Insults
Public humiliation
Yelling
Psychological and emotional
abuse
Behavior intended to cause psychological or emotional distress
Physical abuse
Behaviors that inflict harm on a person
Sexual violence:
From coercion to date rape
Sexual advances that make a person feel uncomfortable; sexual behavior that is unwanted
Abuse of male privilege: "It's a guy thing"
Behavior that assumes that boys have more power than girls and that boys have special privileges in relationships with girls
Hurting someone is never a sign of love. When a relationship is violent, the people involved need to either make the relationship work without violence or get out of it. You don’t have to settle for an abusive relationship, and you don’t have to continue to behave in abusive ways. Both of you deserve better.
People often need help to get out of abusive relationships. There are lots of reasons why breaking free can be hard.
From a very early age, we get the idea that having a romantic relationship is the most important thing in the world and is worth any sacrifice.
Going out with someone can be a status symbol, a way to feel more secure, or a way to break into a new circle of friends.
Some people just don’t like to be alone. They may feel that any relationship is better than no relationship.
Many teenagers don’t want to ask their parents for help. A girl whose boyfriend has slapped her might be afraid her parents won’t let her go out with him or with anyone if they find out. A boy’s parents might not approve of his girlfriend’s influence and take away his car keys. The parents of a lesbian, gay or bisexual teen might see one violent relationship as proof that all same-sex relationships are unhealthy.
Don’t think the violence and abuse will just stop.
Violent behavior won’t disappear on its own. One or both of you may have wrong ideas about relationships, expressing anger, what to expect from each other, what you deserve from someone you love. Usually, both of you need support and help to make a change. Being hurt by someone that you care about can make you feel weak, worthless, helpless and alone. Turning to drugs or alcohol is not a good way to handle the situation — it will not make the abuse disappear or feel more bearable.
Start by talking to someone. A counselor, a coach, a teacher, a parent, a doctor, a minister or rabbi, or a close friend can help you get an objective opinion of the situation. They may also have some good ideas to help you stop the hurting and start talking to each other about what you really want and need in a relationship.
Then take some action!
If a person who claims to love you also threatens, intimidates or injures you, that person has some wrong ideas about love and isn’t worth your time. If you can’t love someone without also feeling afraid of him or her, you’re better off getting out of that relationship.
Assault is a crime. If you are afraid that someone you’re going out with may hurt you badly or if he or she already has, don’t hesitate to call the police. In many states, teens who have been threatened or harmed can get the same restraining orders and other protections as adults.
The most important thing you can do is take care of yourself. As serious as the situation may seem, there are always alternatives to having a relationship with someone who hurts you. Demand to be treated with respect. You’re worth it!
Make sure you’re safe. Even if you haven’t decided yet whether to leave the relationship, you can decide to be safe. Take some time to think about ways you can take yourself out of a dangerous situation the next time it occurs. For example, you can screen your phone calls, see your boyfriend or girlfriend only in a public place with other people around or find a friend to stay with if you need to. Thinking through a plan of action can help you feel more in control of a situation so that you can take the next step.
Get support. One of the most common forms of relationship violence is isolation — keeping you from spending time with your friends. If someone you’re going out with controls your free time, you start to feel like you have nowhere else to turn. You aren’t as likely to hear the support of friends who want you to leave the relationship. This is the time you need that support most. Talk to a friend, a teacher, a counselor, anyone who will support you as you stand up for yourself. Knowing that you don’t have to rely only on yourself can give you the courage you need to break free. If the first person you talk to doesn’t give you the support you need, try someone else. Don’t give up!
Demand respect. Point out the ways you’ve been hurt physically, sexually and emotionally to the person you’re going out with. Say that it’s a big deal to you and that you want it to stop, now. This can be a hard step for many reasons. The person may deny the abuse, get furious and threaten to hurt you, your family, or himself or herself if you try to leave the relationship or tell anyone else about the problem. Or the person may get really sweet and remorseful, crying and promising never to hurt you again, only to return to the same old patterns later. Encourage the person you’re going out with to find help in dealing with anger. Face facts though: Most people won’t make that change, even if they really love you. You can’t change them. And as much as you might want to help the person you care about get over the abusive behavior, you have to think of yourself first.
Find help. Just because this is your relationship doesn’t mean you should try to solve the problem on your own. A boyfriend or girlfriend who is hurting you already doesn’t respect you in the way you deserve. Talk to an adult — a teacher, counselor, coach or friend — who will stick with you. Asking for help isn’t a sign of weakness. It’s about getting the support you deserve and making sure your boyfriend or girlfriend gets the message: Abuse is serious, and you deserve better.
For your own sake and for the sake of the person you love, get help. The problem of hurting people when you’re angry or frustrated or jealous is not going to go away on its own. Even if you honestly think you’re sometimes justified in your actions, you need to talk over this behavior with someone who can give you some new ideas about how to handle your feelings.
Drinking alcohol or using drugs does not make you hurt someone. It can have unpredictable effects, though, and can change the way you view situations. You can never use drugs and alcohol as an excuse for abusive behavior. You should make it a reason to go for help for substance abuse.
Nobody is ever justified in hurting someone else to get their way. You’re not going to get what you’re looking for — love, respect, kindness, affection, a happy time with someone who loves and trusts you — unless you learn how to deal with your frustrations in a way that is not hurtful to others. You’re not a bad person — just someone who needs help to stop a bad behavior. You can learn new ways to deal with your anger, to fight fair, to communicate and to give and get love in relationships. Don’t let shame or fear stop you — talk to a parent, teacher, religious leader, doctor, nurse, psychologist or guidance counselor today.
Seeing a friend in a violent relationship is painful. You might want to help but don’t know what to say or do. You might be afraid of getting involved in someone else’s problem. Or maybe you haven’t seen the violence or abuse, and the person your friend is dating seems so nice that you wonder how much of the story to believe.
If you’re worried, say something. If you’re concerned about your friend’s safety, mention it. People who are being hurt in a relationship often feel they can’t talk to anyone. They may be ashamed. They may think the abuse is their fault. They may think they deserve it. Let your friend know that you’re there, you’re willing to listen, and you’re not going to judge. If your friend isn’t ready to admit that there is a problem, don’t give up. By being supportive and letting your friend know that someone is willing to listen, you’re making it easier to start dealing with the problem.
Listen, support, believe. If a friend asks for your help, take it seriously. Believe what your friend tells you, not the gossip you might hear in the hallway. Your friend is trusting you with very personal and painful information — be a true friend and don’t spread gossip. Give support by making it clear that your friend doesn’t deserve to be abused in any way. Recognize that, as abusive as the person your friend is going out with might be, he or she might find it difficult to leave the relationship, particularly if your friend believes it will make the violence worse.
Call in reinforcements. Your friend might tell you about a violent relationship only if you promise to keep it a secret. Violence and abuse are not problems to be kept secret. Whether your friend is ready to get help or not, find an adult you can talk to. Take your friend along if you can. You can tell the adult that you don’t want to break a promise to keep a secret, but don’t carry this burden all by yourself.
Stopping violence in teen relationships is everyone's responsibility. Boyfriends, girlfriends, friends, parents, adults — all have a responsibility to speak out against behavior that is harmful and to prevent it from occurring.
Here are some people and organizations that can help. You can usually find phone numbers in you local phone book, or ask a counselor at school to help you get connected.
The American Psychological Association developed this document with consultation from the Partners in Program Planning in Adolescent Health (PIPPAH), whose members include: American Bar Association’s Center on Children and the Law, and Commission on Domestic Violence, American Dietetic Association, American Medical Association and National Association of Social Workers.
PIPPAH is supported by the Office of Adolescent Health of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The views expressed herein have not been approved by the governing or policy setting bodies of any of the PIPPAH organizations, and accordingly, should not be construed as representing the policy of any of these organizations.
The printing and distribution of this publication is supported in part by Cooperative Agreement No. 5 MCU-11A302-02- from the Maternal and Child Health Bureau.
Domestic violence is a serious threat for many women. Know the signs of an abusive relationship and how to leave a dangerous situation.
Your partner apologizes and says the hurtful behavior won't happen again — but you fear it will. At times you wonder whether you're imagining the abuse, yet the emotional or physical pain you feel is real. If this sounds familiar, you might be experiencing domestic violence.
Domestic violence — also called intimate partner violence — occurs between people in an intimate relationship. Domestic violence can take many forms, including emotional, sexual and physical abuse and threats of abuse. Abuse by a partner can happen to anyone, but domestic violence is most often directed toward women. Domestic violence can happen in heterosexual and same-sex relationships.
Abusive relationships always involve an imbalance of power and control. An abuser uses intimidating, hurtful words and behaviors to control a partner.
It might not be easy to identify domestic violence at first. While some relationships are clearly abusive from the outset, abuse often starts subtly and gets worse over time. You might be experiencing domestic violence if you're in a relationship with someone who:
If you're in a same-sex relationship or if you're bisexual or transgender, you might also be experiencing abuse if you're in a relationship with someone who:
Sometimes domestic violence begins — or increases — during pregnancy. Domestic violence puts your health and the baby's health at risk. The danger continues after the baby is born.
Even if your child isn't abused, simply witnessing domestic violence can be harmful. Children who grow up in abusive homes are more likely to be abused and have behavioral problems than are other children. As adults, they're more likely to become abusers or think abuse is a normal part of relationships.
You might worry that telling the truth will further endanger you, your child or other family members — and that it might break up your family. But seeking help is the best way to protect yourself and your loved ones.
If you're in an abusive situation, you might recognize this pattern:
The longer you stay in an abusive relationship, the greater the physical and emotional toll. You might become depressed and anxious, or you might begin to doubt your ability to take care of yourself. You might feel helpless or paralyzed.
You may also wonder if the abuse is your fault — a common point of confusion among survivors of domestic abuse that may make it more difficult to seek help.
You may not be ready to seek help because you believe you're at least partially to blame for the abuse in the relationship. Reasons may include:
If you're having trouble identifying what's happening, take a step back and look at larger patterns in your relationship. Then review the signs of domestic violence. In an abusive relationship, the person who routinely uses these behaviors is the abuser. The person on the receiving end is being abused.
If you're an immigrant , you may be hesitant to seek help out of fear that you will be deported. Language barriers, lack of economic independence and limited social support can increase your isolation and your ability to access resources.
Laws in the United States guarantee protection from domestic abuse, regardless of your immigrant status. Free or low-cost resources are available, including lawyers, shelter and medical care for you and your children. You may also be eligible for legal protections that allow immigrants who experience domestic violence to stay in the United States.
Call a national domestic violence hotline for guidance. These services are free and protect your privacy.
Still, the only way to break the cycle of domestic violence is to take action. Start by telling someone about the abuse, whether it's a friend, a loved one, a health care provider or another close contact. You can also call a national domestic violence hotline.
At first, you might find it hard to talk about the abuse. But understand that you are not alone and there are experts who can help you. You'll also likely feel relief and receive much-needed support.
Leaving an abuser can be dangerous. Consider taking these precautions:
An abuser can use technology to monitor your telephone and online communication and to track your location. If you're concerned for your safety, seek help. To maintain your privacy:
In an emergency, call 911 or your local emergency number or law enforcement agency. The following resources also can help:
It can be hard to recognize or admit that you're in an abusive relationship — but help is available. Remember, no one deserves to be abused.
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The answer is more complicated than you think..
Posted March 6, 2013 | Reviewed by Kaja Perina
During one of my breaks last week, I received an email from a colleague. The subject: "Another Know Nothing." Included was a link to the evolving story about New Hampshire state legislator Mark Warden's recent comments . I scanned down the page, and just below the header, next to Warden's innocently beaming face, I found his offending remarks: "Some people could make the argument that a lot of people like being in abusive relationships. It's a love-hate relationship. It's very, very common for people to stick around with somebody they love who also abuses him or her."
Warden was attending a state House Criminal Justice and Public Safety Committee meeting on legislation designed to reduce a charge of simple assault from a misdemeanor to a violation. Apparently he'd argued that victims can leave at any time, so more legislation isn't the answer. Later, he trotted out an explanation for his gaffe that's become popular among many politicians: his words had been taken out of context.
He's right in one respect: More legislation isn't enough to end domestic violence . Many domestic violence specialists agree that the problem is much broader , requiring widespread cultural, institutional, and psychological education and intervention (the Battered Women's Movement of the '70s is the first instance of just such a concerted, grassroots effort). But you won't find a single expert familiar with domestic violence who agrees that victims like being in an abusive relationship.
It would be easy, then, to dismiss Warden's remarks as those of someone shockingly ill-informed -- the insipid ramblings of an idiot. We could call him vapid or simple-minded or hopelessly out of touch. And doing all that might be gratifying. But he's hardly an isolated example.
In pondering this post, my mind flashed at once to a client I saw decades ago: a tall, brooding woman with firmly-sculpted arms -- the result of years of working out -- whose rolled-up sleeves revealed several fading bruises on her forearms, courtesy of her boyfriend. "I love him," she told me resolutely. "I know he can do better."
She was an impressive, thoughtful, strong woman -- not at all the type I expected to be a target of domestic violence. Yet she'd become trapped in a dangerous relationship, a prisoner of her own hope, waiting for the day the assaults would end. Her friends' words to her? If you don't stay, he can't hurt you . She seemed so powerful that surely she had the strength to leave.
The reality is the abused, like my client, aren't always fragile or powerless. They come from all walks of life -- rich, poor, strong, weak -- and from both genders, female and male. My client's friends loved and cared about her, that much was clear. But here they were, guilty of the same thinking as Warden. "You must be choosing to stay with an abuser for some reason," they told her. They couldn't reconcile their vision of her as strong and powerful with her apparent powerlessness to leave. So they blamed her for the choice
But let's be honest, Warden's comments -- and those of my client's friends -- reflect our shared confusion and impatience as a society. It doesn't matter whether we're conservatives or liberals, Republicans or Democrats, ignorant or well-informed, we all have an instant negative reaction when we see people return to or stay in abusive relationships. We think it's all so clear, even if we're not guilty, like Warden, of saying it out loud. Just leave!
But the truth is that we have yet, as a society, to come to terms with the dynamics of abuse. Here's the reality.
Take a look at the chilling photo essay by photographer Sara Naomi Lewkowicz (it appeared near the story on Warden). In serial images, she captures a relationship as it escalates into violence. The danger grows, subtly, insidiously, through each successive image, but you'll also notice, if you look closely, moments of enormous tenderness and vulnerability between the man and woman. Those snapshots are poignant reminders of what abuse victims hold onto in staying with their abuser. They don't stay for the pain. Their desperate, often palpable hope, if you sit in the room with them, is that the abuse will go away. And they tend to block out all evidence to the contrary. In point of fact, they stay for love. Many abuse survivors cling to the positive traits in their partners -- like being affectionate and reliable. In one study , more than half of the abuse survivors saw their partners as "highly dependable."
Many others suffer from post- traumatic stress syndrome, one symptom of which is dissociation, which often creates such profound detachment from the reality of the abuse that sufferers scarcely remember being hurt at all. Dissociating victims can't leave the abuse because they aren't psychologically present enough to recall the pain of what happened.
There are other, well-documented hurdles to victims leaving their abusive partner. For one, the abused are often cut off from friends and financial supports. For another, they're often afraid to leave, and with good reason (more than 70 percent of domestic violence injuries and murders happen after the victim has left). One can't escape a dangerous situation if it feels safer to stay. But perhaps one of the most formidable and dangerous obstacles abuse victims face is their own searing guilt and shame ; they're incredibly adept at blaming themselves for the abuse (see here for more about the dynamics of self-blame).
Which brings us back to Warden -- and anyone who's ever wondered what an abuse victim derives from staying. It's giving into this very thought -- they must like this -- that creates one more barrier to the abused being able to leave. It makes the world simpler, no doubt, for us to indulge this theory. We feel safer. "That couldn't happen to me," we can say. "I'd never put up with it." But the research proves anyone can end up abused. And blaming the victims in this way is a huge part of the problem. It reinforces their shame.
Victim-blaming is dangerous enough that, in summarizing the conclusions of hundreds of studies on domestic violence, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services cites, as a barrier to ending domestic violence, the brute fact that "peers, family members, and others in the community (e.g., coworkers, social service-providers, police, or clergy) minimize or ignore the abuse and fail to provide consequences." Instead of condemning the abuse, people around the victims often simply admonish them with "What do you expect if you choose to stay?"
While Warden's right that legislation alone isn't the answer, reducing consequences to the perpetrator certainly isn't, either. Minimizing the nature of the crime sends the wrong message to everyone: It's no big deal. It wouldn't happen if you didn't stay . It makes the abused want to hide their pain, and when that happens -- when their plight remains invisible -- they have no hope at all of leaving.
The reality of abuse is far more complex. As a culture, we must grapple with the fact that many of us agree with some version of what Warden says -- that the victim is to blame for their abuse when they choose to stay. Sadly, even the abused can start to believe the explanation. But making Warden a scapegoat for our own ignorance won't change any of this. Only educating ourselves will.
A version of this article previously appeared in the Huffington Post
Craig Malkin, Ph.D. , is an author, clinical psychologist, and lecturer for Harvard Medical School.
It’s increasingly common for someone to be diagnosed with a condition such as ADHD or autism as an adult. A diagnosis often brings relief, but it can also come with as many questions as answers.
Home — Essay Samples — Law, Crime & Punishment — Domestic Violence — Breaking Free from Abusive Relationship: Domestic Violence
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Introduction, understanding domestic violence: a complex web of abusive relationships, escaping domestic violence: a complex process, preventing further violence: predictive tools, forms of abuse in abusive relationships.
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Depending on the type of paper that you are writing, your domestic violence thesis statement may answer a social services question, spell out the statistics or explain the hows and whys of a specific issue such as confidentiality or stalking. Crafting a thesis statement involves narrowing your focus and deciding on a point of view or position for the reader to follow.
Choosing one idea for your thesis statement requires careful consideration, evaluating the evidence and digesting the significance of the material or research on the subject. It may also depend on a specific topic that your professor requires. You're providing the reader with an introduction to your domestic violence paper and want to ensure that you clearly spell out your message and communicate why your point of view is important. For example, a general statement that simply says domestic violence happens between partners isn't clear and doesn't help the reader to understand where your paper is going. In contrast, a statement that says domestic violence affects 1.3 million people in relationships annually demonstrates a specific call for action.
Domestic violence isn't always the same. Some victims suffer emotional abuse, while others endure the physical kind. If your paper focuses on injuries incurred during spousal or relationship abuse, ideas for a possible thesis can address a particular type of injury. For example, traumatic brain injury is a possible result when one partner strikes the other in the head. If you choose this type of injury, your thesis should spell out how prevalent this is, why it is a problem and what the symptoms are. You may take an even more focused approach and design a thesis statement that includes the issue of repeat brain injury or the healing process. Other potential topics for your thesis in this area include bone breaks, bruises or weapon-inflicted wounds.
The picture of the battered wife that the media depicts isn't always accurate. Not every instance of domestic violence is abuse against a woman. Women can assault men and men can also assault their males partners. A thesis statement on non-female victims of domestic violence may assert the position that prevention programs are essential for both genders or explain the problem of abuse toward males through facts and figures. If you're choosing this focus for your thesis idea, first define which population -- hetero- or homosexual men -- you are going to present in your paper. Doing so can help you to narrow the topic and present a concise statement.
It's possible that your paper won't focus on the victims of violence, but instead on how the social service professional handles a client who is being abused. This type of thesis is often geared more toward a professional practice, ethics in practice or professionalism in the workplace course. You might, for example, include confidentiality as a topic and your thesis could reflect your position on why keeping client's identity safe is important. Other professional issues topics might include a statement on a specific counseling technique, an outline of legislation that social service workers must follow when it comes to client confidentiality.
How to write a rebuttal speech.
Based in Pittsburgh, Erica Loop has been writing education, child development and parenting articles since 2009. Her articles have appeared in "Pittsburgh Parent Magazine" and the website PBS Parents. She has a Master of Science in applied developmental psychology from the University of Pittsburgh's School of Education.
**Warning: This post discusses interpersonal violence (domestic, relationship, or family violence). The clip illustrating accusations is graphic. Please take care of yourself as you read this post. This link goes directly to the resources on- and off- campus.**
Last week , I discussed challenges and disagreements that are part of healthy relationships. However, some responses to the challenges of parenting can go beyond the realm of healthy and unhealthy into the realm of abuse. Relationships exist on a continuum from healthy to abusive with unhealthy relationships in the middle .
In an unhealthy relationship, one partner attempts to control the other person. For instance, one person tries to make most of the decisions about what y’all will do and where y’all will go. Or, your partner may pressure you about sex and refuse to see how their actions are hurting you. These relationships can include breaks in communication, pressure, dishonesty, and struggle for control. Additionally, your partner might make you feel bad about yourself or like you should only spend time with them. There are many other characteristics of an unhealthy relationship, including
Some relationships may exhibit one or two unhealthy characteristics, but that does not necessarily mean that the relationship is abusive. The best way to use this information is to recognize how these characteristics affect you and impact your relationship. Partners can improve unhealthy aspects of their relationship to move towards a healthy one. Last week’s post gives some tips on how to redirect your relationship to a healthy one.
Abusive relationships are based on unequal power and control. Interpersonal violence (IPV) is when an individual exerts power and control over another individual or individuals with whom they are in a close relationship through physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, financial, and psychological actions or threats. That person makes all of the decisions about topics such as sexual activity, friend groups, and boundaries. If you are in an abusive relationship, you may spend all of your time with your partner and feel like you cannot talk to other people, especially about how you feel in your relationship. Abusive relationships can be characterized by accusations , isolation, gas lighting , and manipulation of one person by the other. There are other ways in which abuse can exhibit itself.
Families are affected by abusive relationships, including children who witness and/or experience the abuse and violence. Being a parent in an abusive relationship makes a difficult situation that much harder. You may not only worry about your own safety, but you also worry for the safety and well-being of your children. Often times, the abuser may use your children against you— not letting you see your children, abusing (or threatening to abuse) your child, and/or using your child to check up on you, for example. The best thing to do in this difficult situation is to talk to your children and let them know that the abuser’s behavior is wrong. Children can have long-lasting mental health symptoms such as depression and anxiety, or they may grow up thinking IPV is normal and may attempt to mimic the behavior of the abusive relationship.
It is important to remember that abuse is never your fault. The abuse falls on the abuser, and they are responsible for their behavior. It is up to them to change their abusive behavior. Even though you may love and want to help fix the behavior or fix the person, you don’t deserve to be abused or to carry the psychological burden of fixing someone.
Attempting to leave the abuser is hard, especially with children involved. If you are ready to leave or not, here are some steps that you can take to ensure safety for you and your children :
If you or someone you know is experiencing IPV, there are a lots of options for help. UNC has on- and off-campus resources for you.
When your self esteem is chipped away and you're terrified of being alone, you may not even realize it's abuse.
He threw the car into park, and turned to face me with a look of pure rage. His fist connected with the left side of my jaw, the right side of my head hit the passenger-side window, and I heard a loud crack .
He wasn't finished, though. He grabbed my hair and pinched my arm, bruising it instantly, and then he reached over and squeezed my throat. I somehow croaked out, "You loved me once!" and he let go, disgust on his face. It was after midnight, and I got out of the car, numb and overwhelmingly ashamed, and walked a mile back to my friend's house as he squealed the tires and raced away from me.
Two days later, I drove myself to an urgent care facility when I couldn't move my neck.
"How did you sustain the injury?" the young doctor asked me.
"I was at a Super Bowl party and playing on the floor with some kids, and one of them jumped on my neck," I lied. It was the first of many lies I would tell about my relationship. The thought of telling the truth was humiliating. Plus, I thought, It's my fault anyway .
The doctor glanced at the fading finger imprints around my throat and the angry green and black bruises on my arm. I could feel his gaze on me as he wrote a prescription for a painkiller and muscle relaxers.
"You have a severe sprain," he told me. "You're lucky you didn't break it."
Later that week, I was in a golf cart with a colleague at a client event, wearing a short-sleeved shirt with a collar. I reached over to grab a water bottle, and the bruises on my upper arm were exposed.
My colleague took my hand and looked me in the eye. "Please don't tell me it's like that, Kristin," he said quietly. I looked away.
It didn't start like this when I met my live-in boyfriend six years earlier. At first, he was loving and sweet and attentive. I was already in love with him by the first time he called me a worthless piece of s*** in an alcohol-infused fury; I was in shock. I thought about leaving him that night, but I was frozen with indecision. I loved him, after all. And my mind had started to believe what he said about me.
The next morning, he was sober again and rushed to apologize, holding me in his arms while I cried. The cycle began.
Over the course of several years, I had learned to see myself through his eyes: unattractive, unlovable, and stupid.
The first time he kicked me, I was walking down the stairs to our apartment, and he told me it was my fault. I "pushed his buttons" and made him do it. Soon, I started taking all the blame for his rages, walking on eggshells every moment we were together.
Over the course of several years, I had learned to see myself through his eyes: unattractive, unlovable, and stupid. I believed him when he told me that he was the best I would ever find and that I was not sexy or desirable. I wish I could go back in time and tell myself that he was talking about himself — not about me.
I thought I knew all about abusive relationships before I found myself in the middle of one. I thought I was too smart to get involved with someone who would hurt me physically and mentally. I thought I knew what to look for and that it would be so obvious that I needed to walk away. I thought I didn't fit into the "stereotypical" mold of what a domestic violence survivor looks like. I'm sure that once upon a time, I looked down on women who were in abusive relationships and found them weak.
In the end, I didn't walk away from him. And I didn't tell my closest friends and family for years about what happened — most of them not until after he left me to move in with another woman four years into our marriage. Now, I tell my story without (most of) the shame; I believe it's important to share it to show others that someone can come through this and survive. And perhaps thrive. Maybe it will help someone you know. Maybe it will help you . I tell the story to help my nieces, my friends, my colleagues, myself.
People are often baffled by how beautiful, intelligent women fall in love with (and even marry) abusers. The truth is that it happens very gradually. It begins with a sarcastic putdown, and is followed up quickly by an apology. It may escalate to a kick or a slap, with more apologies and promises that it will never happen again. By the time I realized that I was in a bad relationship, I had invested so much of myself and my self-esteem had been chipped away so drastically, I was terrified to be alone.
You may know someone who has been abused, and you can't understand why she doesn't leave. She may be afraid that no one else will love her. Perhaps she has kids and doesn't know how to provide for them on her own. He may have threatened to kill her. She may be so ashamed that no one knows the extent of the abuse and suffers in silence. He may be someone powerful or well-liked in the community, and she is afraid no one would believe her.
Be there for her. Stand by and be ready to help, if you can. Know the signs of abuse . And teach your children about healthy relationships — you owe it to them to get help if you are in a destructive relationship yourself.
This post is part of a Good Housekeeping series of stories about domestic violence and abuse . If you or someone you know is at risk, reach the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799-7233 . If you are in danger, call 911. More information and resources are available at the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence or the National Online Resource Center for Violence Against Women .
Kristin Shaw fell in love with cars while visiting dozens of auto shows as a kid, which explains her fascination with fins and hood ornaments. She has competed twice in the Rebelle Rally, an all-female eight-day off-roading competition in a lifted Hyundai Santa Cruz. Her work has appeared in numerous publications like Popular Science, Road & Track , Edmunds, The Drive, U.S. News & World Report, Forbes, Today, The Washington Post, and more. Yes, she knows she has the best job in the world.
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Published on July 24, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.
An argumentative essay expresses an extended argument for a particular thesis statement . The author takes a clearly defined stance on their subject and builds up an evidence-based case for it.
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When do you write an argumentative essay, approaches to argumentative essays, introducing your argument, the body: developing your argument, concluding your argument, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about argumentative essays.
You might be assigned an argumentative essay as a writing exercise in high school or in a composition class. The prompt will often ask you to argue for one of two positions, and may include terms like “argue” or “argument.” It will frequently take the form of a question.
The prompt may also be more open-ended in terms of the possible arguments you could make.
At university, the vast majority of essays or papers you write will involve some form of argumentation. For example, both rhetorical analysis and literary analysis essays involve making arguments about texts.
In this context, you won’t necessarily be told to write an argumentative essay—but making an evidence-based argument is an essential goal of most academic writing, and this should be your default approach unless you’re told otherwise.
At a university level, all the prompts below imply an argumentative essay as the appropriate response.
Your research should lead you to develop a specific position on the topic. The essay then argues for that position and aims to convince the reader by presenting your evidence, evaluation and analysis.
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An argumentative essay should be objective in its approach; your arguments should rely on logic and evidence, not on exaggeration or appeals to emotion.
There are many possible approaches to argumentative essays, but there are two common models that can help you start outlining your arguments: The Toulmin model and the Rogerian model.
The Toulmin model consists of four steps, which may be repeated as many times as necessary for the argument:
The Toulmin model is a common approach in academic essays. You don’t have to use these specific terms (grounds, warrants, rebuttals), but establishing a clear connection between your claims and the evidence supporting them is crucial in an argumentative essay.
Say you’re making an argument about the effectiveness of workplace anti-discrimination measures. You might:
The Rogerian model also consists of four steps you might repeat throughout your essay:
This model builds up a clear picture of both sides of an argument and seeks a compromise. It is particularly useful when people tend to disagree strongly on the issue discussed, allowing you to approach opposing arguments in good faith.
Say you want to argue that the internet has had a positive impact on education. You might:
You don’t necessarily have to pick one of these models—you may even use elements of both in different parts of your essay—but it’s worth considering them if you struggle to structure your arguments.
Regardless of which approach you take, your essay should always be structured using an introduction , a body , and a conclusion .
Like other academic essays, an argumentative essay begins with an introduction . The introduction serves to capture the reader’s interest, provide background information, present your thesis statement , and (in longer essays) to summarize the structure of the body.
Hover over different parts of the example below to see how a typical introduction works.
The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts is on the rise, and its role in learning is hotly debated. For many teachers who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its critical benefits for students and educators—as a uniquely comprehensive and accessible information source; a means of exposure to and engagement with different perspectives; and a highly flexible learning environment.
The body of an argumentative essay is where you develop your arguments in detail. Here you’ll present evidence, analysis, and reasoning to convince the reader that your thesis statement is true.
In the standard five-paragraph format for short essays, the body takes up three of your five paragraphs. In longer essays, it will be more paragraphs, and might be divided into sections with headings.
Each paragraph covers its own topic, introduced with a topic sentence . Each of these topics must contribute to your overall argument; don’t include irrelevant information.
This example paragraph takes a Rogerian approach: It first acknowledges the merits of the opposing position and then highlights problems with that position.
Hover over different parts of the example to see how a body paragraph is constructed.
A common frustration for teachers is students’ use of Wikipedia as a source in their writing. Its prevalence among students is not exaggerated; a survey found that the vast majority of the students surveyed used Wikipedia (Head & Eisenberg, 2010). An article in The Guardian stresses a common objection to its use: “a reliance on Wikipedia can discourage students from engaging with genuine academic writing” (Coomer, 2013). Teachers are clearly not mistaken in viewing Wikipedia usage as ubiquitous among their students; but the claim that it discourages engagement with academic sources requires further investigation. This point is treated as self-evident by many teachers, but Wikipedia itself explicitly encourages students to look into other sources. Its articles often provide references to academic publications and include warning notes where citations are missing; the site’s own guidelines for research make clear that it should be used as a starting point, emphasizing that users should always “read the references and check whether they really do support what the article says” (“Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia,” 2020). Indeed, for many students, Wikipedia is their first encounter with the concepts of citation and referencing. The use of Wikipedia therefore has a positive side that merits deeper consideration than it often receives.
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An argumentative essay ends with a conclusion that summarizes and reflects on the arguments made in the body.
No new arguments or evidence appear here, but in longer essays you may discuss the strengths and weaknesses of your argument and suggest topics for future research. In all conclusions, you should stress the relevance and importance of your argument.
Hover over the following example to see the typical elements of a conclusion.
The internet has had a major positive impact on the world of education; occasional pitfalls aside, its value is evident in numerous applications. The future of teaching lies in the possibilities the internet opens up for communication, research, and interactivity. As the popularity of distance learning shows, students value the flexibility and accessibility offered by digital education, and educators should fully embrace these advantages. The internet’s dangers, real and imaginary, have been documented exhaustively by skeptics, but the internet is here to stay; it is time to focus seriously on its potential for good.
If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!
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An argumentative essay tends to be a longer essay involving independent research, and aims to make an original argument about a topic. Its thesis statement makes a contentious claim that must be supported in an objective, evidence-based way.
An expository essay also aims to be objective, but it doesn’t have to make an original argument. Rather, it aims to explain something (e.g., a process or idea) in a clear, concise way. Expository essays are often shorter assignments and rely less on research.
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).
Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .
The majority of the essays written at university are some sort of argumentative essay . Unless otherwise specified, you can assume that the goal of any essay you’re asked to write is argumentative: To convince the reader of your position using evidence and reasoning.
In composition classes you might be given assignments that specifically test your ability to write an argumentative essay. Look out for prompts including instructions like “argue,” “assess,” or “discuss” to see if this is the goal.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2023, July 23). How to Write an Argumentative Essay | Examples & Tips. Scribbr. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/argumentative-essay/
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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/144
1 Department of Psychology, York University, Canada. 2 Department of Psychology, Trent University, Canada
*Corresponding Author: Ami Rokach, Department of Psychology, York University, Canada.
Citation: Ami Rokach and Karalyn MacFarlane (2021) Abused Children and their Relationships as Adults; J, Psychology and Mental Health Care. 5(3); DOI: 10.31579/2637-8892/144
Copyright: © 2021, Ami Rokach, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 23 September 2021 | Accepted: 04 November 2021 | Published: 16 November 2021
Keywords: ACE, child abuse, parenting, romantic relations, sexual abuse, emotional abuse
Intimate relationships are not just between lovers, but is also present in parenting as well as the individual’s relationship with the larger family and kin. This article sheds light on those who underwent abuse and have consequently been marked for life and in many areas of their personhood, their ability to relate, and to intimately connect with others.
Adverse Childhood Experiences [ACE] and its effect on adult relationships
Ace happens, and in the past decade or so, we are poignantly aware of it, and its damaging consequences. One of the areas which is negatively affected by it, is the child’s relationship, or attachment, with its caregiver. Disorganized attachment, has been described as the fourth category of infant attachment alongside avoidance, anxiety (resistance) and security (Main et al., 1990). Infants who were grouped in the disorganized category were shown to be fearful, conflicted, apprehensive and showed disoriented behaviors when coping with distress experienced during the separation and reunion to the mother. Disorganization has not only been observed in infancy, but also in childhood and adolescence. For example, some disorganized children behave punitively towards their parents with a goal of challenging or even humiliating those, while others undertake a “caregiving” stance in which the child adopts the role of the parent in order to comfort them. Some other forms of disorganized behavior include fear or difficulty while interacting with parents, negatively impacting parental intimacy, engaging in self-harm, and preferring strangers in comparison to caregivers. (Bureau et al., 2009; Rholes et al., 2016). Studies have found that disorganized children, as well as adolescents have behavioral consequences that are externalized through delinquency, hostility or aggression (Fearon, et al., 2010; Lecompte et al., 2014; Obsuth et al., 2014).
It is believed that fear-arousing behaviors, or confusing communication, demonstrated by the parents, are the primary cause of disorganization seen in infants (Lyons-Ruth et al., 2008). Disorganization is a result of frightening, confusing, or traumatic behaviors exhibited by attachment figures resulting in avoidance by the infant which discourages the infant from approaching attachment figures when frightened or distressed (Rholes et al., 2016). Paetzold et al., (2015) argued that disorganization plays an important part in the adult attachment system and should be part of the adult working model of attachment. Experiencing fear of the attachment figure and confusion about relationships are argued to be the central features of disorganization seen in adulthood. Fear experienced in anxious adults’ forefront’s feelings such as their partner would leave them, or not assist in having their needs met. This fear allows the individual to pull their romantic partner closer in order to ensure their needs will be met. However, in avoidant individuals, the fear results in them distancing themselves from their romantic partner in order to prevent rejection. Disorganization results in an approach-avoidance conflict in the partner which includes the fearful confusion, disorientation, and other odd or conflicting behaviors which are seen in disorganized infants and children.
Rholes et al. (2016) expanded on the current literature and argued that early childhood trauma results in individuals externalizing behaviors while in romantic relationships due to disorganized attachment. These externalizer behaviors may include acquiescing to one’s partner, but also displaying aggression, violence or anger when one’s needs are being threatened, or distancing themselves from the partner who may be seeking closeness.
ACE & romantic relations
Child emotional maltreatment (CEM) which includes both abuse and neglect, is linked to later victimization in adult romantic relationships which aligns with the revictimization of those who were sexually abused (Crawford et al., 2007; Selby, et al., 2008). Not only does CEM affect relationships, it also negatively impacts one’s self-concept, resulting in challenges with trust, safety, and control (Messman-Moore et al., 2003). Self-criticism, which may potentially mediate the link between CEM and romantic relationships, relates to the likelihood of one to become self-stance when standards are not met (Blatt et al., 1992; Priel et al., 2000; Shahar et al., 2003; Shahar, et al., 2004). This behaviour negatively affects intimate relationships by generating both failure-related and interpersonal stressful events, and adversely affects close relationships (Blatt, 1995; Priel et al., 2000; Shahar et al., 2003) Recent research discusses the association between child maltreatment (CM) and self-criticism, and the idea that self-criticism is a mediator in the relationship between emotional/verbal abuse and psychopathology (Dunkley et al., 2010; Glassman, et al., 2007; Soffer, et al., 2008), as well as a mediator in emotional abuse and self-injurious behavior.
Lassri et al. (2012) investigated the connection that self-criticism and CEM have on relational problems and concluded that self-criticism was a mediator in the link between CEM and young adults’ romantic relationships. This allows for strong evidence to suggest that self-criticism is a negative outcome in individuals who experienced CM, and in particular those who experienced CEM. CEM promotes the tendency for one to internalize critical thoughts about oneself which distorts the individual’s personality and can ultimately sabotage both general relationships and romantic relationships (see also Dunkley et al., 2010; Sachs-Ericsson et al., 2006). Lassri et al. (2012) also highlight that childhood emotional trauma may increase the risk of emotional and cognitive challenges in adulthood as seen in negative personality factors resulting in increased fragility in intimate relationships. In addition, they demonstrated that PTSD severity is also a significant mediator in the association between CEM and commitment.
ACE & adult intimate relations
Several theories have demonstrated a strong correlation between childhood maltreatment and impaired social functioning. The social learning theory argues that individuals learn how to interact with other individuals through observation and modelling the behaviors of their significant others. Similarly, developmental theories propose that individuals formulate expectations of self, others, and relationships on interactions between our primary caregivers. When looking at childhood maltreatment, these findings predict that abused and neglect children will form cognitions and behaviors that are damaging to their future interpersonal relationships (Crittenden & Ainsworth, 1989; Ornduff, 2000). Child maltreatment associated with poor social functioning in early and middle childhood exhibited by social stimuli seen as threatening which results in the adolescence to withdraw, or avoid social interactions (Haskett et al., 1991; Ornduff, 2000). Additionally, maltreated children have a difficult time interacting with peers, resulting in them being less socially popular, having increased conflict and less intimacy with close friends (Shields et al., 2001; Colman & Widom, 2004).
Research suggests that individuals who were maltreated in their childhood continue to experience difficulties within their relationships in adulthood. Women who experienced childhood sexual abuse encounter increased social isolation, are distrustful and/or fearful of others, and stay away from marital relations and report dissatisfaction if they are married (Davis & Petretic-Jackson, 2000; Harter et al., 1988; Finkelhor et al., 1989; Fleming et al., 1999). Adult males with a history of sexual and physical abuse in childhood have greater incidences of violence toward intimate partners and family members when compared to non-abused males (Bevans & Higgins, 2002; White & Widom, 2003). Likewise, women who were abused as children, are more likely to commit, or receive intimate partner violence when compared to non-abused women (Clarke et al., 1999; White & Widom, 2003; Ornduff et al., 2001).
Colman and Widom (2004) drew data from a prospective study of childhood maltreatment that was used examine the intimate relationships between grown up individuals who were abused and neglected and controlled as children. They concluded that the intimate relationships of adults maltreated as children differ from other adults who were not abused on the basis of stability and quality. Colman and Widom (2004) found that both male and female adults that were abused and/or neglected as children reported substantially higher rates of relationship disruption when compared to those with no history of abuse. Women who were abused and/or neglected were not as likely to perceive their current romantic partners as caring, empathic, or open to communicate with them, when compared to their controls and were less sexually faithful to their romantic partners. The researchers noted that the patterns of relation demonstrated were consistent across all maltreatment types and were not altered when family background variables were introduced.
The findings portray the negative long-term effects that child abuse and neglect have on both males’ and females’ intimate relationships in during adulthood. Although the incidence of abuse and neglect in disadvantaged backgrounds was increased when compared to controls, conclusions were made that family early childhood family disadvantage did not contribute significantly to their poor relationships in adulthood. Moreover, women had a greater risk of experiencing intimacy related difficulties such as dissatisfaction and infidelity within their on-going romantic relationships when abused and neglected males were not. Consequently, early childhood experiences of abuse and neglect may more heavily impact the female victims’ expectations and social behavior compared to males.
In conclusion, early physical abuse, neglect and sexual abuse position individuals at a significantly higher risk of difficulties in their intimate relationship (Colman & Widom, 2004). Adults who were abused or neglected in childhood also manifested relationship problems. All three types of abuse experienced in abused women increased the risk of infidelity with multiple partners. Although child maltreatment affects adults’ willingness to both form and maintain romantic partnerships, abused and neglected adults were at increased likelihood than the control to cohabit with their partners for over a year. This suggests that individuals who were abused or neglected as children may be more hesitant than others to enter the next step of marriage. This reluctance relates to their ability to stay in marriages as they are more likely to leave their intimate partners during marriage than the non-abused individuals.
ACE & Adult love relationships
An abundance of growing research demonstrates a strong correlation between adverse childhood experiences and poor psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. For example, negative parent-child relationships have been proven to poorly affect adult love relationships and parenting, and can cause a range of mental health and antisocial difficulties (Brown & Moran, 1994; Kessler & Magee, 1993; McCarthy & Taylor, 1999; McCarthy & Maughan, 2010). The ways that individuals interpret and process adverse childhood experiences may affect future psychosocial behavior. Attachment theory argues that young children will form cognitive-affective representations or internal working models of their experiences during attachment relationships which determines whether adverse effects of the negative experiences will persist (Bowlby, 1973, 1985; Rutter, 2002). Attachment is believed to affect our love relationships in adulthood.
A prospective longitudinal study of 80 Israeli young men found that having a secure state of mind, predicted levels of intimacy in both romantic and friendly relationships (Mayseless & Scharf, 2007). Roisman and colleagues (2002), found that at aged 20 and 21 securely attached individuals engaged in higher quality relationships compared to insecure individuals. Both of these studies shine light on the ways in which adverse childhood experiences are processed and how they affect the later patterns of psychosocial functioning.
McCarthy and Maughan’s (2010) completed a study to test the ways in which negative childhood experiences are processed affects psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Out of the 34 women that were all subject to ACE, 50% reported a history of satisfaction in their romantic relationships, and the other 50% had problematic past relationships. The researchers concluded that the majority of women with a satisfying adult love relationship demonstrated secure/autonomous attachment status. These women demonstrated the ability to accept the reality of bad past experiences, and came to terms with their attachment experiences despite going through adverse childhood experiences. The authors, thus, postulated that the ability to work through and accept adverse childhood experiences may be associated with one’s ability to achieve positive functioning in close relationships later in life. Subsequently, there was a strong correlation noted between insecure attachment status and poor functioning in adulthood relationships. This insecure attachment status contributes to problems in initiating and maintaining close intimate relationships in adult life. The authors demonstrated a possible connection between the ability for one to think in a coherent and unified way about attachment-related experiences and the ability to alter negative cycles of psychosocial functioning.
McCarthy and Maughan’s (2010) demonstrate that although 40% of women had a history of satisfying adult relationships, negative internal working models of attachment were still present. This suggests that individuals’ internal working models of attachment greatly influences the quality of romantic and marital relationships (Cowan et al., 2009; Creasey, 2002). Evidence is also present to show that having a secure partner provides a buffering system against negative relationship outcomes (Paley et al., 2002).
Overall, the findings demonstrated from McCarthy and Maughan’s (2010) study indicate that despite negative parent-child experiences, some women are able to clearly about attachment, and that internal models are strongly associated with the quality of adulthood relationships.
Long term effects of abuse on relationships
Child maltreatment is defined by Wells et al. (2016) as the abuse and neglect of children under age 18 resulting in harm to the child’s health, development, dignity, and survival in a relational context involving responsibility, trust, and power” (p. 22).
An astounding one-third of partners in couples therapy have a history of childhood maltreatment (Anderson & Miller, 2006; Wells et al., 2016). Although adult survivors of childhood abuse may deny that the interpersonal effects that abuse has on them impact their adult relationships, it common that these effects greatly impact their intimate relationships in adulthood (Lindauer, 2012; Millwood, 2011). When an individual’s perception of safety is distorted at an early age, it can result in them feeling unsafe, and lacking trust in their adult relationships (Brown et al., 2012; Kochka & Carolan, 2002; Nelson & Wampler, 2002). Survivors may demonstrate problems with regulating their emotions which results in displaying anger, or fear of intimacy which then negatively affects their sexual lives (Liang et al., 2006; MacIntosh & Johnson, 2008). In a study by Chauncey (1994), husbands of women who had suffered childhood sexual abuse reported feeling uncertain in how to treat their wives appropriately. The rage still present that these women held against their perpetrator(s) caused disparities within their relationships resulting in both parties feeling disoriented. This demonstrates the great influence that one partner’s negative history can have on the romantic relationships by not only negatively impacting them, but also their partner (Wiersma, 2003).
Wells et al. (2016) examined the significance that power balances have within relationships. They argued that power within the relationship influences how each partner may influence the other to fulfill their needs (Wells et al., 2016; Knudson-Martin, 2015). When we see power inequality in relationships the couple it alters their connection since one partner undertakes a role of carrying the excess burden of maintaining order within the relationship. Power difference may be gender-based and covert which can result in the other partner being taken for granted as a result of cultural and societal discourses which impact the give – and – take balance between the partners (Lips, 1991; Knudson-Martin, 2013, 2015). These can often be tied to childhood abuse. No matter the gender of the individual, childhood abuse and maltreatment can cause the disempowered victim to seek power and control within their adult intimate relationships (Henry et al., 2011; Hill & Alexander, 1993; Liem et al., 1996). In some situations, the need for power over their loved one can be attributed to fear of abandonment (Reyome, 2010). The same power disparities that were embedded in the child during childhood may carry over to their loving relationships externalized in their inability to trust their intimate partner, and foster suspicion and hostility (Wright et al., 2007). Both men and women face power discrepancies in adult intimate relationships when trying to uphold the typical cultural masculine and feminine norms. The cultural message of masculinity dictates that men need to be independent, autonomous, and invulnerable however they may feel powerless within their relationship (Bergman, 1995; Mejia, 2005). Similarly, adult women survivors seeking power may not uphold the cultural beliefs of femininity which are the vulnerable, self – sacrificing image of women in successful, romantic relationships (Aronson & Buccholz, 2001; Miller, 1976).
Insecurity with power in a relationship can be attributed to adult survivors perceiving their partners as unfair or untrustworthy (Silverstein et al., 2009). This may lead to the suppression of the other partners needs within the relationship. In instances such as this, when an individual feels threatened, the brain’s amygdala generates a fight or flight response within our body that may ultimately impact the interpersonal communication between the couple (Wells et al., 2016). These negative interactions may cause detrimental complications for individuals in these relationships such as emotional distancing, conflict or having a constant (Fishbane, 2007, 2013; Fishbane & Wells, 2015).
The effect of neglect on romantic relationships
Interparental relationships significantly influences their offspring’s future romantic relationships, communication skills, conflict resolution styles, and ability to form trust in others (Crockett & Randall, 2006; Maleck & Papp, 2015; Weigel, 2007). When looking in the homes of neglected children, they commonly witness interpersonal conflict, infidelity, poor communication, and detachment. As a result of what was witnessed growing up, these often are insecurely attached, find it difficult to trust and create bonds with others, which negatively impacts their romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Maleck & Papp, 2015). Various adult attachment styles can impact the relationship between childhood neglect/abuse and adult depression and anxiety (Bifulco et al., 2006). In particular, children who experienced neglect significantly related to adult attachment insecurity resulting in difficulties with adulthood relationships (Sciarrino et al., 2018). Maleck and Papp’s (2015) study found that during times of conflict with their romantic partners males displayed ineffective communication strategies whereas females did not. These differences could be due to the differing skills and opportunities that men and women acquire and undergo though out their lives. Since females engage in more self-disclosure and intimacy among relationships with their friends they are always perfecting and improving upon communication skills. Comparatively, males are less likely to engage in deep communication since their friendships are often characterized by shared activity, which leaves less room for them to improve their communication skills (Underwood & Rosen, 2009).
“The effects of neglect permeate multiple facets of development, hindering social, emotional, physical, and attachment development throughout the lifespan. Children who were reared in neglectful families exhibit language deficits, interpersonal deficits, cognitive deficits, psychological issues, and attachment insecurity. Specifically, neglect can disrupt and impede the development of attachment security between an infant and his caregiver due to the lack of interaction between the caregiver and child, necessary modeling of appropriate emotion regulation skills, and trust that the caregiver will meet the infant’s needs” (Sciarrino et al., 2018; p. 24).
Insufficient parenting, as seen through ineffective parental behaviors, negatively affects the children and result in them developing both, inappropriate ways of coping, such as impulsive behaviors, and ineffective interpersonal styles of relating to others (Kim & Cicchetti, 2010; Maheu et al., 2010; Widom, 2000). Neglected children aged 6-12 experience difficulties in regulating their emotions which are externalized by aggressive behaviors, resulting in negative relationships with peers which attributed to the way they were neglected and rejected at home by their parents (Chapple et al., 2005; Kim & Cicchetti, 2010). In a retrospective report, childhood neglect (i.e., physical and emotional neglect) was negatively correlated with perceived family and friend support (Powers et al., 2009). Children who experienced neglect demonstrated lower levels of perceived support in adulthood may be associated with deficient interpersonal skills when compared to non-maltreated controls (Sperry & Widom, 2013). As neglected children grow up, they may experience lower levels of support which reinforces their attachment insecurity. Perceived support in adulthood in women is negatively correlated with depression, however it is not in men (Powers et al., 2009). Sperry and Widom (2013) believed that childhood lack of support due to the stresses present in the household may destroy later relationships overtime.
Unsuccessful familial environments demonstrate high levels of conflict and control, and low levels of cohesion and independence (Gold, 2000; Gold et al., 2004). Therefore, it is not surprising that both neglected and abused children most commonly do not disclose to others their interactions at home, resulting in social withdrawal, lower instances of marriage and higher rates of divorce (Powers et al., 2009; Widom, 2000). Even though neglected children have higher rates of marital difficulties when they age, developing a healthy relationship, romantic or not, may buffer the effects of ineffective parenting (Sperry & Widom, 2013). Emotional regulation difficulties which can contribute to the development of psychopathology can be due to chronic neglect (Glaser, 2000; Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011).
Maheu et al., (2010) concluded that individuals that experienced caregiver deprivation and emotional neglect presented problems in identifying emotional expressions, which partially is attributed to adverse neurological development associated with neglect. In particular, neglected or abused children could not identify and process positive emotions, which can be a result of not having experienced them in childhood (Bogdan et al., 2012; Kim & Cicchetti, 2010; Young & Widom, 2014). Additionally, lack of adequate emotion regulation as a result of parental neglect may also be related to the higher rate of eating disorders seen in adulthood (Pignatelli et al., 2017).
ACE & interpersonal relations in adulthood
Various studies completed have concluded that childhood trauma is related to the onset, symptom severity, and course of depression and anxiety disorders. Evidence suggests that poor social function before treatment is associated with earlier age of onset, higher levels of depressive symptoms, and lower remission rates after psychotherapy (Huh et al., 2014). Additionally, recurrent episodes and chronicity of depression and suicidality were a result of childhood trauma (Jaworska et al., 2014; Moskvina et al., 2007; Tunnard et al., 2014). Therefore Huh et al. (2014) investigated the relationship between various childhood traumatic experiences and adult interpersonal and social functioning in a large clinical sample. They concluded that depressive symptoms, state-trait anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity are related to various types of childhood trauma, conclusions that are the same as other research (Hankin, 2005; Rademaker et al., 2008).
Huh et al.’s (2014) research demonstrates that individuals with a history of childhood trauma experience higher depression and anxiety severity than those who were not abused in childhood. Not only is childhood trauma been shown to impact depression and anxiety, it has also been associated with other types of psychopathology such as dissociation, affecting age of onset, chronicity, and recurrence of anxiety/depressive disorder (Kilic et al., 2014; Sar et al., 2013). They concluded that although sensitivity to anxiety was significantly associated with childhood physical neglect, it was not with childhood emotional neglect. In addition, depressive symptoms and state-trait anxiety were not significantly associated with childhood physical neglect however it is significantly associated with anxiety sensitivity. This may suggest, argued Huh et al. (2014), that the various types of childhood trauma impact a different component of anxiety and depression. Huh et al. (2014) also found that child abuse, and in particular emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and sexual abuse, is expressed via adult interpersonal problems and distress when compared to those without history of such. In patients with a history of childhood physical abuse we see significantly higher levels of dominant/controlling and intrusive/needy interpersonal patterns. However that is not observed with interpersonal difficulty, when compared to patients that did not go through physical abuse in childhood. Evidence indicates the strong impact that child abuse has on intimate relationships later in life, and one’s ability to form a secure attachment to others (Davis et al., 2001; Hankin, 2005; Withers et al., 2013). Factors such as earlier age of onset, chronicity, and more recurrent episodes of trauma-related depression might impacts one’s ability to form strong interpersonal relationships (Jaworska et al., 2014). Individuals that were subject to trauma in childhood are at risk for abusive or traumatic relationships in adulthood. Huh et al. (2014) argued that individuals with a history of abuse may attempt to resolve the emotional turmoil (which is present as a result of the abuse) by exhibiting control in their interpersonal relationships through initiating potentially traumatic interactions with their intimate partner (see also Freud, 1958a, 1958b). In addition, Huh et al. (2014) emphasized that childhood sexual abuse is greatly associated with diverse interpersonal problems in adulthood when compared to other forms of abuse/trauma. The patients who were sexually abused in childhood suffered from domineering/controlling, overly accommodating, self-sacrificing, and intrusive/needy interpersonal traits. Consequently, childhood sexual abuse has divergent interpersonal patterns through dominant and submissive attitude expression simultaneously. Huh et al. (2014) supported that finding by suggesting that sexually abused victims tend to fluctuate by seeking closeness to others in order to get help but they also keep their distance in order to protect themselves from being hurt (see also Drapeau & Perry, 2004). Huh et al. (2014) also found that patients who were emotionally neglected during childhood also exhibited a wide range of interpersonal problems. In addition to domineering/controlling and intrusive/needy problems mainly in the interpersonal domain, they also displayed nonassertive, overly accommodating, and self-sacrificing interpersonal issues. There was no correlation found between childhood physical neglect and adult interpersonal relationship problems.
ACE & adult intimate relationships of women
The effects of ACE
Unfortunately, the effects of childhood abuse and neglect do not stop in childhood, but are experienced long-term into adulthood (Schutze et al. 2020). Results of childhood maltreatment include poorer psychological and physical wellbeing, resulting in an increase of mental health disorders including substance abuse, depression and anxiety (Hughes et al., 2017; Norman et al., 2012; Reiser et al., 2014). ACE can modify central regulatory processes and impair the activity of major neuroregulatory systems (Anda et al., 2006). For example, the negative impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system may lead to an increased response to stressors (Bremner, 1999; Ladd et al., 1996). ACE may also impact the endocrine and immune system resulting in impairments of cognition, behavior, emotional regulation, and health (Hughes et al., 2017). In addition, a positive correlation between ACE and different diseases was found such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancer, neurological and musculoskeletal problems, endometriosis, frequent headaches and migraines, sleep disturbances, and chronic pain (Anda et al., 2010; Chapman et al., 2011; Davis et al., 2005; Elfgen, et al., 2017; Leeners et al., 2016; Leeners, et al., 2013; Liebermann et al., 2018). Finally, since ACE increases risky behaviors, individuals may have a higher chance of contracting STDs (Norman et al., 2012).
Long term consequences of ACE
Various studies investigated the impact that ACE has on interpersonal relationships since partnership greatly affects one’s health and overall quality of life (Davis et al., 2000; Davis et al., 2001; Poole et al., 2018). Supportive social relationships are health enhancing as they serve as a buffer system for stress (Chao, 2011; Finch et al., 1999), and negative social relationships may lead to psychological distress and depression (Shahar et al., 2004). Schutze et al. (2020) argued that in women who were abused as children, and now experience negative social relationships it may contribute to impaired health (Monnat & Chandler, 2015; Anda et al., 2006; Felitti et al., 1998; Hughes et al., 2017 Reiser et al., 2014). Additionally, conflicts in their social relationships, in which these women may be involved in, increase the incidence of abuse and neglect towards children raised in such households (Stith et al., 2009). Since ACE may contribute to emotional dysregulation in individuals, they may cause interpersonal difficulties resulting in fear of intimacy, forming trusting relationships in child- and adulthood, and sexual dysfunction (Davis et al., 2001; Maniglio, 2009; Poole et al., 2018). It is evident that women who underwent abuse in childhood tend to be more sensitive to criticism, have an impaired self-esteem, and deploy emotional avoidance to cope with their past trauma, which all negatively impact their adult relationships (Davis et al., 2001; Maniglio, 2009; Poole et al., 2018). Consequently, women with a history of ACE display less interest in serious relationships, have lower marriage rates, higher divorce rates (Davis et al., 2000; Poole et al., 2018), and are often unsatisfied with the quality of their relationships. Schutze et al. (2020) compared women who underwent ACE, to those who did not, in order to investigate the impact that ACE has on the quality of adulthood relationships. The researchers investigated the impact that the four measures of abuse, namely, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse/neglect and sexual abuse as well as household dysfunction have on intimate relationships. Schutze et al. (2020) found that women who had a history of abuse as a child had lower partnership quality, with a history of emotional and sexual abuse in childhood showing the strongest association with lower partnership quality. They rate their partnership happiness lower and have a greater number of relational conflicts when compared to those without ACE. However, the duration of their intimate relationships was found to be equal in both groups. This demonstrates that regardless of ACE, women still commit to, and maintain, long-term relationships. Previous research that looked at the different forms of ACE indicated strong associations between emotional abuse and consequences of traumatic experiences (Liebermann et al., 2018; Poole et al., 2018). Schutze et al. (2020) found that an abundance of participants who suffered ACE reported lower partnership quality in regard to factors such as good argumentative behavior, affection, solidarity, and communication. These women disclosed lower levels of happiness in their relationships, and were contemplating separation (see also Poole et al., 2018).
Abuse is most commonly inflicted on children by individuals who are closest to them, who should be in charge of their safety and wellbeing. However, since these individuals are doing the opposite of what they should be, the children learn that no one is trustworthy, which negatively impacts their future relationships. These children then commonly display emotional dysregulation, fear of intimacy, emotional argumentative behavior and bad communication, which are all detrimental in intimate relationships.
When Schutze et al. (2020) examine the effects that specific forms of abuse have on adulthood intimate behavior, they found ACE of a sexual and emotional nature to have a significant association with impaired partnership quality, to a larger extent than the other types of ACE had. The researchers stated that it may be possible for women to succeed in preventing consequences of physical abuse more easily due to physical abuse usually being limited to specific situations, while emotional abuse is mostly omnipresent. Since emotional and sexual abuse demonstrated a strong association with psychological disorders such as depression or anxiety in their participants, this shines light on the difficulties that the women encounter in their intimate relationships. In addition, conflicts around sexuality were reported by women who were sexually abused in childhood which showed that the level of sexual activity of women with ACE was found to be either less or more than women who were not abused as children. Similar to the findings of Wegman and Stetler (2009), Schutze et al. (2020) found higher prevalence of chronic pain and sleep disorders in association with ACE.
ACE & relating to family in adulthood
Childhood maltreatment and adverse events that occur early in life can have a significant influence on the quality of intimate, social and familial relationships over one’s life course (Gregory et al., 2006; Schafer et al., 2011; Underwood et al., 2011). Individuals in their adult life, who were abused in their childhood demonstrate social and psychological difficulties including detached relationships with parents (Davey et al., 2007), interpersonal difficulties (Johnson et al., 2002; Wilson et al., 2006), marital problems (Whisman, 2006), and impaired emotional regulation (Repetti et al., 2002). Studies demonstrate that emotional support obtained from family members moderates, and mediates the effects of severe physical abuse on one’s physical and mental health (Pitzer & Fingerman, 2010; Shaw & Krause, 2002). A study conducted, with older adults being the focus, found that negative relationships with parents in addition to childhood adversities, interfered with the development of strong social skills in adulthood, which resulted in reduced social or close relationships and feeling emotionally isolated (Wilson et al., 2006). Due to the importance that strong familial relationships have for the general wellbeing and positive physical, mental, and social functioning in old age, the connection between childhood abuse and familial relationships in later life is an important area of research. Researchers who study attachment argue that individuals who underwent ACE exhibit an insecure attachment style, which promotes cognitive vulnerabilities that are sustained by one feeling negatively about their self-worth, and getting support from others (Bowlby, 1982; Wright et al., 2009). Consequently, relationships in later life that incorporate feelings of trust, intimacy and security may be harmed (Elder, 1974). The influence of perceived control, which is one’s belief that they influence their life outcomes, has been the most common psychosocial resource explored within the literature. Perceived control significantly impacts one’s wellbeing, health and life satisfaction (Lachman & Prenda, 2004; Neupert et al., 2009 Pitzer & Fingerman, 2010). Ryff and Singer (1996) argued that self-acceptance, which is reflective of self-actualization, maturity and a sense of integrity, is another factor that is crucial for positive psychological functioning.
There is little research on the effects that childhood abuse has on relationships with kin in later years, therefore Savla et al. (2013) were determined to explore this topic. Their participants included 1266 middle aged and 1,219 older adults who reported emotional abuse, physical abuse and childhood adversities. Their research brought to light the impact that childhood physical abuse, emotional abuse and adversities have on middle-aged adults and older adults. The researchers found no correlation between childhood physical abuse and family closeness in older adults. They believed that part of the difference between the two age groups could partially be the way the cohorts were raised. In older adults, though not in younger ones, strict parenting might have been interpreted as acceptable (Forehand & McKinney, 1993). Consistent with attachment theory, it demonstrates that childhood emotional abuse had a negative impact on both cohorts’ feelings of closeness to family, and negatively impacted their relationships in their later years (Savla et al., 2013). Childhood adversities were not found to be associated with emotional closeness to family (Savla et al., 2013). In addition, personal control was proven to be an important psychosocial resource for middle-aged adults however there was no relationship for the older adults. Savla et al. (2013) researched a component, which was not featured within previous research, is the relationship between childhood family abuse and family closeness later in life. In particular, it was concluded that self-acceptance was positively correlated with family closeness and acted as a buffer to the negative effects that childhood emotional and physical abuse had on maintaining family closeness among the middle-aged cohort yet not the older adults. The differences seen could be a result of the inherent values that each cohort has. The older adults came out of a time of war and economic hardship, they were able to preserve and build lives out of minimal resources (Elder & Conger, 2002). In comparison, the middle-aged participants were part of the baby boomers which allowed them to have higher education, fought for equal rights for women, and embraced civil rights which resulted in them finding self-fulfillment and self-respect (Savla et al, 2013).
ACE and sexual victimization in adulthood
Children and adolescents who are exposed to early trauma (abuse and neglect) are at increased risk for experiencing violence during their lifetime, along with an increased risk for poorer health and social outcomes (Wilkins et al., 2014). Approximately 19.3% of women and 1.7% of men in the United States (U.S.) have been raped in their lifetime and an estimated 43.9% of women and 23.4% of men have experienced other forms of sexual violence, such as for example sexual coercion, unwanted sexual contact or sexual experiences (Breiding et al., 2014). Since sexual violence is a significant problem, Ports et al.’s (2016) researched the relationship between adverse childhood experiences, including childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and sexual victimization (SV) in adulthood. In the U.S., 6% of children and youth experienced a sexual offense and 1.4% experienced a sexual assault within the last year. Incidence rates were highest for 14–17-year-old girls, however both male and female rates of lifetime sexual assault in this age group were 6% and 14.3% respectively (Finkelhor et al., 2015).
The impact that CSA has on an individual are significant and long lasting. CSA is linked to poor psychological, social, and physiological outcomes across one’s life, including an increased risk of mental health challenges such as depression, dissociation and suicide attempts as well as engagement in unsafe sexual behaviors (Dube et al., 2005; Kendler et al., 2000; Tyler, 2002; Weiss, et al., 1999; Steel & Herlitz, 2005; Van Dorn et al., 2005). Trickett et al.’s, (2011) 23-year longitudinal study of sexually abused women found these women had an earlier onset of puberty, various cognitive deficits, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal attenuation, higher rates of obesity, more major illnesses and healthcare utilization than non-abused females, self-mutilation, and physical and sexual re-victimization.
Parenting after ACE
ACE & emotional inhibition
Emotional regulation (ER) development is a key task that should be obtained in childhood through various interactions with their primary caregivers (Eisenberg & Morris, 2002). However, childhood maltreatment is thought to interfere with the development of ER due to the disruption in the relationship between the children and the caregiver, resulting in the child not acquiring skills that are essential for self-regulation which can impact their adult life (Cabechinha-Alati et al., 2020; Langevin et al., 2015). When non-abused adults were compared to those who were abused as children, we see deficits in emotional processing and greater emotional dysregulation in those who were abused (Burns et al., 2010; Young & Widom, 2014). The collective effects of various types of adverse childhood experiences include increased occurrence of mental health problems and interpersonal difficulties in adulthood (Hughes et al., 2017; Poole et al., 2018). Emotional dysregulation appears to mediate the relationship between cumulative childhood adversities and negative psychosocial outcomes (Abravanel et al., 2015). Various research confirms the impact that various forms of victimization in childhood have on ER difficulties and interpersonal problems in adulthood (Barnes et al., 2016; Cloitre et al., 2009).
Parenting after ER
ER is a difficult process in which parents are required to regulate their own emotions, while at the same time attempting to provide support to their child (Cabechinha-Alati et al., 2020). Smith et al.’s (2014) research concluded that parents, in particular mothers with a history of child maltreatment, who display negative affect and experience problems in regulating emotions such as anger, increase the risk for abusive parenting. For example, McCullough et al. (2014) found that mothers who were abused as children exhibited negative parenting behaviors such as psychological control of the child, hostility, and unavailability. This was particularly important in mothers who had trouble with their ER, resulting in possibly compromising their children’s emotional development (Plant et al., 2018).
Parental emotion socialization
Parental emotion socialization (ES) is a very important parental behavior in children developing ER. Morris et al. (2007) proposed that a child’s ER is impacted by three types of ES: (a) observation and modelling, (b) parenting practices and behaviors, and (c) the emotional climate of the family. Of the three types of ES, the most influential are the behaviors that parents display when children express their emotions. This is due to parental responses being a significant indication for a direct method of socialization since the children are provided with explicit feedback after expressing their feelings (Eisenberg et al., 1998; Thompson & Meyer, 2007). Morris et al. (2007) also believed that parental characteristics, and in particular their ER skills, may influence children’s ER through parental ES practices. For example, in mothers who have difficulties with their ER, they often respond to their child’s distress by punishing or by showing minimizing responses, which then cause the children’s ER difficulties (Briscoe et al., 2019).
Regulatory styles greatly impact one’s ability to exercise ER. For example, for individuals that utilize adaptive regulatory styles, they are able to take advantage of a wide range of ER strategies and can access them dependent on the situation at hand (Bonnanno & Burton, 2013). On the other hand, individuals may exhibit over-resilience on a single strategy, which is considered a maladaptive regulatory style. For example, when individuals opt to suppress their emotions, they experience greater negative emotionality and interpersonal problems when compared to those who do not use this approach consistently (Gross & John, 2003). When individuals rely on suppressing their emotions, they have been proven to have an increased risk of trauma-related social anxiety, depressive disorder, and psychopathology (D’Avanzato et al., 2013; Moore et al., 2008). When parental figures demonstrate unsupportive behaviors towards their children, it increases the risk of the children inhibiting their emotions throughout their life course (Gunzenhauser et al., 2014). Cabechinha-Alati et al (2020) researched the relationship between polyvictimization in childhood and parental ER and ES in adulthood. Their findings indicate that individuals that had a history of polyvictimization and experienced problems with ER may in adulthood utilize unsupportive contingencies, resulting in their children’s reliance on emotional inhibition. In addition, the researchers found that parents with higher levels of polyvictimization, demonstrated lower levels of ER skills for anger, sadness, and anxiety meaning that parents who underwent multiple types of maltreatment in childhood utilized unsupportive responses to these emotions (see also Berthelot et al., 2014; Hopfinger et al., 2016). However, parental ER skills and ES practices were highly correlated across all three emotions. These findings line up with previous studies that have found that parental emotion dysregulation is a predictor of unsupportive ES (Briscoe et al., 2019; Morelen et al., 2016). Furthermore, Cabechinha-Alati et al. (2020) found that in populations with psychopathologies (for example depression and psychosis), inconsistencies with emotion-specific ER may be more apparent. Research done on ES in maltreating parents found that maltreating parents have a higher probability of invalidating their children’s negative emotions (Shipman et al., 2007) or responding to them in a neglectful, or disciplinary manner (Shipman et al., 2005). Additionally, children raised by maltreating parents had an increased probability of having parental models who engage in unsupportive ES practices, which may be them replicating the behavioral models from their own childhood, which demonstrates the concept of social learning (McCullough et al., 2014).
Navigating parenthood following CSA
CSA is defined as “experiencing at least one contact (e.g., intercourse, genital contact) or noncontact (e.g. sexual invitations, exhibitionism) episode by either a family or nonfamily member before the age of 18” (Schuetze & Eiden, 2005, p. 649). In the case of CSA, the perpetrator is most often a person that the child trusts, which enhances the long-lasting effects it has on the child. Although some children, who were subject to CSA, exhibit immediate psychological, and interpersonal effects in childhood (Cohen et al., 2004), the negative effects are often extended into adulthood, affecting not only the victim but also their social, familial (children) and intimate relationships (Dube et al., 2005; Testa et al., 2011). Previous research suggests that parenting styles of survivors of CSA may have difficulties around healthy emotional expression, positive coping skills, strong internal locus of control, and the ability to healthily parent their children (Wright et al., 2012). This may be attribut5ed to women who are CSA survivors experiencing depression (Wilson & Scarpa, 2015), intimate partner violence (Schuetze & Eiden, 2005), low confidence and discomfort with physical contact (Douglass, 2000). Haiyasoso and Trepal (2019) set out to explore how CSA impacted women’s parenting styles in adulthood. Consequently, the authors utilized narratology, which allowed them to gather information about their topic, through the personal stories of the participants (Hays & Singh, 2012).
Effects of CSA
Felitti et al.’s (1998) seminal research found that adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can lead to a variety of life-threatening illnesses in adults such as skeletal fractures, emphysema, hepatitis, heart disease, and cancer. Although the study focused on ACE, it was determined that CSA was the second most prevalent type of ACE, and the findings determine that CSA affects adult physical health. In addition to the impact that CSA has on physical health, Maniglio’s (2012) research outlines the psychological toll that CSA adult survivors have. This includes anxiety (Mangilio, 2012), symptoms of posttraumatic stress (see also Ullman, 2007) as well as depression (Wilson & Scarpa, 2015). Wilson and Scarpa (2015) argued that depression mediates the relationship between CSA and interpersonal difficulties, which may be externalized as aggression, ambivalence, sensitivity, or need for approval (Wilson & Scarpa, 2015). Previous research indicates that some survivors of CSA have difficulties around trust, intimacy, control, and insecurity for years following their abuse which negatively impacts their future relationships (Nelson & Wampler, 2000; Tummala-Narra et al., 2012).
Impact of CSA on parenting
Typical stressors of being a parent accompanied by psychological and interpersonal struggles associated with a history of CSA negatively interfere with survivors’ parenting (DiLillo & Damashek 2003; Wright et al., 2012). Adult women who are survivors of CSA may become proficient at avoiding emotions, which may in turn appear as them being less alert to threats that their children may be facing (Leonard & Follette, 2002). In addition, these mothers often struggle with enforcing appropriate levels of discipline for their children, which is externalized as being permissive towards their children (Ruscio, 2001; Testa et al., 2011).
Haiyasoso and Trepal’s (2019) study determined the impact that CSA survivors’ problems have on parenting experiences by utilizing a relational-cultural lens. It was found that mothers tried to prevent their children from experiencing CSA by educating them about ways to be safe, and the steps to take if anything like CSA happened to them. The participants exhibited difficulties in letting go, or losing sight of their children due to not trusting those involved in their children’s lives. Haiyasoso and Trepal (2019) observed that their participants understood the overwhelming, life-long impact of surviving CSA and having negative parental/close figures therefore they insisted on different relational images for their children by protecting their children not only from CSA but from any inappropriate parental response. Parents were found to enact relational resilience in which was displayed in their aim to create new relational templates for their children. Additionally, multiple participants used faith, or spirituality, for guidance and support, which is supported by other research (Singh et al., 2013). Participants also experienced disconnection during important developmental stages of interaction with their children such as diaper changes, and physical intimacy. They believed that this way of parenting was different from the “normal” way which may fuel feelings of vulnerability in their parenting styles.
To summarize , it is clear form this brief review that child abuse has significant, sometime severe, and life-long effects on its victims. These effects may be experienced emotionally, physically, behaviorally, spiritually, or socially. That is to say, we as a society need to do all we can to prevent child abuse, and if ACE does occur, it should be treated with a long-term view and not just addressing the victimized child’s immediate needs and pain. Since ACE may be transmitted across generations, a reduction of ACE on today’s children will result in healthier future generations.
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Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Our collaborations.
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While a person that has never been subjected to any form of abuse may find it inconceivable to stay in an abusive relationship, there are many reasons that push the victims into staying. One of the main reasons is conflicting emotions. They may be afraid to leave if they have been threatened while others may feel that abuse is normal especially if they have never been in a healthy relationship (O’Grady). Others may feel embarrassed to leave because their friends will find out that they left because of abuse or even low self-esteem if the victim is blamed for the abuse. Another reason is pressure from religious reasons that may force them to keep the marriage intact or the pressure from society to raise children with both parents (Goodale). Some religions require people to save marriages at almost all costs. Another crucial reason is relying on the abusive partner for all needs especially financial ones. In such a case, the victim may not have a way to start over if they left the abusive relationship. Others may not have anywhere else to go if they decided to leave (Why Women Continue in Abusive Relationships). There is also the complex concept of abuse cycle. Here, abuse happens periodically after which the abusive individual blames something like alcohol for the behavior or even expresses a lot of guilt asking for forgiveness and saying that it would never happen again prompting the victim to believe. The possibility of ‘make-up sex’ is also high and that happens to be significantly pleasurable. This prompts the victim to stay but the same happens when they are abused again in future. Some may not even acknowledge the seriousness of the situation. As such, there are many reasons why a person stays in an abusive relationship, the main ones being fear, dependability, embarrassment, and a complex cycle of abuse.
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If it is an argumentative essay, discuss opposing views on domestic violence and prove that they are unreliable. ... Domestic Violence: Signs of Abuse and Abusive Relationships. The unprecedented rejuvenation of such a vile act, prompted the formation of factions within society, that are sensitive to the plight of women, and fight for the ...
Essay Prompt: Discuss your knowledge of the effects these three crimes have on individuals and society as a whole. Negative Effects of Domestic Violence on Children. Essay Prompt: This essay affirms that domestic violence poses a number of negative effects on children, including social development, brain development, and social behavior.
Domestic violence towards children could be sexual, physical, emotional or economic abuse (McCue 6). Emotional abuse is a part of all these abuses. Research indicates that the longer the violence continues on children the greater the danger it poses to a child (McCue 6). A child's resilience is affected significantly through direct abuse.
The definition of the term domestic violence is, violence or abuse of one person against another taking place in a domestic setting, for example: marriage, cohabitation, etc. Therefore the topic of domestic violence is a serious one, because it takes place in homes, in some of the most personal and intimate of settings.
Argumentative Essay On Abusive Relationships. Statistics show that "1 in 4 women (24.3%) and 1 in 7 men (13.8%) aged 18 and older in the United States have been the victim of severe physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime" (The National Domestic Violence Hotline). This could be your mother or your father.
Good Essays. 1312 Words. 6 Pages. Open Document. Domestic abuse has touched the lives of most people, whether the victim was themselves, a family member, or a friend. They've seen it happen to countless women and men too. It's incredibly important to start education of domestic abuse awareness early, because the effects of abuse go far ...
Argumentative Essay On Domestic Violence; Argumentative Essay On Domestic Violence. Satisfactory Essays. 872 Words; ... "Abusive Relationships Information | SAFE@UNC." SAFE@UNC. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2012. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. 2727 Words; 11 Pages; Better Essays.
Abstract. Violence against women is undoubtedly an international concern. Despite the numerous global legislations and policies on violence against women, different states have their own versions of laws that assist them in dealing with violation against women. These versions are in adherence to the international policies and laws that attempt ...
When a relationship is violent, the people involved need to either make the relationship work without violence or get out of it. You don't have to settle for an abusive relationship, and you don't have to continue to behave in abusive ways. Both of you deserve better. People often need help to get out of abusive relationships.
Domestic violence — also called intimate partner violence — occurs between people in an intimate relationship. Domestic violence can take many forms, including emotional, sexual and physical abuse and threats of abuse. Abuse by a partner can happen to anyone, but domestic violence is most often directed toward women.
Argumentative Essay On Relationships. 1213 Words5 Pages. Essentially humans, like most species want to be around others like them. They want to settle down, form relationships, make connections and have a sense of belonging without which they feel. incomplete. In the words of Baumeister and Leary, "it seems fair to conclude that human beings are.
And they tend to block out all evidence to the contrary. In point of fact, they stay for love. Many abuse survivors cling to the positive traits in their partners -- like being affectionate and ...
Forms of Abuse in Abusive Relationships. Abusive relationships encompass a spectrum of abusive behaviors, each leaving victims emotionally scarred and physically harmed. Understanding the different forms of abuse is fundamental in recognizing the depth of suffering that victims endure. Physical Abuse: This form of abuse involves physical harm ...
A thesis statement on non-female victims of domestic violence may assert the position that prevention programs are essential for both genders or explain the problem of abuse toward males through facts and figures. If you're choosing this focus for your thesis idea, first define which population -- hetero- or homosexual men -- you are going to ...
538 Words3 Pages. Relationship abuse is a pattern of coercive and abusive behaviors. Most of the time when abuse goes on during a relationship, it is kept a secret because the victim is afraid of telling. The behaviors that go on are to maintain total control over a spouse or an intimate partner.
You can call them at 1-866-WE-LISTEN or visit them at ocrcc.org. Compass Center for Women and Families: This organization offers a confidential hotline for survivors of domestic violence and families. The number is 919-929-7122. They can also provide resources and information:
By the time I realized that I was in a bad relationship, I had invested so much of myself and my self-esteem had been chipped away so drastically, I was terrified to be alone. You may know someone ...
Make a claim. Provide the grounds (evidence) for the claim. Explain the warrant (how the grounds support the claim) Discuss possible rebuttals to the claim, identifying the limits of the argument and showing that you have considered alternative perspectives. The Toulmin model is a common approach in academic essays.
Stuck on your essay? Browse essays about Abusive Relationship and find inspiration. Learn by example and become a better writer with Kibin's suite of essay help services. > Abusive Relationship Essay Examples ... Abusive Relationship Essay Examples. 14 total results. staff pick. graded. words. page. Company. About Us; Contact/FAQ; Resources ...
Abused children and their relationship as adults. Adverse Childhood Experiences [ACE] and its effect on adult relationships. Ace happens, and in the past decade or so, we are poignantly aware of it, and its damaging consequences. One of the areas which is negatively affected by it, is the child's relationship, or attachment, with its caregiver.
Why People stay in Abusive Relationships essay for free ️️373 words sample for your inspiration Download high-quality papers from GradeMiners database. Essay Samples. ... Argumentative essay on death penalty. Subject: ⚖️ Law. Pages/words: 3 pages/799 words. Read sample. George Saunders and David Foster Wallace.
Abuse is not just physical, it is mental, emotional, verbal, sexual and financial. Many victims of physical abuse are also fall victim to these abuse tactics as well. An abusive partner often uses verbal, mental, emotional, and financial abuse to break their partner so to speak. It is through this type of abuse the victim often feels as though ...