinia cupana seeds had a significant nootropic effect. Herbal drugs that exhibit this property may offer a useful adjunct therapeutic option for preventing or treating memory deficits, such as those seen in Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease [ 199 , 200 ].

A typical dose is 75 mg of guarana extract (approximately 12% caffeine) administered as a tablet [ 243 ]. Guarana should not be used in persons with cardiovascular disease, who are pregnant or breastfeeding, have chronic headaches, diabetes, insomnia, mental disorders, stomach ulcers, or are taking theophylline [ 244 ].

6.3.7. Eleuthero ( Eleutherococcus senticosus )

The root is ground to a powder and formed into tablets or used in the form of a tincture. Infusion of the above-ground parts is also sometimes used [ 245 ].

In vitro experiments showed the antioxidant and antiradical activity of eleuthero [ 208 ], including the inhibition of lipid peroxidation [ 207 ].

In an in vivo study, an aqueous extract of eleuthero reduced acute stress in mice [ 210 ]. A study in normal mice examined the effects of an aqueous extract from eleuthero leaves on memory function. These in vivo tests showed that oral administration of the extract improved memory functions, and ex vivo confirmed that the active compounds of the extract, such as eleutheroside M and ciwujianoside B and C3, were able to penetrate the BBB and act on the brain. These three compounds and the leaf extract showed dendritic elongation activity against primary cultured cortical neurons, which may be related to improved memory [ 211 ].

Tests on healthy volunteers have also concluded that the active compounds of eleuthero affect cell defense, physical fitness, and lipid metabolism [ 209 ]. The detoxification properties of the extract have been used in treating chronic lead poisoning in mine workers [ 246 ]. Siberian ginseng has also been used in cosmetics [ 207 ].

The recommended daily dose of eleuthero is 2–3 g of dried root or an equivalent preparation [ 247 ]. According to the Russian Pharmacopeia, a standardized liquid extract of roots and rhizomes of Eleutherococcus senticosus (10 mg of the extract is equivalent to 120 mg of the crude herb) is currently available as an over-the-counter drug in a ratio of 1:1 with 40% ethanol. In the Russian medical system, this extract is recommended for oral use at a daily dose of 20–40 drops for an adult. However, further research is needed to investigate the appropriate dosing regimen to improve healthy adults’ cognitive function and physical performance [ 246 , 248 ]. Side effects occur infrequently. Eleuthero increases blood pressure, so its use in hypertension is not recommended [ 249 ].

6.3.8. Rhodiola ( Rhodiola rosea )

Rhizomes and roots from older plants are collected, dried, and subsequently used for extract preparation [ 250 ].

According to an in vitro study, salidroside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from R. rosea L., showed a protective effect in cultured PC12 neuronal cells against hypoglycemia and serum-restricted cytotoxicity, probably through modulation of gene expression associated with apoptosis, restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibition of intracellular oxygen radical production [ 203 ].

An in vivo study was performed to investigate the effects of a single oral dose of an aqueous-alcoholic extract (plant material was extracted with 2% ethanol diluted with tap water) of R. rosea containing 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside on CNS activity in mice. The extract was tested for adaptogenic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, nociceptive, and locomotor activity at various doses using predictive behavioral tests in the animal model. The results showed that this extract significantly induced adaptogenic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and stimulating effects [ 202 ], but the effects were not dose-dependent.

In a different trial, the effect of R. rosea L. extract on mood, anxiety, stress, and cognition in moderately anxious students was evaluated. Compared with the control, the experimental group showed a significant reduction in anxiety, stress, anger, confusion, and depression, and an improvement in general mood after treatment for two weeks. However, no significant difference in cognitive performance was observed between the groups [ 201 ].

The optimal dose of rhodiola extract for long-term use was 100–170 mg per day, and the rosavin content of the extract should be 3.6–6.14 mg per weight of the extract. This would suggest a daily dose of roughly 360–600 mg of standardized Rhodiola rosea extract containing 1% rosavin [ 251 ].

No serious side effects have been identified so far. Because it affects human nature, it is not recommended for patients who have manic–depressive psychosis. Rhodiola should also not be used by children, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, or people with high blood pressure [ 252 ].

6.3.9. Schisandra ( Schisandra chinensis )

The often used parts are fruits and seeds. A tincture can be prepared from crushed seeds and a tea brewed from dried berries, shoots, and leaves. The fruits are consumed dried or marinated in sugar or honey to make jam, syrup, juice, or compote. They can also be stored frozen. In addition to syrups and juices, a strong sweet wine can be made from the juice of the berries [ 253 , 254 ]. Schisandra fruits are known to the people of the Far East primarily as a tonic and stimulant against fatigue and exhaustion [ 253 ].

An in vitro study was performed to determine the neuroprotective effects of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan, schisantherin A, from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis against selective dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neural damage in human neuroblastoma cells. Pretreatment with schisantherin A provided neuroprotection against induced cytotoxicity, regulated the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species and inhibited NO overproduction by reducing the overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cells [ 206 ].

In other in vitro and in vivo experiments, SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma) cells were incubated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion, and mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine were used to determine neuroprotection of schisantherin A. Pretreatment with schisantherin A significantly inhibited the induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, schisantherin A provided significant protection against induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease [ 204 ]. These findings demonstrate that schisantherin A may have potential therapeutic value for oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease [ 204 , 206 ].

In vivo cognitive tests such as the Morris water maze and the passive step-down avoidance tests were performed with rats given oral doses of aqueous or 95% ethanolic extract of Schisandra chinensis (petroleum ether fraction) and showed that the extract could partially reverse the effects of decreasing activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and the overall antioxidant effect induced by D -galactose, and to maintain normal levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide in serum, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. The extract improved the overall induced cognitive deficit [ 205 ].

The optimal dose of dried schisandra fruit for human administration is 2–6 g per day. For an average human body weight of 60 kg, the dose is 0.03–0.1 g of fruit per kg of body weight [ 253 , 255 ]. No serious side effects have been reported. Side effects have only occurred after regular ingestion of excessive amounts of fruits and included restlessness and insomnia [ 256 ].

6.3.10. Maca ( Lepidium meyenii )

Maca root is consumed either fresh or dried and has a distinctive taste and aroma. In South America, a sweet porridge or pudding called mazamorra de maca is made from dried roots, while the fresh root is cooked like potatoes. It can also be ground into flour, with a composition similar to cereal grains. A slightly alcoholic beverage called maca chica is made from the maca plant. Many growers mix and grind the leaves with the roots [ 257 , 258 ].

Polysaccharide fractions from maca leaves showed different in vitro scavenging capacities on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals [ 212 ].

Researchers have recently been interested in the neuroprotective effects of Lepidium meyenii . Experiments in vivo and ex vivo tests have shown the effect of Lepidium meyenii in reducing latency in untrained and trained mice. In the swimming strength test, maca shortened the immobility time. It also increased the uterine weight of mice after ovariectomy. Lepidium meyenii appeared to positively affect latent learning in ovariectomized mice and exhibited antidepressant activity [ 214 ]. Maca improved cognitive function, motor coordination, and endurance in middle-aged mice, increased mitochondrial respiratory function, and upregulated proteins associated with autophagy in the cortex [ 213 ].

These findings suggested that maca might be an effective functional food to slow age-related cognitive decline. The optimal dose has not been determined; however, the amount of maca root powder used in many studies was in the range of 1.5–3 g per day for the average human adult [ 259 , 260 ].

So far, no serious side effects or contraindications to the extracts have been reported. Maca seems to be safe, effective, and non-toxic [ 261 ].

7. Summary and Recommendations

Nootropics are a heterogeneous group of drugs that affect the metabolism of neuronal cells in the central nervous system. They mainly improve cognitive function, especially in cases where there is damage or degeneration. Most of these substances do not have an immediate effect after a single administration and must be used for some length of time before there is a measurable improvement. They are used in acute, subacute, and chronic conditions of memory, consciousness, and learning disorders and as a supportive treatment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, hyperkinetic disorder, or senile dementia. Nootropics are usually very well tolerated. Side effects are rare and typically mild, but some complications can occur. For example, people with cardiovascular disease should not use guarana. This is probably due to the relatively high caffeine content. The available literature suggests that the cardiovascular effects experienced by those consuming up to 600 mg of caffeine per day are, in most cases, mild, transient, and reversible, with no permanent adverse effects [ 262 ]. A typical dose of guarana is 75 mg of extract (approximately 12% caffeine) taken as a tablet [ 243 ]. Each such tablet, therefore, contains an average of 9 mg of caffeine. Therefore, in order to get close to the limit of 600 mg of caffeine, a person would have to consume around 66 of these tablets per day. A nootropic that could help in this case is naftidrofuryl, which functions as a vasodilator with rheological effects on the blood and is directly used in treating cardiovascular disorders [ 134 ]. Some nootropics can also affect psychiatric problems; for example, rhodiola is not recommended for patients with manic-depressive psychosis [ 252 ], and dihydroergotoxine is also contraindicated in psychosis [ 153 ]. An expert should be consulted before the use of any of these nootropics. Ginseng and eleuthero are contraindicated in patients with hypertension [ 218 , 219 , 249 ]. Ginkgo causes blood thinning, so people taking certain anticoagulants should not take it, for example, before surgery [ 219 , 225 ]. Additionally, ashwagandha is best taken in the evening because it can act as a sedative in large doses. It is also indicated by its Latin name Withania somnifera, where the Latin species name somnifera means “sleep-inducing” [ 234 ]. Therefore, nootropics users should consider their state of health and mood before deciding to try a certain compound; however, if the recommended dosage is followed, no serious complications should occur. Because of their potential for improving memory and thinking and their easy availability, nootropics have particularly attracted the attention of college students, who call them “smart drugs”. Because of the incomplete clinical evidence on their effectiveness, safety, and social consequences in the case of long-term use, especially with synthetic variants of these drugs, they cannot be recommended to healthy individuals who do not suffer from any cognitive dysfunction. There have not been sufficient experimental studies and results to support prophylactic use, even though the use of herbal supplements with nootropic effects has shown little risk of side effects and contraindications have been minimal. In any case, to be safe, none of these substances should be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Future research regarding nootropics should focus on experiments with more diverse human groups, whether in terms of age, health, gender, or weight. It should also mainly focus on young, healthy people, mostly university students, who use these substances a lot and obtain them, especially on the black market. Furthermore, already advanced methods based on neuroimaging assessment should be used more in experiments and studies to confirm or refute the potential beneficial effects.

Acknowledgments

We thank Gary Bentley for editing and improving the manuscript’s English and Lucie Malá for creating the graphical abstract.

Funding Statement

Financial support for publication was from CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/18_054/0014642 project.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.M.; formal analysis, M.M.; writing—original draft preparation, M.M.; writing—review and editing, M.M. and P.T.; visualization, M.M.; supervision, P.T.; project administration, P.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Thesis Nootropics Review: Extended Test Period Results

July 9, 2024

In this Thesis Nootropics review, we're looking at a range of supplements that claim to boost brain function with six different blends targeting areas like energy, focus, or creativity. Thesis says their formulas are customized for you, but we wanted to see if they really work. Over 12 months, we tested these supplements to see what's in them and if the science supports their big claims. Thesis features ingredients like Zynamite® and TeaCrine® that have been getting a lot of attention. But do they actually do anything? With so many blends, it can be confusing—do you really need different ones for energy and focus? We also wondered if these blends are missing important ingredients that could make them better. To give you a full picture, we compared Thesis with NooCube, a top nootropic that offers a simpler, all-in-one formula claiming to cover more benefits. We're here to break down the facts and help you decide if Thesis is worth it or if you should look at other options for boosting your brainpower.

Overall Verdict

3.1/ 5 Stars

• Limited Customization: Thesis Nootropics' customization is restricted to a small range of standardized products.
• Forced Trade-offs: Customers must choose between different cognitive benefits based on a questionnaire.
• Narrow Focus: The approach prioritizes specific nootropic effects rather than offering a comprehensive solution.
• Our Preference: A more inclusive formula like  NooCube provides broader cognitive and brain health benefits without trade-offs.

Introduction To Thesis Nootropics

Thesis Nootropics differentiates itself from other nootropic suppliers by emphasizing personalized supplements rather than generic solutions. Their online platform offers customized formulations tailored to individual needs and preferences.

Although the name 'Thesis Nootropics' may not be familiar, the company has been around for some time, originally known as FindMyFormula.com before rebranding. They claim their extensive experience in the world of supplements and their nootropic research enables them to continually refine their formulas using rigorous scientific and data-driven approaches.

The Personalized Nootropic

The customization process at Thesis Nootropics is time-consuming but reasonably straightforward. Customers start by visiting the website and filling out a questionnaire that collects basic information—no need for lab tests or medical history. While some might argue for a more detailed approach, this non-invasive method apparently helps tailor recommendations to individual preferences.

Once the questionnaire is completed, customers receive their order within 1-3 business days. Thesis suggests treating the first shipment as a trial, encouraging users to experiment with different blends before deciding on a specific formula. This feedback helps refine their algorithm and improves future recommendations.

While it might seem like a strategy to promote more purchases, it's important to note that Thesis allows customers to test up to four different blends before committing to a long-term option. This system lets users fine-tune their choices without the frustration of extensive trial and error.

Personalized Support At A Premium Price

• Each customer is assigned a personal nootropics expert. This expert serves as a coach and pharmacist, offering virtual consultations to help refine a user's nootropic regimen, track progress, and answer any questions. The brand claims this elevates Thesis beyond just providing supplements, instead making it a comprehensive well-being program.
• This tailored approach is premium priced. A starter kit is over a hundred dollars, and a monthly prescription costs around eighty dollars. This is more expensive than the highest-quality alternatives like NooCube . Ultimately, consumers must decide whether the additional support and tailoring justify the higher price point.

The Nootropic Endorsed by Dr. Andrew Huberman, Rich Roll And Dr. Gabrielle Lyon

• Dr. Andrew Huberman's claim: "I've been using Thesis for over a year now, and I can confidently say that their nootropics have been a total game changer for me."
• Rich Roll's claim: "Thesis has provided a substantial benefit to my ability to focus. Creativity works best for me - I take it 30 mins before a podcast or writing and it helps me get in the zone."
• Dr. Gabrielle Lyon's claim: "I work with CEOs, celebrities, and other top performers in my practice. Thesis is what I recommend and take personally for focus and cognition. I even used it to help me nail my first TedX talk."

Thesis Nootropics Claimed Benefits

Thesis nootropics overview.

Thesis Nootropics provides a comprehensive cognitive enhancement solution that not only shares the common benefits of other high-quality nootropic supplements but also is a uniquely tailored solution that set them apart from their competitors. It's important to note that Thesis Nootropics does come at a higher price point compared to alternatives like Hunter Focus. However, the personalized approach and access to expert guidance may justify the additional cost for users who want to invest in a more advanced and tailored cognitive enhancement solution.

What Does Thesis Offer?

Thesis Nootropics presents a range of blends aimed at various aspects of mental function, such as boosting energy, enhancing clarity, improving memory, reducing brain fog, elevating mood, lowering stress, and increasing focus. These are typical claims for high-quality nootropic supplements, aiming to provide users with the cognitive support they seek.

Thesis Nootropics differentiates itself with two primary features. Firstly, it offers personalization by tailoring supplements to individual needs through an online questionnaire. While other nootropics like NooCube might suit most people, the personalized approach of Thesis aims to target specific cognitive goals for optimal results. However, some may argue that this method is not detailed enough for truly customized supplements, as it doesn't include comprehensive personal health information.

Once the questionnaire is completed, customers receive their product within a few days. Thesis encourages treating the initial shipment as a trial to test various blends before committing to one. This feedback supposedly helps improve their algorithm and future recommendations. Critics might view this as a way to promote more purchases, but Thesis does allow users to try up to four different blends before making a long-term decision, which helps minimize trial and error.

Another aspect Thesis promotes is access to a team of experts. While this might seem excessive for those satisfied with basic nootropic knowledge, it could be valuable for users wanting deeper insights into cognitive enhancement. The added cost for this personalized support might be seen as justified given the expert guidance and customized advice offered by the Thesis team. These experts provide virtual consultations to help refine the user's regimen, track progress, and answer any questions, aiming to elevate Thesis Nootropics from a mere supplement to a comprehensive wellness program. However, for many, this level of support might seem unnecessary and an additional expense.

Thesis Nootropics provides a comprehensive cognitive enhancement solution that not only shares the common benefits of other high-quality nootropic supplements but also is a uniquely tailored solution that set them apart from their competitors. It's important to note that Thesis Nootropics does come at a higher price point compared to alternatives like NooCube . However, the personalized approach and access to expert guidance may justify the additional cost for users who want to invest in a more advanced and tailored cognitive enhancement solution.

Research And Evidence

Thesis haven't conducted independent research into the effectiveness of their nootropic blends. However, they do cite a total of 18 scientific papers in support of 6 of the ingredients used across the range. Whilst this number of citations seems impressive at first, in reality it's 3 citations for each of only 6 ingredients:

• Teacrine [1,2,3]
• Dynamine [4,5,6]
• Zembrin [7,8,9]
• Synapsa [10,11,12]
• Ashwagandha [13,14,15]
• Alpha GPC [16,17,18]

Given that over 30 ingredients are used across Thesis' range, there is a lot of scientific evidence missing. Overall, Thesis nootropics are dosed at effective levels, but some ingredients are not well evidenced - and what evidence is searchable is not easy to locate. 

Ingredients And Options

Nootropic formulations from Thesis encompass various blends, tailored to the individual, concentrating on enhancing distinct aspects of cognitive function and brain health. These blends exhibit unique ingredient compositions, although some similarities are present among them. The Energy blend, is designed to augment energy levels, combat fatigue, and bolster mental endurance. It incorporates choline, recognized for its benefits in memory and learning, as well as NAC and NALT, which contribute to detoxification and neuronal communication, respectively. Additionally, proprietary ingredients such as Sabroxy® (for dopamine increase and memory enhancement), TeaCrine® (for energy, motivation, and cognitive function), and Zynamite® (for physical and mental energy) are included. Conventional nootropic components, like caffeine (for energy) and L-theanine (for stress response improvement), are also present. Clarity, has a somewhat unconventional ingredient list, yet still comprises many expected nootropic components. 7,8-DHF and Alpha GPC both facilitate neural communication, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. Epicatechin and Lion's Mane contribute to neuroprotection while enhancing mood, memory, cerebral blood flow, and memory consolidation. Caffeine and L-theanine are also included, addressing stress response and energy. The Motivation blend aims to boost willpower and productivity while curbing procrastination, despite motivation being a difficult aspect to define or quantify. Ingredients such as Artichoke extract (for circulation and stress response), Dynamine® (for mood elevation and sustained energy without caffeine-related crashes), Forskolin and L-phenylalanine (together improving cognitive function, mood, and focus), and vitamin B12 (for energy and nerve health) contribute to this goal. Caffeine and theanine are also part of this blend. The Creativity formula, designed to enhance verbal fluency and confidence, contains Agmatine, Ashwagandha, and L-theanine (for stress and anxiety management), Alpha GPC (for memory, neuroprotection, and neurogenesis), and Zembrin® (for mood regulation and increased cerebral blood flow). Caffeine is also present in this blend. Lastly, the Confidence blend aims to promote self-assurance by targeting stress and insecurity responses. Ingredients include magnesium, ashwagandha, saffron, sage, and DHH-B, which collectively help improve confidence.

Overall: 4.0 / 5

• Personalization: Thesis nootropics offer customized blends that cater to individual needs, enhancing the effectiveness of cognitive support.
• Expert Consultations: Access to expert advice is available, providing valuable guidance and insight for users seeking to optimize their cognitive health.
• High-Quality Ingredients: Thesis nootropics are formulated with premium ingredients, ensuring safety and effectiveness for consumers.
• Comprehensive Support: The customer care provided by Thesis not only includes expert consultations, but also extends to answering questions and addressing concerns, contributing to a positive overall experience.
• Cost: Thesis nootropics may be more expensive than alternatives, potentially deterring budget-conscious consumers.
• Limited Personalization: Although Thesis offers personalized blends, the customization may not be as precise or in-depth as some consumers would prefer.
• Subscription Model: Some individuals might find the subscription-based model inconvenient or inflexible, preferring one-time purchases instead.
• Overemphasis on Customer Care: The extensive customer support, while commendable, may be perceived as excessive by some consumers who prefer a more straightforward, self-directed approach to their supplement regimen.
• Over complicated approach to nootropics for majority of people. A more comprehensive alternative such as NooCube, is likely to better suit most people's needs.

Potential Side Effects of Thesis Nootropics

• The Energy blend contains Zynamite®, a natural ingredient derived from the mango tree [19]. It may cause mild side effects, such as headaches, nausea, and stomach discomfort. TeaCrine® and Sabroxy® are also included in this blend, which may cause nervousness, insomnia, and jitteriness. Caffeine and L-Theanine, which are optional ingredients, may also cause similar side effects.
• The Clarity blend contains 7,8 Dihydroxyflavone, a natural ingredient that may cause mild side effects, such as nausea, diarrhea, and headaches [20]. Camellia Sinesis Extract, which is also included, may cause insomnia, nervousness, and stomach discomfort. Lion’s Mane 8:1 Extract may cause itching, skin rashes, and gastrointestinal discomfort [21].
• The Creativity blend contains KSM-66 Ashwagandha, which may cause mild side effects, such as stomach discomfort and diarrhea [22]. GS15-4 Panax Ginseng may cause nervousness, insomnia, and headaches. Zembrin® may cause dizziness, nausea, and dry mouth [23].
• The Logic blend contains Triacetyluridine, which may cause mild side effects, such as headaches, nausea, and stomach discomfort [24]. Vegan Omega-3 Lysine complex (EPA + DHA) may cause gastrointestinal discomfort and nausea. Theobromine may cause insomnia, restlessness, and stomach discomfort [25].
• The Motivation blend contains Forskolin, which may cause stomach discomfort, diarrhea, and headaches [26]. Methylcobalamin may cause mild side effects, such as nausea and diarrhea. Dynamine may cause nervousness, insomnia, and headaches [27].
• The Confidence blend contains Saffron extract (affron®), which may cause mild side effects, such as dry mouth, dizziness, and nausea [28]. Ashwagandha extract (Shoden®) may cause stomach discomfort, diarrhea, and headaches [29]. Sage extract may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, and headaches.

Best Alternative to Thesis Nootropics

If your focus is sharply honed on enhancing a particular aspect of cognitive function and you don't mind shelling out more for targeted support, Thesis might suit your needs. Its range of blends is designed to pinpoint specific nootropic benefits, whether that's boosting your energy, improving clarity, sparking creativity, enhancing logic, motivating success, or building confidence. But, it comes at a premium, both in terms of cost and the necessity to navigate through its segmented approach to find what works best for you. However, for those seeking a broader spectrum of cognitive benefits—encompassing not just temporary performance boosts but also long-term brain health, mood stabilization, and memory enhancement—there are more comprehensive and cost-effective alternatives available. Among these,  NooCube stands out in our testing as the most effective nootropic available. NooCube's formula supports overall brain function without the need to mix and match different products. It delivers a synergistic blend of ingredients known for their efficacy in enhancing cognitive function, supporting neuron health, and providing the body with the foundational nutrients necessary for optimal mental performance. With NooCube, we experienced a more holistic approach to cognitive enhancement, making it our top recommendation for those looking to invest in their brain health and cognitive capabilities.

While Thesis aims to focus on specific areas of brain health with different products, NooCube makes things simpler. It's one supplement that aims to boost memory, help you focus better, and make your mind clearer. NooCube packs ingredients like Panax Ginseng, L-Theanine, and Bacopa Monnieri, each and every ingredient is proven to support cognition and brain health in clinical studies - and each has been dosed at clinically proven levels. Thesis' approach is interesting but the cost, complexity and narrow range of benefits let it down. If you're looking for something that covers more bases and keeps everything straightforward, NooCube is the way to go. With its latest update in February 2024, NooCube has gotten even better, making it a top choice for anyone looking to give their brain a comprehensive boost.

Thesis Nootropics claims to stand out with its personalized approach, but it's worth questioning if this is really necessary. A more comprehensive solution like NooCube   might be a better choice, offering the benefits of multiple Thesis blends in one product and without the time-consuming need to complete a questionnaire and make unnecessary trade-offs. NooCube's latest version, released in February 2024, has recently improved on an already great product.

When considering the cost, Thesis Nootropics is expensive. Whilst their customer support is praised, its necessity for the average user is debatable. For those who find value in this added support, the higher price might be justified. However, many users may find the cost excessive.

To give you an idea, a one-month supply of Thesis nootropics without a subscription costs about the same as three months of NooCube. NooCube provides a high-quality nootropic at a more affordable price and saves you the hassle of completing a questionnaire.

Do nootropics work?

Many nootropic ingredients and formulations have been shown to improve attention, memory, and learning, while others may promote relaxation and reduce stress and anxiety. For example, caffeine is a commonly used nootropic that can increase alertness and reduce fatigue, while L-Theanine, an amino acid found in tea leaves, has been shown to promote relaxation and reduce stress.

Are nootropics safe?

Nootropics that contain natural ingredients and have undergone clinical testing are generally considered safe when used properly. It is important to follow recommended dosages and to avoid taking more than the recommended amount. It's also worth being aware of any potential side effects and if necessary consult with your doctor if you have any underlying medical conditions.

What should I expect from a nootropic?

When taking a nootropic supplement, you should expect to experience some improvement in cognitive function, such as enhanced memory, concentration, and mental clarity. The effects of a nootropic will vary depending on the specific ingredients and dosage of the supplement, as well as individual factors such as age, overall health, and your lifestyle.

Which nootropic should I buy?

Popular nootropic supplements include NooCube, Mind Lab Pro, and Vyvamind. NooCube contains a blend of ingredients that may improve memory, focus, and overall cognitive function. Mind Lab Pro is designed to support brain health and cognitive performance through a variety of ingredients, including vitamins, minerals, and plant-based compounds. Vyvamind is a premium nootropic supplement that focuses almost exlcusively on cognitive function and mental performance. Read DBEM's guide to nootropics to see how the leading nootropic brands compare.

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• Bello, M.L., Walker, A.J., McFadden, B.A.  et al.  The effects of TeaCrine® and caffeine on endurance and cognitive performance during a simulated match in high-level soccer players.  J Int Soc Sports Nutr   16 , 20 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0287-6
• Mondal, G., Wang, Y.-H., Yates, R., Bloomer, R., & Butawan, M. (2022). Caffeine and Methylliberine: A Human Pharmacokinetic Interaction Study: Original Research.  Journal of Exercise and Nutrition ,  5 (3). https://doi.org/10.53520/jen2022.103124
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• Zynamite®: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6502219/
• 7,8 Dihydroxyflavone: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7046999/
• Lion’s Mane 8:1 Extract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5237458/
• KSM-66 Ashwagandha: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687242/
• Zembrin®: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6120705/
• Triacetyluridine: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7025289/
• Theobromine: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4335269/
• Forskolin: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663611/
• Dynamine: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6491065/
• Saffron extract (affron®): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5376420/
• Ashwagandha extract (Shoden®): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6438434/

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