environmental system extended essay

US IB Environmental Systems and Societies: ESS Extended Essay

• ESS Extended Essay
• Criterion Overview
• Criterion A: Focus and method
• Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding
• Criterion C: Critical thinking
• Criterion D: Presentation
• Criterion E: Engagement

B: Knowledge and understanding

This criterion assesses the extent to which the research relates to the subject area/discipline used to explore the research question; or in the case of the world studies extended essay, the issue addressed and the two disciplinary perspectives applied; and additionally, the way in which this knowledge and understanding is demonstrated through the use of appropriate terminology and concepts.

• Have you explained how your research question relates to a specific subject you selected for the extended essay?
• Have you used relevant terminology and concepts throughout your essay as they relate to your particular area of research?
• Is it clear that the sources you are using are relevant and appropriate to your research question?
• Do you have a range of sources, or have you only relied on one particular type, for example internet sources?
• Is there a reason why you might not have a range? Is this justified?

C: Critical thinking

This criterion assesses the extent to which critical thinking skills have been used to analyze and evaluate the research undertaken.

• Have you made links between your results and data collected and your research question?
• If you included data or information that is not directly related to your research question have you explained its importance?
• Are your conclusions supported by your data?
• If you found unexpected information or data have you discussed its importance?
• Have you provided a critical evaluation of the methods you selected?
• Have you considered the reliability of your sources (peer-reviewed journals, internet, and so on)?
• Have you mentioned and evaluated the significance of possible errors that may have occurred in your research?
• Are all your suggestions of errors or improvements relevant?
• Have you evaluated your research question?
• Have you compared your results or findings with any other sources?
• Is there an argument that is clear and easy to follow and directly linked to answering your research question, and which is supported by evidence?

D: Presentation

This criterion assesses the extent to which the presentation follows the standard format expected for academic writing and the extent to which this aids effective communication.

• Have you read and understood the presentation requirements of the extended essay?
• Have you chosen a font that will be easy for examiners to read on-screen?
• Is your essay double-spaced and size 12 font?
• Are the title and research question mentioned on the cover page?
• Are all pages numbered?
• Have you prepared a correct table of contents?
• Do the page numbers in the table of contents match the page numbers in the text?
• Is your essay subdivided into correct sub-sections, if this is applicable to the subject?
• Are all figures and tables properly numbered and labelled?
• Does your bibliography contain only the sources cited in the text?
• Did you use the same reference system throughout the essay?
• Does the essay have less than 4,000 words?
• Is all the material presented in the appendices relevant and necessary?
• Have you proofread the text for spelling or grammar errors?

E. Engagement

This criterion assesses the student’s engagement with their research focus and the research process. It will be applied by the examiner at the end of the assessment of the essay, after considering the students RPPF.

• Have you demonstrated your engagement with your research topic and the research process?
• Have you highlighted challenges you faced and how you overcame them?
• Will the examiner get a sense of your intellectual and skills development?
• Will the examiner get a sense of your creativity and intellectual initiative?
• Will the examiner get a sense of how you responded to actions and ideas in the research process?
• IB ESS Extended Essay Guide
• World Studies Extended Essay Guide
• World Studies
• Example A: Turtle Conservation
• Example A: Marks
• Example B: Economics of Wolves
• Example B Marks
• Example A: Wildlife Trafficking in China

Using the systems approach

The systems approach is a central theme in ESS. The essay should include an attempt to model, at least partially, the system or systems in question.

The term “model” in this context includes, for example:

• mathematical formulas
• graphical representations
• flow diagrams

Students should use  ESS terminology , where appropriate.

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IB ESS Extended Essay Topic Ideas

As a seasoned IB writer, I’ve seen firsthand how a well-chosen extended essay topic can impact a student’s academic writing. The IB Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS) essay is a unique opportunity to investigate issues at the intersection of natural systems and human societies. From my experience, launching your essay with a solid topic is crucial for success.

What Is IB Environmental Systems and Societies?

IB Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS) is a unique interdisciplinary course offered within the IB Diploma Programme. It is designed for students to research the complex and dynamic relationships between environmental systems and societies, combining the sciences and humanities elements to promote a holistic understanding of environmental issues. 

The ESS course covers a wide range of topics that reflect the interdisciplinary nature of the subject. These include:

• Ecosystems and ecology.
• Natural cycles and resources.
• Human populations, carrying capacity, and resource use.
• Environmental value systems.
• Environmental impact assessments.

ESS is distinctive because it integrates methodologies from both the sciences and the humanities. This approach allows students to research the scientific aspects of environmental systems (like ecology, climate change, and conservation) alongside societal impacts and responses (such as ethics, policy, and economics). The goal is to promote understanding of how scientific and human contexts interact and influence one another.

IB ESS Extended Essay Topics and Research Questions

IB Environmental Systems and Societies offers students a unique opportunity to research and engage with the world’s most pressing environmental issues:

• Urban Heat Islands in Tokyo . How do urban heat islands affect local climate conditions and community health in Tokyo, Japan?
• Plastic Pollution in the Caribbean Sea . How does plastic waste impact marine biodiversity in the Caribbean Sea?
• Water Resource Management in California . How effectively are California’s water resource management strategies addressing the state’s water scarcity issues?
• Renewable Energy Adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa . What are the social and environmental impacts of adopting solar energy in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa?
• Deforestation Effects in the Amazon Rainforest . How has deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest impacted local ecosystems and the indigenous populations?
• Air Quality and Public Health in Beijing . How does air quality in Beijing correlate with public health outcomes among its urban populations?
• Sustainable Agriculture Practices in India . How effective are traditional sustainable agriculture practices in improving rural India’s soil health and crop yields?
• I mpact of Ecotourism in Costa Rica . What are the positive and negative environmental impacts of ecotourism in Costa Rica?
• Waste Management Systems in Sweden . How have Sweden’s innovative waste management policies affected reduction and recycling rates?
• Coral Reef Degradation in the Great Barrier Reef . What are the primary factors contributing to coral reef degradation in the Great Barrier Reef?
• Green Building Benefits in Vancouver . What are the environmental and economic benefits of green building practices in Vancouver, Canada?
• Environmental Impacts of Consumerism in the United States . What are the environmental impacts of increased consumerism in the United States?
• Biodiversity in Urban Settings of New York City . How does urban biodiversity contribute to ecological sustainability in New York City?
• Pesticides and Pollinators in California’s Central Valley . What has pesticide use’s impact on pollinator populations in California’s Central Valley?
• Climate Change and Migration in the Maldives . How is climate change influencing migration patterns in the Maldives?
• Coastal Erosion in the Maldives . How is coastal erosion impacting the physical and economic landscape of the Maldives?
• Air Pollution Control in Mexico City . What have been the most effective strategies for controlling air pollution in Mexico City, and how have they impacted public health?
• Water Conservation Techniques in Israel . What are Israel’s most effective water conservation techniques, and how have they contributed to agricultural sustainability?
• The Effects of Urban Sprawl in Atlanta . How has urban sprawl in Atlanta affected local biodiversity and the prevalence of urban green spaces?
• Oil Spills and Their Impact on Alaskan Wildlife . What are the long-term environmental impacts of oil spills on wildlife in Alaska?
• Renewable Energy Policy in Germany . How have renewable energy policies in Germany affected the country’s carbon footprint and energy security?
• Deforestation and Climate Change in Indonesia . How is deforestation contributing to climate change and habitat loss in Indonesia?
• Sustainable Fishing Practices in Japan . How effective are Japan’s sustainable fishing practices in preserving marine biodiversity?
• Impact of Drought on Agricultural Practices in California . What impact has the recent drought had on California’s agricultural practices and water usage?
• Environmental Policy Effectiveness in the European Union . How effectively have the European Union’s environmental policies reduced industrial pollution?
• Ecological Restoration Efforts in the Florida Everglades . What have been the outcomes of ecological restoration efforts in the Florida Everglades?
• Impact of Tourism on Coral Reefs in Egypt . What impact has tourism had on the health and sustainability of coral reefs in Egypt?
• Green Urban Planning in Singapore . How has green urban planning contributed to environmental sustainability in Singapore?
• Effects of Agricultural Runoff in the Mississippi River . How does agricultural runoff affect water quality and aquatic life in the Mississippi River?
• Urban Waste Management and Recycling in Seoul . How effective are Seoul’s waste management and recycling programs in managing solid waste?
• The Impact of Solar Farms on Desert Ecosystems in Nevada . How do large-scale solar farms in Nevada impact the local desert ecosystems and biodiversity?
• Sustainable Urban Development in Copenhagen . How has Copenhagen’s approach to sustainable urban development influenced its environmental footprint and quality of urban life?
• Acid Rain Effects on Forests in the Northeastern United States . How does acid rain affect forest ecosystems in the northeastern United States, particularly focusing on soil chemistry and tree health?
• The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Managing Australia’s Bushfires . How can indigenous knowledge systems contribute to managing and preventing bushfires in Australia?
• Impact of Plastic Bag Bans in Kenya . What environmental and social impacts have resulted from implementing plastic bag bans in Kenya?
• Impact of Renewable Energy on Rural Economies in India . How has the introduction of renewable energy projects transformed rural economies in India?
• Conservation Strategies for the Siberian Tiger . What conservation strategies have been most effective in increasing the population of the Siberian tiger?
• The Effect of Urbanization on Local Bird Species in Londo n. How has urbanization in London affected the diversity and population of local bird species?
• Water Quality and Public Health in the Ganges River Basin . How does water pollution in the Ganges River basin impact public health in surrounding communities?
• Carbon Sequestration Potential of Tropical Rainforests . What role do tropical rainforests play in carbon sequestration, and how can this contribute to global climate change mitigation?
• The Economics of Recycling in the European Union . What are the economic benefits and challenges of recycling programs in the European Union?
• The Role of Wetlands in Natural Disaster Mitigation . How do wetlands contribute to natural disaster mitigation, particularly for flood control?
• Impact of Agricultural Pesticides on Groundwater Quality . How do agricultural pesticides impact groundwater quality in the Midwest United States?
• Noise Pollution and Cardiovascular Diseases in Urban Areas . Is there a correlation between noise pollution in urban areas and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases?
• The Sustainability of Biofuel Production in Brazil . How sustainable is biofuel production in Brazil, considering environmental and social impacts?
• Wildlife Conservation Efforts in the Serengeti . What are the key factors determining the success of wildlife conservation efforts in the Serengeti?
• The Impact of Climate Change on Small Island Developing States . How does climate change affect Small Island Developing States’ economic and environmental stability?
• The Influence of Public Policies on Urban Air Quality . How have public policies influenced urban air quality improvements in Tokyo?
• Effects of Overfishing in the Mediterranean Sea . What are the ecological and economic impacts of overfishing in the Mediterranean Sea?
• The Environmental Cost of Cryptocurrency Mining . What environmental costs are associated with cryptocurrency mining, particularly regarding energy consumption?
• The Role of Green Spaces in Mental Health in Cities . How do urban green spaces influence mental health outcomes among city dwellers?
• Impact of Fast Fashion on Water Resources . What is the impact of the fast fashion industry on global water resources?
• The Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines . How effective are marine protected areas in preserving marine biodiversity in the Philippines?
• Urban Farming and Food Security in New York City . How does urban farming contribute to food security in New York City?
• The Impact of Electric Vehicles on Urban Air Quality . What has been the impact of increasing electric vehicle usage on urban air quality in California?

These topics provide a rich context for detailed investigation, ensuring the research is grounded in real-world settings and issues.

How to Choose Your IB ESS Extended Essay Topic

Here, we will walk through how to pick a promising IB ESS Extended Essay topic that interests you and meets the IB criteria.

1. Understand the Subject’s Scope

First, familiarize yourself with the specific requirements and scope of the IB ESS course. This interdisciplinary subject combines elements of ecology, environmental science, and sociology, examining the dynamic interactions between human systems and natural environments. Understanding the breadth and depth of the subject will help you identify areas that particularly interest you and align with the course goals.

2. Reflect on Your Interests and Passions

Reflect on what aspects of environmental systems and societies truly capture your interest. Is it the scientific analysis of ecosystems, the socio-economic factors influencing environmental policies, or perhaps the ethical considerations of environmental management? Identifying a topic that intrigues you is vital, as it will keep you motivated throughout the research and writing process.

3. Consider the Feasibility and Resources

Evaluate the feasibility of your potential topics. It involves considering the availability of primary and secondary sources and data. For example, if you choose a highly specific topic like “The impact of microplastic pollution on coral reefs in Bali,” ensure that you can access the necessary scientific studies, databases, or fieldwork opportunities. Similarly, if your topic requires interviews or surveys, consider your ability to access relevant communities or experts.

4. Consult with Your Supervisor

Your IB ESS teacher or supervisor can offer invaluable advice on your topic choice. They can provide insights into the complexity and depth required for an extended essay, suggest resources, and help refine your topic to ensure it meets IB criteria. Make sure to approach them with a few ideas so they can guide you on which one might be the most successful.

5. Scope Out Originality and Personal Angle

Try to find a unique angle or personal perspective on a well-trodden topic. Originality can come from taking a conventional subject and asking a new question or integrating case studies or data that have not been widely analyzed. This approach makes your essay stand out and makes the research process more engaging.

6. Align Your Topic with IB ESS Themes

Ensure that your topic aligns with the themes and learning outcomes of the IB ESS course. Topics should be interdisciplinary to some extent, incorporating both environmental and societal aspects. For instance, researching how a local policy on waste management has influenced recycling behaviors and impacted local ecosystems could be a robust topic that integrates societal practices and environmental outcomes.

7. Draft a Preliminary Research Question

Once you have a topic in mind, formulate a preliminary research question. It will help you focus your thoughts and research. The question should be specific enough to be answerable within the essay’s word count but broad enough for comprehensive analysis and discussion.

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So, are you ready to start your research? Use your school’s resources, talk to your advisers about your ideas, and dig into a topic that interests and challenges you. Choosing an appropriate topic is the first step in writing an impressive and insightful Extended Essay. Also, our IB experts are always by your side if you need help with Extended Essay writing .

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50+ IB ESS Extended Essay Topic Ideas

Table of contents

• Writing Metier

Hey ya, I know that you have been searching for a list of good IB ESS extended essay topics, haven’t you? My team has collected this awesome list of more than 50 completely different options that can be used for inspiration while working on your Environmental Systems and Societies EE for IB.

Today, I will share this list curated by our IB professionals from Writing Metier team.

For your ease, I have created this list of categories that will be used for navigation through the article. I believe it will surely help you find an option or at least inspiration 😉

Categories of IB ESS EE Topics

Climate change.

• Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity : Examining the effects of climate change on species diversity in a specific ecosystem.
• Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change : Analyzing the effectiveness of various strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• Climate Change and Human Health : Investigating the relationship between climate change and the prevalence of diseases.

Water Resources

• Water Scarcity and Conservation : Exploring the causes of water scarcity and evaluating conservation methods in a specific region.
• Water Quality and Pollution : Assessing the impact of pollution on water quality and aquatic life in a freshwater system.
• Sustainable Water Management : Examining sustainable water management practices in agriculture or urban areas.

Energy Resources

• Renewable Energy Solutions : Evaluating the potential of renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind) in a specific region.
• Impact of Fossil Fuels on the Environment : Analyzing the environmental consequences of fossil fuel extraction and consumption.
• Energy Efficiency and Conservation : Investigating strategies for improving energy efficiency in homes or industries.

Biodiversity and Conservation

• Habitat Loss and Fragmentation : Examining the impact of human activities on habitat loss and its effect on biodiversity.
• Invasive Species and Ecosystems : Investigating the impact of invasive species on native ecosystems and biodiversity.
• Conservation Strategies for Endangered Species : Evaluating the effectiveness of conservation strategies for a specific endangered species.

Pollution and Waste Management

• Plastic Pollution in Marine Environments : Assessing the impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems and species.
• Air Quality and Urban Pollution : Investigating the sources and effects of air pollution in a specific urban area.
• Sustainable Waste Management Practices : Evaluating the effectiveness of sustainable waste management practices in reducing environmental impact.

Agriculture and Food Systems

• Sustainable Agriculture Practices : Examining the environmental benefits of sustainable agriculture practices (e.g., organic farming, agroforestry).
• Impact of Pesticides on the Environment : Analyzing the ecological consequences of pesticide use in agriculture.
• Food Security and Climate Change : Investigating the relationship between climate change and food security in a specific region.

Human Population and Environment

• Urbanization and Environmental Impact : Exploring the environmental challenges posed by rapid urbanization in a specific city.
• Ecological Footprint and Sustainability : Assessing the ecological footprint of a specific community and exploring ways to reduce it.
• Population Growth and Natural Resources : Investigating the impact of population growth on the availability and sustainability of natural resources.

In the next section, I’m going to stick to these categories.

IB ESS Extended Essay Topic Ideas

No more introductions and no needed words; here are three unique and manageable topics with corresponding research questions for each subcategory in IB Environmental Systems and Societies, designed to meet the IB Extended Essay criteria . Ready? Let’s go!

Welcome to the section on Climate Change, where we examine the impacts of global warming on our planet. This area challenges us to understand the changes happening around us and to consider solutions for a sustainable future.

Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity

• Research Question: How do increasing sea surface temperatures associated with climate change affect the biodiversity of coral reef ecosystems?
• Research Question: How has climate change impacted the migratory patterns and habitats of bird species in a specific region?
• Research Question: How does the melting of glaciers due to climate change influence the biodiversity of alpine ecosystems?

Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change

• Research Question: How effective are urban green spaces in sequestering carbon dioxide and mitigating urban heat island effects?
• Research Question: What is the potential of afforestation projects in reducing atmospheric CO2 levels, and what are the challenges involved?
• Research Question: How has the adoption of renewable energy sources impacted carbon emissions in a specific country or region?

Climate Change and Human Health

• Research Question: How does climate change influence the prevalence and distribution of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria or dengue fever?
• Research Question: What are the public health impacts of heatwaves in a specific urban area, and how can cities adapt to protect vulnerable populations?
• Research Question: How does climate change affect global food security, and what measures can be taken to ensure food availability?

From the atmospheric concerns of climate change, we move to the vital element of life: water. In the Water Resources section, we’ll explore challenges and solutions related to water scarcity, quality, and management.

In this section, we focus on Water Resources, looking at the issues surrounding the availability and quality of water . It’s an opportunity to explore sustainable management practices and ensure access for all.

Water Scarcity and Conservation

• Research Question: How do agricultural practices contribute to water scarcity in arid regions, and what sustainable solutions can be implemented?
• Research Question: What are the most effective urban water conservation strategies, and how have they impacted water usage in a specific city?
• Research Question: How effective is desalination as a solution to water scarcity in coastal regions, and what are its environmental impacts?

Water Quality and Pollution

• Research Question: How do industrial effluents affect the water quality and aquatic life of a specific river?
• Research Question: How does agricultural runoff contribute to eutrophication in freshwater lakes, and what measures can mitigate its impact?
• Research Question: What are the main sources of microplastics in marine ecosystems, and how do they impact marine life and human health?

Sustainable Water Management

• Research Question: How effective are rainwater harvesting systems in enhancing water sustainability in urban areas?
• Research Question: How does integrated water resources management (IWRM) improve water sustainability in a specific river basin?
• Research Question: How do wetlands contribute to water purification and conservation, and what are the challenges in protecting these ecosystems?

Transitioning from water, we turn our attention to Energy Resources. Here, we’ll investigate the balance between meeting our energy needs and minimizing environmental impacts.

The Energy Resources section tackles the complexities of powering our world.

From renewable sources to the consequences of fossil fuels, this area encourages us to think about the future of energy and its role in environmental sustainability.

Renewable Energy Solutions

• Research Question: How feasible is solar energy as a solution for rural electrification in a specific developing country?
• Research Question: What is the potential of wind energy in coastal regions, and what challenges need to be addressed for its successful implementation?
• Research Question: What are the social and environmental impacts of hydropower projects on local communities and ecosystems in a specific region?

Impact of Fossil Fuels on the Environment

• Research Question: What are the short-term and long-term environmental consequences of oil spills in marine ecosystems?
• Research Question: How does air pollution from coal power plants affect the health of nearby communities, and what mitigation measures can be implemented?
• Research Question: What is the ecological footprint of natural gas extraction in a specific region, and how does it impact local ecosystems?

Energy Efficiency and Conservation

• Research Question: How do energy-efficient buildings contribute to reducing carbon emissions in urban areas?
• Research Question: How effective are energy conservation programs in reducing energy consumption in schools, and what are the key factors for success?
• Research Question: What strategies are most effective in promoting energy efficiency in transportation, and how do they compare across different regions?

Next, we explore the Biodiversity and Conservation, where we’ll examine the rich diversity of life on Earth and the efforts to protect it.

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Biodiversity and Conservation celebrate the diversity of life and examine the threats it faces. It’s an opportunity to understand the importance of conservation efforts in maintaining ecosystem health.

Habitat Loss and Fragmentation

• Research Question: How does deforestation affect biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Amazon Rainforest?
• Research Question: How does urbanization contribute to habitat fragmentation and its effects on wildlife populations in a specific region?
• Research Question: How effective are protected areas in mitigating habitat loss and conserving biodiversity in a specific region?

Invasive Species and Ecosystems

• Research Question: What are the ecological impacts of a specific invasive plant species on native vegetation and ecosystem dynamics?
• Research Question: How do invasive aquatic species affect the biodiversity and functioning of freshwater ecosystems?
• Research Question: What are the most effective management strategies for controlling invasive species in protected areas, and what are the challenges involved?

Conservation Strategies for Endangered Species

• Research Question: How effective are captive breeding programs in contributing to the conservation of endangered species?
• Research Question: How does community-based conservation impact the protection and recovery of endangered species in a specific region?
• Research Question: How do wildlife corridors contribute to enhancing biodiversity conservation and facilitating species movement in fragmented landscapes?

From the natural world, we move to human impacts in the Pollution and Waste Management section. Here, we’ll look at the challenges of pollution and strategies for effective waste management.

Pollution and Waste Management confront the consequences of our consumption and explore ways to reduce our environmental footprint.

It’s a critical area that requires appropriate management knowledge to ensure a cleaner and healthier planet.

Plastic Pollution in Marine Environments

• Research Question: What are the main sources of microplastics in coastal waters, and how are they distributed across different marine habitats?
• Research Question: How does plastic pollution affect marine wildlife and ecosystems, and what are the long-term consequences?
• Research Question: What are the most effective strategies for reducing plastic pollution in marine environments, and how can they be implemented?

Air Quality and Urban Pollution

• Research Question: How do vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution in urban areas, and what measures can reduce their impact?
• Research Question: How does indoor air quality in urban settings affect human health, and what factors contribute to poor air quality?
• Research Question: How does green infrastructure, such as urban parks and green roofs, contribute to improving air quality in cities?

Sustainable Waste Management Practices

• Research Question: How effective are zero waste initiatives in reducing the generation of municipal solid waste, and what are the key factors for success?
• Research Question: What are the challenges and opportunities in managing and recycling e-waste, and how can sustainable practices be promoted?
• Research Question: How effective is composting as a sustainable waste management practice in urban areas, and what are the factors influencing its adoption?

From waste management, we shift to the source of our sustenance in Agriculture and Food Systems. This section will focus on the environmental aspects of how we produce and consume food.

Agriculture and Food Systems examine the link between farming practices and environmental sustainability.

It’s a chance to explore how we can feed the world while protecting our planet.

Sustainable Agriculture Practices

• Research Question: How do the environmental impacts of organic farming compare to those of conventional farming practices?
• Research Question: How does agroforestry contribute to biodiversity conservation and soil health in agricultural landscapes?
• Research Question: How does the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices impact food security in developing countries?

Impact of Pesticides on the Environment

• Research Question: How do neonicotinoid pesticides affect the health and populations of pollinators, such as bees and butterflies?
• Research Question: What are the effects of pesticide runoff on aquatic ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them?
• Research Question: What are the most effective alternatives to chemical pesticides in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies?

Food Security and Climate Change

• Research Question: How does climate change impact crop yields and food production in a specific agricultural region?
• Research Question: How does climate-smart agriculture contribute to enhancing food security in the face of climate change?
• Research Question: How does water scarcity affect food security in arid regions, and what strategies can be implemented to address this challenge?

Finally, we’ll consider the broader context of Human Population and Environment, looking at how our growing numbers interact with the natural world.

Human Population and Environment reflect on the relationship between people and the planet. It’s an area that challenges us to think about how we can live in harmony with the environment as our global population continues to grow.

After this read, you can also check our article about anthropology extended essay topics and various research question ideas.

Urbanization and Environmental Impact

• Research Question: What are the environmental consequences of rapid urbanization in a specific developing country, and how can they be mitigated?
• Research Question: How does sustainable urban planning contribute to reducing the environmental impact of cities?
• Research Question: What is the role of green spaces in promoting biodiversity and environmental sustainability in urban environments?

Ecological Footprint and Sustainability

• Research Question: How do different diets (e.g., vegetarian, vegan, omnivorous) compare in terms of their ecological footprint?
• Research Question: How does consumer behavior in a specific region affect the ecological footprint, and what strategies can promote more sustainable consumption patterns?
• Research Question: What measures can be taken to reduce the ecological footprint of tourism in protected areas while preserving their natural and cultural heritage?

Population Growth and Natural Resources

• Research Question: How does population growth contribute to water resource depletion in a specific region, and what are the implications for sustainable water management?
• Research Question: How does population growth affect deforestation rates in tropical rainforests, and what are the consequences for biodiversity conservation?
• Research Question: How can sustainable resource management practices address the challenges posed by population growth in a specific region?

Each of these topics and research questions aims to inspire IB ESS students to explore the complexities of environmental systems and societies and contribute to the understanding of global environmental challenges. 

Whether you are interested in the intricacies of climate change, the sustainability of water resources, or biodiversity conservation, these topics provide a solid foundation for an insightful and impactful Extended Essay in ESS.

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This walkthrough of the various aspects of environmental systems and societies is not just about understanding the challenges we face; it’s about inspiring action for a sustainable future. Every category offers a unique perspective on the environmental issues that shape our world and invites us to think critically about the solutions.

Select IB ESS EE Topics and RQs Wisely

This is the end of our discussion of IB Environmental Systems and Societies Extended Essay topics; I hope you’re feeling motivated and ready to investigate your chosen area of interest. ESS is not just about uncovering answers; it’s about developing the skill to ask meaningful questions. 

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At Writing Metier, we are committed to supporting you as you explore the complexities of your research and writing tasks. Our team of experts is here to offer guidance, provide feedback, and assist you with writing your extended essay or any other IB assignments on any topic. 

As you select your topic and initiate your research, remember that you’re starting an intellectual quest that promises to broaden your perspective and deepen your appreciation for environmental issues. 

With Writing Metier by your side, your exploration into environmental systems and societies is more than an academic requirement; it’s an opportunity to engage meaningfully with critical questions that impact our planet.

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Vasyl Kafidoff is a co-founder and CEO at WritingMetier. He is interested in education and how modern technology makes it more accessible. He wants to bring awareness about new learning possibilities as an educational specialist. When Vasy is not working, he’s found behind a drum kit.

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Extended Essay Writers

85+ Creative Topic Ideas for IB ESS Extended Essay

Luke MacQuoid

The IB Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS) Extended Essay is an opportunity for students to explore a topic of their choice within the field of environmental science. The extended essay is a challenging and rewarding task, requiring in-depth research and critical thinking skills. However, choosing an ESS extended essay topic can be daunting. 

Are you ready to embark on an exciting and rewarding exploration journey in environmental science? The IB ESS Extended Essay is your chance to delve into a topic of your choice and showcase your research and critical thinking skills.

Choosing an environmental system and society topic for your extended essay can be daunting, but fear not! We have compiled a list of interesting and engaging ideas to inspire you in your quest for the perfect ESS extended essay topic. 

From the impact of urban agriculture on the environment to the ethics of conservation, these topics are sure to spark your interest and ignite your passion for environmental science.

With the world facing complex environmental challenges, there has never been a more important time to explore the science of sustainability. By selecting an ESS extended essay topic that aligns with your interests and the key concepts covered in the ESS course, you can contribute to our understanding of these challenges and showcase your skills as a researcher and academic writer .

So, grab your notepad and get ready to embark on a journey of discovery. The ESS extended essay is your chance to make a difference and contribute to a better future for our planet.

How to Invent a Good IB ESS topic?

Inventing a good ESS EE topic requires careful consideration of the key concepts and topics covered in the ESS course. Here are some tips to help you invent a good ESS EE topic:

1. Identify your interests

Choose a topic that you are interested in and passionate about. This will make the research process more enjoyable and motivating.

2. Choose a specific research question

Narrow down your topic to a specific research question that can be answered through research and data analysis. A good research question should be clear, specific, and answerable.

3. Consider the key concepts and topics covered in the ESS course

Ensure that your research question is relevant to the key concepts and topics covered in the ESS course. These include, but are not limited to, sustainability, ecosystems, biodiversity, pollution, climate change, and resource use.

4. Conduct preliminary research

Before finalizing your research question, conduct some preliminary research to ensure that there is enough information available to answer your question. This will also help you to refine your research question and identify potential data sources.

5. Consider the feasibility of data collection

Ensure that the data required to answer your research question is feasible to collect. This includes considering data availability, the time needed to collect data, and any ethical considerations related to data collection.

6. Consult with your ESS supervisor

Your ESS teacher can provide valuable guidance and feedback on your research question and extended essay topic. They can also help you identify potential data sources and provide guidance on data analysis.

Overall, inventing a good ESS extended essay topic requires careful consideration of your interests, the key concepts and topics covered in the ESS course, and the feasibility of data collection. 

With a clear research question and a well-planned research methodology, you can produce an IB EE demonstrating your understanding of environmental science and your ability to conduct research and data analysis.

List of IB ESS EE Topic Ideas

Here are some creative ideas to inspire your ESS extended essay topic:

Urban Agriculture: The Impact of Community Gardens on Urban Environments 

This topic explores the role of community gardens in urban environments. Students can investigate urban agriculture’s environmental, social, and economic benefits and the potential for these practices to mitigate urban environmental problems.

The Effect of Climate Change on Ocean Acidification 

This topic delves into the impact of climate change on ocean acidification, a process whereby carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, reducing the pH level of the water. Students can investigate the effect of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems and the potential for mitigation strategies to address this issue.

The Environmental Impact of Industrial Agriculture 

This topic explores the environmental impact of industrial agriculture, including the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and other chemicals. Students can investigate the ecological, economic, and social consequences of industrial agriculture and the potential for alternative food systems.

The Ethics of Conservation: Balancing Human Needs with Environmental Protection 

This topic delves into conservation ethics, exploring the tension between human needs and environmental protection. Students can investigate the role of conservation in society, and the potential for ethical frameworks to guide conservation efforts.

The Impact of Air Pollution on Public Health 

This topic explores the impact of air pollution on public health, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Students can investigate the sources of air pollution, the distribution of pollution across urban areas, and the potential for policy solutions to mitigate the health impacts of air pollution.

The Intersection of Environmental Justice and Climate Change 

This topic explores the intersection of environmental justice and climate change, examining the disproportionate impact of climate change on marginalized communities. Students can investigate the political, social, and economic factors contributing to environmental injustice and the potential for policy solutions to address these issues.

The Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development 

This topic delves into the role of renewable energy in sustainable development, exploring the potential for renewable energy sources to mitigate climate change and promote social and economic development. Students can investigate the technological, economic, and political barriers to the widespread adoption of renewable energy, and the potential for policy solutions to promote a transition to a renewable energy future.

The Impacts of Plastic Pollution on Marine Ecosystems 

This topic explores the impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems, including the physical, chemical, and biological consequences. Students can investigate the sources of plastic pollution, the distribution of plastic waste across the ocean, and the potential for policy solutions to address this issue.

The Effects of Deforestation on Biodiversity Conservation 

This ESS topic delves into the impact of deforestation on biodiversity conservation, exploring the ecological, social, and economic consequences of deforestation. Students can investigate the drivers of deforestation, the impacts on local communities and biodiversity, and the potential for policy solutions to promote forest conservation.

The Implications of Energy Use on Climate Change 

This IA topic explores the implications of energy use on climate change, examining the role of fossil fuels in global greenhouse gas emissions. IB students can investigate the potential for renewable energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the challenges associated with transitioning to a low-carbon economy.

The Intersection of Water Resources and Climate Change 

This topic explores the intersection of water resources and climate change, examining the impact of climate change on water availability, quality, and management. Students can investigate the potential for adaptive water management strategies to address climate change impacts, and the challenges associated with implementing such strategies.

The Role of Environmental Education in Promoting Sustainability 

This topic delves into the role of environmental education in promoting sustainability, exploring the potential for education to promote behavior change and sustainable practices. Students can investigate the effectiveness of environmental education programs, the challenges associated with implementing such programs, and the potential for innovative solutions.

The Impacts of Urbanization on Natural Ecosystems 

This ESS topic explores the impacts of urbanization on natural ecosystems, examining the ecological, social, and economic consequences of urbanization. Students can investigate the drivers of urbanization, the effects on local ecosystems and biodiversity, and the potential for policy solutions to promote sustainable urban development.

The Intersection of Food Security and Climate Change 

This IA ESS topic explores the intersection of food security and climate change, examining the impact of climate change on food production, distribution, and access. Students can investigate the potential for adaptive agricultural strategies to address climate change impacts, and the challenges associated with implementing such strategies.

The Implications of Soil Degradation on Agricultural Production

This topic delves into the implications of soil degradation on agricultural production, exploring the ecological, social, and economic consequences of soil degradation. Students can investigate the drivers of soil degradation, the impacts on local communities and food security, and the potential for soil conservation strategies to address this issue.

The Role of Ecotourism in Promoting Conservation 

This ESS topic explores the role of ecotourism in promoting conservation, examining the potential for ecotourism to support local communities, promote conservation, and mitigate negative impacts on natural ecosystems. Students can investigate the effectiveness of ecotourism initiatives, the challenges associated with implementing such initiatives, and the potential for innovative solutions.

The Impacts of Land Use Change on Ecosystem Services 

This topic explores the impacts of land use change on ecosystem services, examining the ecological, social, and economic consequences of changes in land use. Students can investigate the drivers of land use change, the impacts on local communities and ecosystem services, and the potential for policy solutions to promote sustainable land use practices.

The Intersection of Air Pollution and Climate Change 

This topic explores the intersection of air pollution and climate change, examining the impacts of air pollution on climate change and the impacts of climate change on air quality. Students can investigate the sources of air pollution, the distribution of pollution across urban areas, and the potential for policy solutions to address this issue.

The Role of Green Infrastructure in Urban Resilience 

This IA topic delves into the role of green infrastructure in urban resilience, exploring the potential for green infrastructure to mitigate the impacts of climate change, reduce urban heat island effects, and promote biodiversity conservation. Students can investigate the effectiveness of green infrastructure initiatives, the challenges associated with implementing such initiatives, and the potential for innovative solutions.

The Implications of Human Population Growth on the Environment

This topic explores the implications of human population growth on the environment, examining the ecological, social, and economic consequences of population growth. Students can investigate the drivers of population growth, the impacts on natural ecosystems and biodiversity, and the potential for policy solutions to promote sustainable population growth.

The Intersection of Gender and Environmental Issues

This ESS IA topic explores the intersection of gender and environmental issues, examining the differential impacts of environmental degradation on women and men. In addition, students can investigate the potential for gender-sensitive environmental policies and programs to promote environmental sustainability and social justice.

The Impacts of Environmental Migration on Sustainable Development

This topic delves into the impacts of environmental migration on sustainable development, exploring the social, economic, and environmental consequences of forced displacement due to environmental degradation and climate change. Moreover, IB students can investigate the potential for policies and programs to support environmental migrants and promote sustainable development.

The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Environmental Management 

This topic explores the role of indigenous knowledge in environmental management, examining the potential for traditional ecological knowledge to inform environmental policy and management practices. Students can investigate the challenges associated with integrating indigenous knowledge into mainstream environmental management, and the potential for innovative solutions.

The Implications of Waste Management on Environmental Sustainability 

This topic explores the implications of waste management on environmental sustainability, examining the social, economic, and environmental consequences of waste generation, disposal, and recycling. Students can investigate the potential for waste reduction and circular economy strategies to promote sustainable waste management.

The Intersection of Sustainable Development and Human Rights

This topic explores the intersection of sustainable development and human rights, examining the potential for environmental sustainability and social justice to be mutually reinforcing. Students can investigate the challenges associated with balancing economic development, environmental protection, and human rights, and the potential for innovative solutions.

The Impacts of Natural Resource Extraction on Local Communities 

This topic delves into the impacts of natural resource extraction on local communities, exploring the social, economic, and environmental consequences of extractive industries such as mining, oil and gas, and logging. Students can investigate the potential for policies and programs to promote responsible resource extraction and support affected communities.

The Role of Citizen Science in Environmental Monitoring

This IA topic explores the role of citizen science in environmental monitoring, examining the potential for community-based monitoring initiatives to complement traditional scientific monitoring methods. Students can investigate the effectiveness of citizen science initiatives, the challenges associated with implementing such endeavors, and the potential for innovative solutions.

Select Your Topic and Start Writing an IB ESS EE

As you begin your exploration of environmental science through the IB ESS Extended Essay, remember that this is more than just an academic exercise. It is a chance to make a tangible impact on the world around us.

Need help with your ESS extended essay?

You can also use our extended essay writers team’s services if you need assistance selecting a topic . Furthermore, we can also help you write your extended essay from scratch or edit your draft following the IB criteria.

By selecting an ESS topic that excites you, conducting extensive research, and carefully analyzing your data, you can make a valuable contribution to our understanding of the complex environmental challenges we face.

NEW IB ESS EE Topic Ideas

We want to also give you more options:

Here are three topics and research questions for each subcategory in IB Environmental Systems and Societies , designed to meet the IB Extended Essay criteria:

Climate Change

Let’s kick off with Climate Change, where we examine how global warming is reshaping our planet. This section invites us to think critically about the changes occurring and consider sustainable solutions for the future.

Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity

• Research Question: How does climate change contribute to the frequency and severity of coral reef bleaching events?
• Research Question: How have migratory patterns of bird species been affected by climate change in the last decade?
• Research Question: How does climate change facilitate the expansion of invasive species in temperate ecosystems?

Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change

• Research Question: How effective are carbon offsetting initiatives in reducing the carbon footprint of the aviation industry?
• Research Question: To what extent do urban green spaces contribute to mitigating climate change in densely populated areas?
• Research Question: What are the barriers to adopting renewable energy sources in developing countries, and how can they be overcome?

Climate Change and Human Health

• Research Question: How do heatwaves exacerbated by climate change impact the health of urban populations?
• Research Question: How has the distribution of vector-borne diseases shifted due to climate change?
• Research Question: What is the relationship between climate change and food security in sub-Saharan Africa?

Moving on from the atmospheric shifts of climate change, we turn our attention to the lifeblood of our planet: water. In the Water Resources section, we’ll explore the challenges related to scarcity, quality, and management of this essential resource.

Water Resources

Welcome to Water Resources, where we dive into issues surrounding the availability and purity of water. Here, we’ll investigate sustainable practices to ensure access for everyone and maintain healthy ecosystems.

Water Scarcity and Conservation

• Research Question: Which water conservation techniques are most effective in arid regions for sustainable agriculture?
• Research Question: To what extent can desalination alleviate water scarcity in coastal cities?
• Research Question: How effective is rainwater harvesting in reducing water scarcity in urban areas?

Water Quality and Pollution

• Research Question: What are the impacts of agricultural runoff on the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems?
• Research Question: How does plastic pollution affect the water quality and aquatic life in major rivers?
• Research Question: What are the long-term effects of industrial effluents on water quality in developing countries?

Sustainable Water Management

• Research Question: How effective is integrated water resource management in balancing ecological and human water needs in river basins?
• Research Question: What sustainable irrigation practices can be implemented to reduce water usage in agriculture?
• Research Question: How do community-based water management initiatives contribute to sustainable water use in rural areas?

From the flowing waters, we shift gears to the dynamic world of Energy Resources. This next section focuses on the balance between fulfilling our energy demands and reducing environmental impacts.

Energy Resources

In Energy Resources, we explore the complexities of powering our world. From harnessing renewable sources to understanding the repercussions of fossil fuels, this area challenges us to envision a sustainable energy future.

Renewable Energy Solutions

• Research Question: What is the potential of solar energy as a sustainable power source in tropical regions?
• Research Question: What are the ecological impacts of wind energy farms on local ecosystems?
• Research Question: How sustainable is geothermal energy as an alternative energy source?

Impact of Fossil Fuels on the Environment

• Research Question: What are the long-term effects of oil spills on marine biodiversity in coastal regions?
• Research Question: How does coal mining contribute to land degradation and habitat loss?
• Research Question: What are the health impacts of air pollution from fossil fuel power plants on nearby communities?

Energy Efficiency and Conservation

• Research Question: How effective are energy-efficient building designs in reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions?
• Research Question: To what extent does the expansion of public transportation systems contribute to energy conservation in urban areas?
• Research Question: What are the main factors influencing household energy consumption patterns in developed countries?

Next up, we delve into the vibrant realm of Biodiversity and Conservation, where we’ll celebrate the diversity of life and examine the efforts to protect it.

Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity and Conservation is all about appreciating and safeguarding the variety of life on Earth. Here, we’ll look at the threats facing biodiversity and the strategies in place to preserve our natural world.

Habitat Loss and Fragmentation

• Research Question: How does deforestation affect biodiversity in the Amazon rainforest?
• Research Question: What are the effects of urban expansion on wildlife habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss?
• Research Question: How does the conversion of natural habitats to agricultural land affect biodiversity in rural areas?

Invasive Species and Ecosystems

• Research Question: What is the impact of invasive plant species on the biodiversity and functioning of wetland ecosystems?
• Research Question: How effective is biological control in managing invasive species populations and protecting native biodiversity?
• Research Question: How does climate change facilitate the spread of invasive species and impact native ecosystems?

Conservation Strategies for Endangered Species

• Research Question: How effective are protected areas in conserving endangered species and their habitats?
• Research Question: What is the role of community involvement in successful wildlife conservation projects for endangered species?
• Research Question: How can conservation genetics contribute to the recovery and management of endangered species populations?

From the wonders of the natural world, we move to the human-made challenges in Pollution and Waste Management. In this section, we’ll tackle the issues of pollution and discover approaches to manage waste effectively.

Pollution and Waste Management

Pollution and Waste Management addresses the consequences of our consumption and explores ways to lessen our environmental footprint. It’s a crucial area for ensuring a cleaner, healthier planet.

Plastic Pollution in Marine Environments

• Research Question: How do microplastics enter ocean food chains and what are the potential health impacts on marine species?
• Research Question: What are the most effective strategies to reduce plastic pollution in coastal areas and protect marine life?
• Research Question: How does public awareness and behavior change regarding plastic use impact the reduction of plastic pollution in marine environments?

Air Quality and Urban Pollution

• Research Question: How do urban green spaces contribute to improving air quality and reducing pollution in cities?
• Research Question: What is the impact of traffic congestion on air quality in major urban centers?
• Research Question: What are the main sources of indoor air pollution in urban homes, and what are the associated health risks?

Sustainable Waste Management Practices

• Research Question: How effective are zero waste initiatives in reducing waste generation and promoting sustainability in urban communities?
• Research Question: What are the environmental impacts of e-waste recycling, and how can it be improved for sustainability?
• Research Question: How effective are composting programs in urban settings in reducing organic waste and contributing to soil health?

Leaving behind the topic of waste, we now focus on the origin of our sustenance in Agriculture and Food Systems. Here, we’ll examine the environmental aspects of food production and consumption.

Agriculture and Food Systems

In Agriculture and Food Systems, we investigate the connection between farming practices and environmental sustainability. It’s an opportunity to consider how we can nourish the world while protecting our planet.

Sustainable Agriculture Practices

• Research Question: How does agroforestry contribute to sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation?
• Research Question: What is the impact of organic farming practices on soil health and crop yield compared to conventional farming?
• Research Question: How effective are water-saving irrigation techniques in improving agricultural sustainability in arid regions?

Impact of Pesticides on the Environment

• Research Question: What are the effects of pesticide runoff on aquatic ecosystems and water quality?
• Research Question: What are the most effective alternatives to chemical pesticides in integrated pest management?
• Research Question: How do neonicotinoid pesticides affect pollinator populations and what are the implications for ecosystem services?

Food Security and Climate Change

• Research Question: What are the most effective climate change adaptation strategies for smallholder farmers to ensure food security?
• Research Question: How do extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, impact food production and food security?
• Research Question: How does urban agriculture contribute to food security and nutrition in developing countries?

Finally, we’ll contemplate the broader context of Human Population and Environment , looking at how our growing numbers interact with the natural world.

Human Population and Environment

Human Population and Environment is where we reflect on the relationship between people and the planet. It’s a space that challenges us to consider how we can coexist with the environment as our global population continues to expand.

Urbanization and Environmental Impact

• Research Question: How can sustainable urban planning practices contribute to environmental conservation in rapidly growing cities?
• Research Question: What is the environmental footprint of megacities, and how can it be reduced?
• Research Question: How does green infrastructure contribute to urban resilience and environmental sustainability?

Ecological Footprint and Sustainability

• Research Question: What strategies can be implemented to reduce the ecological footprint of college campuses?
• Research Question: How do lifestyle changes, such as diet and transportation choices, impact an individual’s ecological footprint?
• Research Question: How are corporations implementing sustainability practices to reduce their ecological footprint?

Population Growth and Natural Resources

• Research Question: What is the impact of population growth on the availability and sustainability of water resources?
• Research Question: How does population growth contribute to land use changes and habitat loss?
• Research Question: What is the relationship between population growth and energy consumption, and how can it be managed sustainably?

All of these topics and research questions are designed to inspire IB Environmental Systems and Societies students to engage in meaningful and manageable research projects that contribute to their understanding of complex environmental issues while meeting the IB Extended Essay criteria.

Final thoughts

The ESS extended essay offers a unique opportunity to express your creativity and ingenuity as you tackle some of our time’s most pressing environmental issues. With a bit of imagination and hard work, you can produce an extended essay that not only showcases your academic skills but also has the potential to make a positive difference in the world.

So, let your passion for the environment guide you as you explore the many fascinating topics within the field of environmental science. Whether you choose to examine the impact of urbanization on natural ecosystems or the role of environmental education in promoting sustainability, your ESS extended essay has the potential to inspire change and make a lasting impact on the world. 

With the right research question, you will surely guarantee that your EE will pass and will never lead to failing grade .

Remember, the future of our planet is in our hands, and through the ESS extended essay, you have the power to shape it for the better.

Luke MacQuoid has extensive experience teaching English as a foreign language in Japan, having worked with students of all ages for over 12 years. Currently, he is teaching at the tertiary level. Luke holds a BA from the University of Sussex and an MA in TESOL from Lancaster University, both located in England. As well to his work as an IB Examiner and Master Tutor, Luke also enjoys sharing his experiences and insights with others through writing articles for various websites, including extendedessaywriters.com blog

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2016-2017 IB Extended Essay: Sample IB EE's

• Workshop 1: Getting started
• Workshop 2: EE Options
• Workshop 3: Selecting a topic
• Workshop 4:Research Questions
• Workshop 5: Supervisors and Reflections
• Finding Books & Ebooks
• Primary Sources
• Citation Guide
• Subject guidance
• Sample IB EE's

• Biology (2018 new rubric)
• Biology Light Intensity
• Does Age Have an Effect on Short-term Memory of 6 to 18 Year Old Students?

Chemistry: 

• Chemistry 1
• What are the Alternative Fuels for the Depleting Fossil Fuels and which is the Best Fuel in Accordance with the Energy Output?
• A Copper Ions
• Chemistry 3

Design Technology

• Does Hull Trim and Balance Affect the Speed of a Boat?

Individuals & Society:

• Market Form of the Retail Petroleum Supply Industry in Parklands
• Economics 1
• Economics 2
• Economics 3

I have an exemplar but the file is too big to upload.  If you are interested in this topic I can share the essay with you.

• Geography 2
• History EE (2018 new rubric)
• To What Extent was the Establishment of the State of Israel in Palestine in 1948, Influenced by Theodor Herzl?

Information Technology in a Global Society

• Philosophy 1
• Philosophy 2
• Philosophy 3
• Philosophy 4
• Psychology EE (2018 new rubric)
• Applied Behavior Analysis and Early Intervention: The Extent of Recovery from Autism
• Psychology 1
• Psychology 2
• Psychology 3

Social & Cultural Anthropology

• Social & Cultural Anthropology 1
• Social & Cultural Anthropology 2

World Religions

• To What Extent do the Core Scriptural Teachings of Sikhism Permit them to Marry Outside of the Religion?
• World Religions 1
• World Religions 2

Language Acquisition:

• French: Les Liaisons Dangereuses

Literature & Language 

•   Journeys in the Inferno and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz   
•   Toni Morrison 

Math: 

•   Cryptography and Rubik's Cube: An Investigative Analysis   
•   Pascal's Triangle 

Visual Arts: 

•   How Does the work of Yinka Shonibare Illustrate the Changing Role of African Art in a Global Society? 
• Ballet's Accessibility and Costumes Affecting Society's View of the Art Form
• Visual Arts 1
• Visual Arts 4

Interdisciplinary Essays:

Environmental Systems & Societies

• ESS Extended Essay (2018 new rubric)

World Studies

• World Studies EE History, Economics, & Politics  (2018 new rubric)
• Does the Production of Dairy and Meat from Dairy Cows in the United States affect the Environment and Well Being of Animals and Humans?
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• Last Updated: May 2, 2024 12:55 PM
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ESS extended essay

03 Aug ESS extended essay

The ESS extended essay (EE) is an integral part of the IB Diploma course. In order to write a good ESS EE you need to first of all be interested in and passionate about the environment and secondly be prepared to put in the hard work.

You will research and write about an environmental topic or issue of relevance to you and your environment. Your writing should cover the environmental system and how society functions – you must conduct an analytical argument.

Environmental issues are occupying a position of increasing significance on the world agenda, and an extended essay in environmental systems and societies provides students with an opportunity to explore an environmental topic or issue of particular interest or relevance to themselves and their localities.

You will be expected to:

• integrate theoretical contexts and methodologies with academic disciplines appropriate to the chosen topic
• use a systems approach in the analysis and interpretation of their data.

An ESS extended essay provides you with the opportunity to explore questions in terrestrial, freshwater or marine environments. The characteristic nature of an essay in this subject will lie in the application of a systems approach to an environmental issue.

Choice of topic

Environmental systems and societies focuses upon the interaction and integration of “natural” environmental systems and human societies. Your topic should:

• have a sharp focus on the interaction between environmental systems and societies,
• should give significant (though not necessarily equal) weight to both the ecological processes and societal activities
• be interdisciplinary in nature,
• be open to analytical argument,
• allow you to demonstrate some grasp of how both environmental systems and societies function in the relationship.  Your study have to explore the context of some human interaction with the environmental system.

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World Studies Extended Essay: Examples

• Introduction
• Getting Started
• Global Themes
• Interdisciplinary Research
• What Makes Up a "Discipline"?
• Evaluating the Insights of Academic Disciplines
• Multiple Forms of Integration
• Evaluating Your Essay
• Common Stumbling Blocks
• Examples of Globally Conscious Students

Examples of interdisciplinary research

Interdisciplinary research projects can vary extensively in content and extent of material covered.  Here are two examples:

WSEE Example 1 - IB Subjects: ESS (Environmental systems and societies) and Economics WSEE Example 2 - IB Subjects: Economics, Biology, Political science

WSEE Example 1 - IB Subjects: ESS (Environmental systems and societies) and Economics

A student assesses the effectiveness and viability of the environmentally friendly method of "cleaner production". He focused on a specific ceramic tile manufacturer in China, placing this local case in the context of global environmental sustainability. He used concepts from environmental systems and societies such as “end-of-pipe protection” and “cyclonic separation”, as well as tools such as a “water balance flow diagram” and an “analysis of pollution or inefficiency” to assess the potential environmental advantages of adopting a cleaner production approach. He also incorporated the financial tool of “net present value” (NPV) to appraise the viability of a long-term project such as pollution control. Through his study, he convincingly demonstrated that cleaner production makes environmental as well as financial sense for companies.

WSEE Example 2 - IB Subjects: Economics, Biology, Political Science

A student studied the economic and cultural causes of infant malnutrition in the rural district of Maharashtra and considered the public health policies needed to tackle the problem. Her wide-ranging study incorporated knowledge and concepts from a range of disciplines including economics, the humanities, biology and political science. She developed a complex explanation of some of the causes and effects of malnutrition in this Indian state, taking into          account the interconnection between low maternal literacy levels, decreased government health spending and poor child nutrition when considering elevated levels of child malnutrition. She then applied this understanding to come up with policy recommendations.

WSEE Documents

WSEE Subject Guide and worksheets

• IB EE Subject Guide - World Studies, 2018
• Making Meaningful Connections Use this worksheet to help you think about your research plans: the concepts or methods your will be using, the global topic you're focusing on, and the academic disciplines you will be using.

RRS (Researcher's Reflection Space)

• Sample Prompts for the WSEE RRS What should you write in your RRS? Use these questions and prompts to help you think through the various stages of the research for your WSEE: your initial ideas, your thoughts and reflections during the process, and your conclusions.
• RRS Example B - World Studies

RPPF (Researcher's Planning and Progress Form) examples:

• RPPF Example 5 - World Studies
• RPPF Example 7 - World Studies

IB Extended Essay Guide & Timeline

Check the Extended Essay guide for specific guidance on completing the various steps in the research and writing process of the EE, and  these documents:

• << Previous: Interdisciplinary Research
• Next: Academic Lenses >>
• Last Updated: Jul 12, 2024 4:49 PM
• URL: https://libguides.westsoundacademy.org/wsee

Extended Essay: Interdisciplinary essays

• General Timeline
• Group 1: English Language and Literature
• Group 2: Language Acquisition
• Group 3: Individuals and Societies
• Group 4: Sciences
• Group 5: Mathematics
• Group 6: The Arts
• Interdisciplinary essays
• Six sub-categories for WSEE
• IB Interdisciplinary EE Assessment Guide
• Brainstorming
• Pre-Writing
• Research Techniques
• The Research Question
• Paraphrasing, Summarising and Quotations
• Writing an EE Introduction
• Writing the main body of your EE
• Writing your EE Conclusion
• Sources: Finding, Organising and Evaluating Them
• Conducting Interviews and Surveys
• Citing and Referencing
• Check-in Sessions
• First Formal Reflection
• Second Formal Reflection
• Final Reflection (Viva Voce)
• Researcher's Reflection Space (RRS) Examples
• Information for Supervisors
• How is the EE Graded?
• EE Online Resources
• Stavanger Public Library
• Exemplar Essays
• Extended Essay Presentations
• ISS High School Academic Honesty Policy

Interdisciplinary Studies EEs

An interdisciplinary extended essay (EE) gives students an opportunity to undertake an in-depth and independent investigation into a topic of their choice that considers the relationship between subjects and allows for meaningful connections to be made in relation to their chosen area of research.

For a longer general introduction to undertaking an EE in an interdisciplinary subject area, see  Interdisciplinary essays: An introduction  .

World Studies EE

An EE in world studies gives students the opportunity to undertake an interdisciplinary study of an issue of contemporary global significance.

“Interdisciplinary” in this context refers to research that draws on the methods, concepts and theories of two Diploma Programme subjects . It is strongly recommended that students are undertaking a course of study in at least one of the subjects chosen for their essay.

“Contemporary” in this context refers to events that took place during the student’s lifetime.

Students are required to

• identify an issue of global importance
• identify a local manifestation of the issue of global importance
• develop a clear rationale for taking an interdisciplinary approach and use the conceptual framework and vocabulary of two Diploma Programme subjects.

This provides an opportunity for students to conduct independent interdisciplinary research (not necessarily primary research) that draws on Diploma Programme subjects and integrates them to produce a coherent and insightful analysis of the global issue they choose to investigate.

World studies EEs are registered in one of six areas of study: these are not the same as the Diploma Programme subjects. They are:

• Conflict, peace and security
• Culture, language and identity
• Environmental and/or economic sustainability
• Equality and inequality
• Health and development
• Science, technology and society.

The interdisciplinary essay is designed to provide students with the opportunity to:

• engage in, and pursue, a systematic process of research appropriate to the topic—a process that is informed by knowledge, concepts, theories, perspectives and methods from two chosen subjects
• develop research and communication skills—including the ability to communicate with readers who have a background in more than one subject or discipline
• develop the skills of creative and critical thinking—particularly those skills involved in integrating concepts, theories, perspectives, findings or examples from different subjects to develop new insights or understandings
• experience the excitement of intellectual discovery—including insights into how different subjects complement or challenge one another when used to address the same topic or issue.

(See World Studies EE  and  IB World Studies: Subject Guide  for more information about this topic)

Environmental Systems and Societies EE

Environmental issues occupy a position of increasing significance on the world agenda. An EE in environmental systems and societies gives students an opportunity to explore an environmental topic of particular interest to them.

Since the subject is interdisciplinary, the student will need to select and integrate theoretical contexts and methodologies with those academic disciplines appropriate to the chosen topic.

In this respect, a systems approach is particularly effective, and students will be expected to use this approach in the analysis and interpretation of their data.

Choice of Topic and Examples

Environmental systems and societies focuses upon the interaction and integration of “natural” environmental systems and human societies. An EE in this subject should give significant (though not necessarily equal) weight to both these dimensions.

The topic should allow the student to demonstrate some grasp of how environmental systems and societies function together. For example:

• studying pure ecological principles within the context of human interaction with the environmental system
• addressing philosophical approaches to the environment in relation to specific natural systems.

Students must ensure that their topic would not be better submitted under one of the specialized subject areas of the experimental or the human sciences. For example, topics focusing exclusively on human health, disease or politics are usually more appropriate to a single-discipline essay.

The topic must be open to analytical argument. If it lends itself only to a descriptive or narrative treatment, the student will be unable to achieve marks for critical thinking in the assessment criteria.

For example, it would be of minimal value simply to  describe  a given nature reserve. Instead, the topic should involve an  evaluation  of the reserve’s relationship with a local community, or a  comparison  of its achievement with its original objectives or with those of another conservation initiative.

The topic must enable students to construct and support an argument from their own analysis of the information, rather than simply reporting others’ analysed data.

These examples are just for guidance. Students must ensure their choice of topic is focused (left-hand column) rather than broad (right-hand column).

Environmental Systems and Societies

Helpful Websites for ESS EE Students:

IB ESS Subject Specific Guide  - Use tabs on the left under Environmental Systems and Societies: Subject Specific Guide for more information. 

For Research:

Gale Environmental Studies and Policies

Gale Environmental Studies 

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Extended Essay Support Site

Interdisciplinary essays.

There are three kinds of interdisciplinary essays that you can write and submit: World studies, Literature and Performance and Environmental Systems and Societies. Click on the links below to reveal more information, model research questions and tips for each kind of interdisciplinary essay. 

Literature and Performance

Essays on literature and performance should offer a critical analysis of an adaption or performance of a written text. 'Written texts' may include novels, poems, stories, essays, articles or play scripts (to name a few). 'Performances' may include film, theatrical performances, televised series, or even computer games. It is recommended that literature and performance essays explore the contexts in which written works are conceived and performances are received. It is also recommended that you explore the author's purpose in commenting on a particular topic or theme. 

Model research questions for Literature and Performance:

• To what extent does John Boorman's feature film, In My Country , explore Antje Krog's depiction of reconciliation in post-Apartheid South Africa from her memoir, Country of My Skull ?
• To what degree has Jonathan Saffron Foer's use of diction in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close successfully been adapted for film by Stephen Daldry, so as to express the thoughts and feeling of the main character, Oskar?
• Are you a Language and Literature student or Literature student? It's OK for you to write a Literature and Performance essay, even if you are not taking this course.
• Every good Literature and Performance essay seems to ask: 'How is the author's intention in Text X realised through Performance Y using Technique Z?'

Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS)

Essays on ESS explore the effect of human societies on the natural world. For this type of essay, it is not enough to describe environmental problems and phenomena. Rather, you are expected to critically analyse and evaluate the relationship between nature and humans by exploring case studies or conducting experiments.

Model research questions for ESS:

• To what degree has the reintroduction of wolves in Colorado been successful for both its economy and ecosystems?
• To what extent could a golf course be built on the island of Crete to benefit its fauna and flora?
• To what degree does the silvopastoral system in Southern Colombia, as implemented by Nestlé, promote sustainable development?
• Notice that each sample question focuses on a place or region. 
• Most ESS essays explore the notion of sustainability.
• Many ESS essays explore biology and geography as disciplines for acquiring knowledge.
• Good ESS questions are evaluative and not descriptive.

World Studies Extended Essay (WSEE)

A world studies extended essays (WSEE) is based on two or more IBDP subjects and explores a local manifestation of a global issue. Like all essays, WSEEs are expected to be analytical and critical rather than descriptive and reductive. A WSEE must be registered under one of the following areas of study:

• conflict, peace and security
• culture, language and identity
• environmental and/or economic sustainability
• equality and inequality
• health and development
• science, technology and society. 

While the WSEE is often used as as way to circumnavigate the 5-year rule for economics and the 10-year rule for History, be careful when applying concepts from history to events that are younger than 10 years old or exploring Economics and phenomena that are older than 5 years old. If you are not taking Global Politics as a subject, be careful when using it as a WSEE subject.

Sample research questions: 

• IBDP Subjects: Economics, Global Politics
• WSEE subject area: conflict, pease and security
• IBDP Subjects: History, Global Politics
• IBDP Subjects: ESS, Biology
• WSEE: environmental and/or economic sustainability
• To what degree is The Quiet American an accurate representation of America's involvement in Indochina?  
• IBDP Subjects: Literature, History
• WSEE: Culture, language and identity
• Notice that good WSEE research questions have a 'local' and 'global' element.
• Notice that question 3 could be submitted as an ESS essay as well. 
• Group 3 subjects are popular as WSEEs subjects. Many involve Global Politics, a subject that few students actually take.

One of the IB's Approaches to Teaching is 'informed by assessment'. Before writing an interdisciplinary essay, it is recommended that you study several model essays. These can be found on the Programme Resource Centre (PRC) for the EE.

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Environmentally friendly and effective alternative approaches to pest management: recent advances and challenges.

1. Introduction

2. the potential application of secondary metabolites for green plant protection, 3. phytohormone treatment as a pest control strategy, 4. the introduction of biocontrol agents into pest management, 5. insect pheromones and their potential use in pest management, 6. concluding remarks and future perspectives, author contributions, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Shang, H.; He, D.; Li, B.; Chen, X.; Luo, K.; Li, G. Environmentally Friendly and Effective Alternative Approaches to Pest Management: Recent Advances and Challenges. Agronomy 2024 , 14 , 1807. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081807

Shang H, He D, Li B, Chen X, Luo K, Li G. Environmentally Friendly and Effective Alternative Approaches to Pest Management: Recent Advances and Challenges. Agronomy . 2024; 14(8):1807. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081807

Shang, Huanzhang, Dejia He, Boliao Li, Xiulin Chen, Kun Luo, and Guangwei Li. 2024. "Environmentally Friendly and Effective Alternative Approaches to Pest Management: Recent Advances and Challenges" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1807. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081807

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