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Qualitative Approaches in Mathematics Education Research: Challenges and Possible Solutions

Sashi Sharma

Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, Faculty of Education,The university of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand

Contributor Roles: Sashi Sharma is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.

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Despite being relatively new in mathematics education research, qualitative researchapproaches need special attention as attempts are being made to enhance the credibility and trustworthiness of this approach. It is important that researchers are aware of the limitations associated with these methods so that measures are put in place to try and minimize the effects of these limitations Philosophical roots and key features of this paradigm are outlined. Qualitative methods such as the interview approach in research literature as a data gathering tool are considered next. Challenges faced by qualitative researchers in terms of reliability, validity and generability are considered. Examples are provided to illustrate methodological problems and solutions related to qualitative methods.

Research Methods, Qualitative Research, Data Collection, Quality Criteria, Limitations, Possible Solutions

Sashi Sharma. (2013). Qualitative Approaches in Mathematics Education Research: Challenges and Possible Solutions. Education Journal , 2 (2), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.edu.20130202.14

Sashi Sharma. Qualitative Approaches in Mathematics Education Research: Challenges and Possible Solutions. Educ. J. 2013 , 2 (2), 50-57. doi: 10.11648/j.edu.20130202.14

Sashi Sharma. Qualitative Approaches in Mathematics Education Research: Challenges and Possible Solutions. Educ J . 2013;2(2):50-57. doi: 10.11648/j.edu.20130202.14

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Approaches to qualitative research in mathematics education : examples of methodology and methods

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• Part 1: Grounded theory methodology.
• Chapter 1: Anne R. Teppo. Grounded Theory Methods.
• Chapter 2: Maike Vollstedt. To see the wood for the trees: The development of theory from empirical interview data using grounded theory.-
• Part 2: Approaches to reconstructing argumentation.
• Chapter 3: Gotz Krummheuer. Methods for reconstructing processes of argumentation and Chaptericipation in primary mathematics classroom interaction.
• Chapter 4: Christine Knipping and David Reid. Reconstructing argumentation structures: A perspective on proving processes in secondary mathematics classroom interactions.-
• Part 3: Ideal type construction.
• Chapter 5: Angelika Bikner-Ahsbahs. Empirically grounded building of ideal types. A methodical principle of constructing theory in the interpretive research in mathematics education.
• Chapter 6: Angelika Bikner-Ahsbahs. How ideal type construction can be achieved: An example.-
• Part 4: Semiotic research.
• Chapter 7: Luis Radford and Cristina Sabena. The question of method in a Vygotskian semiotic approach.-
• Part 5: A theory on abstraction and its methodology.
• Chapter 8: Tommy Dreyfus, Rina Hershkowitz and Baruch Schwarz. The nested epistemic actions model for Abstraction in Context: Theory as methodological tool and methodological tool as theory.-
• Part 6: Networking of theories.
• Chapter 9: Ivy Kidron and Angelika Bikner-Ahsbahs. Advancing research by means of the networking of theories.
• Chapter 10: Angelika Bikner-Ahsbahs and Ivy Kidron. A cross-methodology for the networking of theories: The general epistemic need (GEN) as a new concept at the boundary of two theories.-
• Part 7: Multi-level-analysis.
• Chapter 11: Geoffrey B. Saxe, Kenton de Kirby, Marie Le, Yasmin Sitabkhan, Bona Kang. Understanding learning across lessons in classroom communities: A multi-leveled analytic approach.-
• Part 8: Mixed Methods.
• Chapter 12: Udo Kelle and Nils Buchholtz. The combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods in mathematics education-A "Mixed Methods" study on the development of the professional knowledge of teachers.-
• Part 9: Qualitative Content Analysis.
• Chapter 13: Philipp Mayring. Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical background and procedures.
• Chapter 14: Bjorn Schwarz. A study on professional competence of future teacher students as an example of a study using Qualitative Content Analysis.-
• Part 10: Triangulation and cultural studies.
• Chapter 15: Ida Ah Chee Mok and David J. Clarke. The contemporary importance of triangulation in a post-positivist world: Examples from the Learner's Perspective Study.-
• Part 11: Design research as a research methodology.
• Chapter 16: Arthur Bakker and Dolly van Eerde. An introduction to design-based research with an example from statistics education.
• Chapter 17: Michele Artigue. Perspectives on design research: The case of didactical engineering.
• Chapter 18: Erin Henrick, Paul Cobb and Kara Jackson. Educational design research to support system-wide instructional improvement.
• Part 12: Looking back.
• Chapter 19: Angelika Bikner-Ahsbahs, Christine Knipping and Norma Presmeg. Appendix.- References.- Index of keywords.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

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Approaches to qualitative research in mathematics education : examples of methodology and methods

• A. Bikner-Ahsbahs , C. Knipping , N. Presmeg
• Published 2015
• Mathematics, Education

22 Citations

Comparing and combining research approaches to empirically inform the design of subject-matter interventions: the case of fostering language learners’ strategies for word problems, studying mathematical practices: the dilemma of case studies, how automated feedback from a digital mathematics textbook affects primary students’ conceptual development: two case studies, paths of integration of digital resources for geometry by two primary-school teachers, more than the sum of its parts—a constructivist grounded-theory study on specialist palliative care during crises like the covid pandemic, if we want to get ahead, we should transcend dualisms and foster paradigm pluralism, implications of religion, culture, and legislation for gender equality at work: qualitative insights from jordan, pleasures, power, and pitfalls of writing up mathematics education research, content analysis of al-islam and kemuhammadiyahan values on multivariable calculus materials, advances and trends in research on mathematical working spaces: a systematic review, 4 references, research in mathematics education, the second handbook of research on the psychology of mathematics education: the journey continues, related papers.

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Questions to Ask of Qualitative Mathematics Education Research Papers, updated April 2014.

These questions are handed out to students in our graduate level mathematics education research seminar, which concentrates on reading and analyzing mostly qualitative research articles in undergraduate mathematics education (RUME). They were collected over a long time and have just been updated and rearranged. They are meant to help focus class discussions in a productive way.

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This is a list of the papers, with discussion questions, that we are reading and discussing in our math ed research seminar this semester. I find it useful to have such questions prepared ahead of time in case there is a "lull" in the conversation, or if the conversation goes in unfruitful directions, so it can be redirected to discussing the paper at hand.

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Mathematics education researchers seek answers to important questions that will ultimately result in the enhancement of mathematics teaching, learning, curriculum, and assessment, working toward “ensuring that all students attain mathematics proficiency and increasing the numbers of students from all racial, ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic groups who attain the highest levels of mathematics achievement” (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM], 2014, p. 61). Although mathematics education is a relatively young field, researchers have made significant progress in advancing the discipline. As Ellerton (2014) explained in her JRME editorial, our field is like a growing tree, stable and strong in its roots yet becoming more vast and diverse because of a number of factors. Such growth begs these questions: Is our research solving significant problems? How do we create a system and infrastructure that will provide an opportunity to accumulate professional knowledge that is st...

This book by-passes both psychology and sociology to present an original social theory centered on seeing mathematical learning by everyone as an intrinsic dimension of how mathematics develops as a field in support of human activity. Here, mathematics is defined by how we collectively talk about it. Drawing on psychoanalytic theory, the student is seen as participating in the renewal of mathematics through their contributions to our collective gaze on mathematics as the field responds to ever new demands. As such learning takes a critical stance on the standard initiations into current practices often promoted by formal education. In the field of mathematics education, researchers have moved from psychology where individual students were seen as following natural paths of development through existing mathematical knowledge, to socio-cultural models predicated on students being initiated into the human world and understood through the reflective gazes this world has of itself, such as those found in comparisons of student learning in different countries. This book addresses the domain, purpose and functioning of contemporary research in mathematics education and is an original contribution to this theme. The book is aimed at a mathematics education research audience. It continues a dialogue with existing publications, seen widely as a cutting edge and will also be of interest to students and practitioners in the fields of qualitative research, social theory and psychology. New book- Tony Brown A contemporary theory of mathematics education research https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030550998#aboutBook A preface providing an action-packed overview is freely downloadable as a pdf: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-030-55100-1

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Mathematics is important for a person to live a better life. It has a special position in the educational curriculum. However, it is well known that most students find mathematics challenging. This study examined the high school student's struggles and challenges in learning Mathematics. The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) anchored from the Modified Van Kaam Approach popularized by Moustakas was utilized in this study to come up with meaningful data on the struggles and challenges of the high school students in learning Mathematics. The subject of this research was chosen using a purposive sampling technique and the participants are all qualified according to the study's inclusion criteria. 10 high school students of Bartolome and Manuela Pañares Memorial National High School participated in the interview. Analyzing the causes is crucial before taking additional steps to enhance students' Math learning. Through an open-ended survey questionnaire, students were questioned about potential causes of their learning challenges. The researchers generated four themes from the gathered data, and these are the following: The Crux of the Matter, Stumbling Block, Get to Grips With, and Significantly Essential Matter. These themes were formulated based on the students' shared experiences in learning Mathematics. The study included cognitive, affective, and contextual factors that determine the struggles and challenges in learning Mathematics. The challenges that students have in learning mathematics include having trouble recalling information from previous classes, forgetting information easily, and having trouble understanding mathematical ideas. It has been observed that students who find mathematics to be extremely difficult tend to give up more easily than those who find the subject simple. The results also showed that teachers must understand the value of making classroom mathematics engaging so that the students will put effort in learning the subject. The result is presented in the context of the students' perspectives and learning methods.

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The purpose of this phenomenological study will be to understand the mathematics critical thinking process for teachers in primary education in northern Virginia. The theory guiding this study is Kolb’s experiential learning theory, which applies to critical thinking processes. The central research question will be: What are the experiences of primary mathematics teachers implementing critical thinking? This qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study aims to determine the influences of critical thinking tasks on planning and instruction. Using qualified participants from northern Virginia, this study will collect data through interviews, a focus group, and document analysis. After data collection, the data will be analyzed for themes by identifying codes, creating categories, and applying the themes to the research.

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Motivation and engagement in mathematics: a qualitative framework for teacher-student interactions

• Original Article
• Published: 25 February 2017
• Volume 29 , pages 163–181, ( 2017 )

Cite this article

• Tracy L. Durksen 1 ,
• Jennifer Way 2 ,
• Janette Bobis 2 ,
• Judy Anderson 2 ,
• Karen Skilling 3 &
• Andrew J. Martin 1  

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We started with a classic research question ( How do teachers motivate and engage middle year students in mathematics? ) that is solidly underpinned and guided by an integration of two theoretical and multidimensional models. In particular, the current study illustrates how theory is important for guiding qualitative analytical approaches to motivation and engagement in mathematics. With little research on how teachers of mathematics are able to maintain high levels of student motivation and engagement, we focused on developing a qualitative framework that highlights the influence of teacher-student interactions. Participants were six teachers (upper primary and secondary) that taught students with higher-than-average levels of motivation and engagement in mathematics. Data sources included one video-recorded lesson and associated transcripts from pre- and post-lesson interviews with each teacher. Overall, effective classroom organisation stood out as a priority when promoting motivation and engagement in mathematics. Results on classroom organisation revealed four key indicators within teacher-student interactions deemed important for motivation and engagement in mathematics—confidence, climate, contact, and connection. Since much of the effect of teachers on student learning relies on interactions, and given the universal trend of declining mathematical performance during the middle years of schooling, future research and intervention studies might be assisted by our qualitative framework.

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School of Education, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, 131 John Goodsell Bldg, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia

Tracy L. Durksen & Andrew J. Martin

The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

Jennifer Way, Janette Bobis & Judy Anderson

King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK

Karen Skilling

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Durksen, T.L., Way, J., Bobis, J. et al. Motivation and engagement in mathematics: a qualitative framework for teacher-student interactions. Math Ed Res J 29 , 163–181 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-017-0199-1

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Received : 31 August 2016

Accepted : 08 February 2017

Published : 25 February 2017

Issue Date : June 2017

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-017-0199-1

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Home > Computational, Mathematical, and Physical Sciences > Mathematics Education > Theses and Dissertations

Mathematics Education Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2024 2024.

Rigorous Verification of Stability of Ideal Gas Layers , Damian Anderson

Documentation of Norm Negotiation in a Secondary Mathematics Classroom , Michelle R. Bagley

New Mathematics Teachers' Goals, Orientations, and Resources that Influence Implementation of Principles Learned in Brigham Young University's Teacher Preparation Program , Caroline S. Gneiting

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

Impact of Applying Visual Design Principles to Boardwork in a Mathematics Classroom , Jennifer Rose Canizales

Practicing Mathematics Teachers' Perspectives of Public Records in Their Classrooms , Sini Nicole White Graff

Parents' Perceptions of the Importance of Teaching Mathematics: A Q-Study , Ashlynn M. Holley

Engagement in Secondary Mathematics Group Work: A Student Perspective , Rachel H. Jorgenson

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Understanding College Students' Use of Written Feedback in Mathematics , Erin Loraine Carroll

Identity Work to Teach Mathematics for Social Justice , Navy B. Dixon

Developing a Quantitative Understanding of U-Substitution in First-Semester Calculus , Leilani Camille Heaton Fonbuena

The Perception of At-Risk Students on Caring Student-Teacher Relationships and Its Impact on Their Productive Disposition , Brittany Hopper

Variational and Covariational Reasoning of Students with Disabilities , Lauren Rigby

Structural Reasoning with Rational Expressions , Dana Steinhorst

Student-Created Learning Objects for Mathematics Renewable Assignments: The Potential Value They Bring to the Broader Community , Webster Wong

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Emotional Geographies of Beginning and Veteran Reformed Teachers in Mentor/Mentee Relationships , Emily Joan Adams

You Do Math Like a Girl: How Women Reason Mathematically Outside of Formal and School Mathematics Contexts , Katelyn C. Pyfer

Developing the Definite Integral and Accumulation Function Through Adding Up Pieces: A Hypothetical Learning Trajectory , Brinley Nichole Stevens

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Mathematical Identities of Students with Mathematics Learning Dis/abilities , Emma Lynn Holdaway

Teachers' Mathematical Meanings: Decisions for Teaching Geometric Reflections and Orientation of Figures , Porter Peterson Nielsen

Student Use of Mathematical Content Knowledge During Proof Production , Chelsey Lynn Van de Merwe

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Making Sense of the Equal Sign in Middle School Mathematics , Chelsea Lynn Dickson

Developing Understanding of the Chain Rule, Implicit Differentiation, and Related Rates: Towards a Hypothetical Learning Trajectory Rooted in Nested Multivariation , Haley Paige Jeppson

Secondary Preservice Mathematics Teachers' Curricular Reasoning , Kimber Anne Mathis

“Don’t Say Gay. We Say Dumb or Stupid”: Queering ProspectiveMathematics Teachers’ Discussions , Amy Saunders Ross

Aspects of Engaging Problem Contexts From Students' Perspectives , Tamara Kay Stark

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Addressing Pre-Service Teachers' Misconceptions About Confidence Intervals , Kiya Lynn Eliason

How Teacher Questions Affect the Development of a Potential Hybrid Space in a Classroom with Latina/o Students , Casandra Helen Job

Teacher Graphing Practices for Linear Functions in a Covariation-Based College Algebra Classroom , Konda Jo Luckau

Principles of Productivity Revealed from Secondary Mathematics Teachers' Discussions Around the Productiveness of Teacher Moves in Response to Teachable Moments , Kylie Victoria Palsky

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Curriculum Decisions and Reasoning of Middle School Teachers , Anand Mikel Bernard

Teacher Response to Instances of Student Thinking During Whole Class Discussion , Rachel Marie Bernard

Kyozaikenkyu: An In-Depth Look into Japanese Educators' Daily Planning Practices , Matthew David Melville

Analysis of Differential Equations Applications from the Coordination Class Perspective , Omar Antonio Naranjo Mayorga

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

The Principles of Effective Teaching Student Teachershave the Opportunity to Learn in an AlternativeStudent Teaching Structure , Danielle Rose Divis

Insight into Student Conceptions of Proof , Steven Daniel Lauzon

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Teacher Participation and Motivation inProfessional Development , Krystal A. Hill

Student Evaluation of Mathematical Explanations in anInquiry-Based Mathematics Classroom , Ashley Burgess Hulet

English Learners' Participation in Mathematical Discourse , Lindsay Marie Merrill

Mathematical Interactions between Teachers and Students in the Finnish Mathematics Classroom , Paula Jeffery Prestwich

Parents and the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics , Rebecca Anne Roberts

Examining the Effects of College Algebra on Students' Mathematical Dispositions , Kevin Lee Watson

Problems Faced by Reform Oriented Novice Mathematics Teachers Utilizing a Traditional Curriculum , Tyler Joseph Winiecke

Academic and Peer Status in the Mathematical Life Stories of Students , Carol Ann Wise

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

The Effect of Students' Mathematical Beliefs on Knowledge Transfer , Kristen Adams

Language Use in Mathematics Textbooks Written in English and Spanish , Kailie Ann Bertoch

Teachers' Curricular Reasoning and MKT in the Context of Algebra and Statistics , Kolby J. Gadd

Mathematical Telling in the Context of Teacher Interventions with Collaborative Groups , Brandon Kyle Singleton

An Investigation of How Preservice Teachers Design Mathematical Tasks , Elizabeth Karen Zwahlen

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Student Understanding of Limit and Continuity at a Point: A Look into Four Potentially Problematic Conceptions , Miriam Lynne Amatangelo

Exploring the Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching of Japanese Teachers , Ratu Jared R. T. Bukarau

Comparing Two Different Student Teaching Structures by Analyzing Conversations Between Student Teachers and Their Cooperating Teachers , Niccole Suzette Franc

Professional Development as a Community of Practice and Its Associated Influence on the Induction of a Beginning Mathematics Teacher , Savannah O. Steele

Types of Questions that Comprise a Teacher's Questioning Discourse in a Conceptually-Oriented Classroom , Keilani Stolk

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Student Teachers' Interactive Decisions with Respect to Student Mathematics Thinking , Jonathan J. Call

Manipulatives and the Growth of Mathematical Understanding , Stacie Joyce Gibbons

Learning Within a Computer-Assisted Instructional Environment: Effects on Multiplication Math Fact Mastery and Self-Efficacy in Elementary-Age Students , Loraine Jones Hanson

Mathematics Teacher Time Allocation , Ashley Martin Jones

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

How Student Positioning Can Lead to Failure in Inquiry-based Classrooms , Kelly Beatrice Campbell

Teachers' Decisions to Use Student Input During Class Discussion , Heather Taylor Toponce

A Conceptual Framework for Student Understanding of Logarithms , Heather Rebecca Ambler Williams

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Growth in Students' Conceptions of Mathematical Induction , John David Gruver

Contextualized Motivation Theory (CMT): Intellectual Passion, Mathematical Need, Social Responsibility, and Personal Agency in Learning Mathematics , Janelle Marie Hart

Thinking on the Brink: Facilitating Student Teachers' Learning Through In-the-Moment Interjections , Travis L. Lemon

Understanding Teachers' Change Towards a Reform-Oriented Mathematics Classroom , Linnae Denise Williams

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

A Comparison of Mathematical Discourse in Online and Face-to-Face Environments , Shawn D. Broderick

The Influence of Risk Taking on Student Creation of Mathematical Meaning: Contextual Risk Theory , Erin Nicole Houghtaling

Uncovering Transformative Experiences: A Case Study of the Transformations Made by one Teacher in a Mathematics Professional Development Program , Rachelle Myler Orsak

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

Student Teacher Knowledge and Its Impact on Task Design , Tenille Cannon

How Eighth-Grade Students Estimate with Fractions , Audrey Linford Hanks

Similar but Different: The Complexities of Students' Mathematical Identities , Diane Skillicorn Hill

Choose Your Words: Refining What Counts as Mathematical Discourse in Students' Negotiation of Meaning for Rate of Change of Volume , Christine Johnson

Mathematics Student Teaching in Japan: A Multi-Case Study , Allison Turley Shwalb

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Applying Toulmin's Argumentation Framework to Explanations in a Reform Oriented Mathematics Class , Jennifer Alder Brinkerhoff

What Are Some of the Common Traits in the Thought Processes of Undergraduate Students Capable of Creating Proof? , Karen Malina Duff

Probing for Reasons: Presentations, Questions, Phases , Kellyn Nicole Farlow

One Problem, Two Contexts , Danielle L. Gigger

The Main Challenges that a Teacher-in-Transition Faces When Teaching a High School Geometry Class , Greg Brough Henry

Discovering the Derivative Can Be "Invigorating:" Mark's Journey to Understanding Instantaneous Velocity , Charity Ann Gardner Hyer

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

How a Master Teacher Uses Questioning Within a Mathematical Discourse Community , Omel Angel Contreras

Determining High School Geometry Students' Geometric Understanding Using van Hiele Levels: Is There a Difference Between Standards-based Curriculum Students and NonStandards-based Curriculum Students? , Rebekah Loraine Genz

The Nature and Frequency of Mathematical Discussion During Lesson Study That Implemented the CMI Framework , Andrew Ray Glaze

Second Graders' Solution Strategies and Understanding of a Combination Problem , Tiffany Marie Hessing

What Does It Mean To Preservice Mathematics Teachers To Anticipate Student Responses? , Matthew M. Webb

Theses/Dissertations from 2005 2005

Fraction Multiplication and Division Image Change in Pre-Service Elementary Teachers , Jennifer J. Cluff

An Examination of the Role of Writing in Mathematics Instruction , Amy Jeppsen

Theses/Dissertations from 2004 2004

Reasoning About Motion: A Case Study , Tiffini Lynn Glaze

Theses/Dissertations from 2003 2003

An Analysis of the Influence of Lesson Study on Preservice Secondary Mathematics Teachers' View of Self-As Mathematics Expert , Julie Stafford

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181 Mathematics Research Topics From PhD Experts

If you are reading this blog post, it means you are looking for some exceptional math research topics. You want them to be original, unique even. If you manage to find topics like this, you can be sure your professor will give you a top grade (if you write a decent paper, that is). The good news is that you have arrived at just the right place – at the right time. We have just finished updating our list of topics, so you will find plenty of original ideas right on this page. All our topics are 100 percent free to use as you see fit. You can reword them and you don’t need to give us any credit.

And remember: if you need assistance from a professional, don’t hesitate to reach out to us. We are not just the best place for math research topics for high school students; we are also the number one choice for students looking for top-notch research paper writing services.

Our Newest Research Topics in Math

We know you probably want the best and most recent research topics in math. You want your paper to stand out from all the rest. After all, this is the best way to get some bonus points from your professor. On top of this, finding some great topics for your next paper makes it easier for you to write the essay. As long as you know at least something about the topic, you’ll find that writing a great paper or buy phd thesis isn’t as difficult as you previously thought.

So, without further ado, here are the 181 brand new topics for your next math research paper:

Cool Math Topics to Research

Are you looking for some cool math topics to research? We have a list of original topics for your right here. Pick the one you like and start writing now:

• Roll two dice and calculate a probability
• Discuss ancient Greek mathematics
• Is math really important in school?
• Discuss the binomial theorem
• The math behind encryption
• Game theory and its real-life applications
• Analyze the Bernoulli scheme
• What are holomorphic functions and how do they work?
• Describe big numbers
• Solving the Tower of Hanoi problem

Undergraduate Math Research Topics

If you are an undergraduate looking for some research topics for your next math paper, you will surely appreciate our list of interesting undergraduate math research topics:

• Methods to count discrete objects
• The origins of Greek symbols in mathematics
• Methods to solve simultaneous equations
• Real-world applications of the theorem of Pythagoras
• Discuss the limits of diffusion
• Use math to analyze the abortion data in the UK over the last 100 years
• Discuss the Knot theory
• Analyze predictive models (take meteorology as an example)
• In-depth analysis of the Monte Carlo methods for inverse problems
• Squares vs. rectangles (compare and contrast)

Number Theory Topics to Research

Interested in writing about number theory? It is not an easy subject to discuss, we know. However, we are sure you will appreciate these number theory topics:

• Discuss the greatest common divisor
• Explain the extended Euclidean algorithm
• What are RSA numbers?
• Discuss Bézout’s lemma
• In-depth analysis of the square-free polynomial
• Discuss the Stern-Brocot tree
• Analyze Fermat’s little theorem
• What is a discrete logarithm?
• Gauss’s lemma in number theory
• Analyze the Pentagonal number theorem

Math Research Topics for High School

High school students shouldn’t be too worried about their math papers because we have some unique, and quite interesting, math research topics for high school right here:

• Discuss Brun’s constant
• An in-depth look at the Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity
• What is derivative algebra?
• Describe the Symmetric Boolean function
• Discuss orders of approximation in limits
• Solving Regiomontanus’ angle maximization problem
• What is a Quadratic integral?
• Define and describe complementary angles
• Analyze the incircle and excircles of a triangle
• Analyze the Bolyai–Gerwien theorem in geometry
• Math in our everyday life

Complex Math Topics

If you want to give some complex math topics a try, we have the best examples below. Remember, these topics should only be attempted by students who are proficient in mathematics:

• Mathematics and its appliance in Artificial Intelligence
• Try to solve an unsolved problem in math
• Discuss Kolmogorov’s zero-one law
• What is a discrete random variable?
• Analyze the Hewitt–Savage zero-one law
• What is a transferable belief model?
• Discuss 3 major mathematical theorems
• Describe and analyze the Dempster-Shafer theory
• An in-depth analysis of a continuous stochastic process
• Identify and analyze Gauss-Markov processes

Easy Math Research Paper Topics

Perhaps you don’t want to spend too much time working on your next research paper. Who can blame you? Check out these easy math research paper topics:

• Define the hyperbola
• Do we need to use a calculator during math class?
• The binomial theorem and its real-world applications
• What is a parabola in geometry?
• How do you calculate the slope of a curve?
• Define the Jacobian matrix
• Solving matrix problems effectively
• Why do we need differential equations?
• Should math be mandatory in all schools?
• What is a Hessian matrix?

Logic Topics to Research

We have some interesting logical topics for research papers. These are perfect for students interested in writing about math logic. Pick one right now:

• Discuss the reductio ad absurdum approach
• Discuss Boolean algebra
• What is consistency proof?
• Analyze Trakhtenbrot’s theorem (the finite model theory)
• Discuss the Gödel completeness theorem
• An in-depth analysis of Morley’s categoricity theorem
• How does the Back-and-forth method work?
• Discuss the Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game technique
• Discuss Aleph numbers (Aleph-null and Aleph-one)
• Solving the Suslin problem

Algebra Topics for a Research Paper

Would you like to write about an algebra topic? No problem, our seasoned writers have compiled a list of the best algebra topics for a research paper:

• Discuss the differential equation
• Analyze the Jacobson density theorem
• The 4 properties of a binary operation in algebra
• Analyze the unary operator in depth
• Analyze the Abel–Ruffini theorem
• Epimorphisms vs. monomorphisms: compare and contrast
• Discuss the Morita duality in algebraic structures
• Idempotent vs. nilpotent in Ring theory
• Discuss the Artin-Wedderburn theorem
• What is a commutative ring in algebra?
• Analyze and describe the Noetherian ring

Math Education Research Topics

There is nothing wrong with writing about math education, especially if your professor did not give you writing prompts. Here are some very nice math education research topics:

• What are the goals a mathematics professor should have?
• What is math anxiety in the classroom?
• Teaching math in UK schools: the difficulties
• Computer programming or math in high school?
• Is math education in Europe at a high enough level?
• Common Core Standards and their effects on math education
• Culture and math education in Africa
• What is dyscalculia and how does it manifest itself?
• When was algebra first thought in schools?
• Math education in the United States versus the United Kingdom

Computability Theory Topics to Research

Writing about computability theory can be a very interesting adventure. Give it a try! Here are some of our most interesting computability theory topics to research:

• What is a multiplication table?
• Analyze the Scholz conjecture
• Explain exponentiating by squaring
• Analyze the Myhill-Nerode theorem
• What is a tree automaton?
• Compare and contrast the Pushdown automaton and the Büchi automaton
• Discuss the Markov algorithm
• What is a Turing machine?
• Analyze the post correspondence problem
• Discuss the linear speedup theorem
• Discuss the Boolean satisfiability problem

Interesting Math Research Topics

We know you want topics that are interesting and relatively easy to write about. This is why we have a separate list of our most interesting math research topics:

• What is two-element Boolean algebra?
• The life of Gauss
• The life of Isaac Newton
• What is an orthodiagonal quadrilateral?
• Tessellation in Euclidean plane geometry
• Describe a hyperboloid in 3D geometry
• What is a sphericon?
• Discuss the peculiarities of Borel’s paradox
• Analyze the De Finetti theorem in statistics
• What are Martingales?
• The basics of stochastic calculus

Applied Math Research Topics

Interested in writing about applied mathematics? Our team managed to create a list of awesome applied math research topics from scratch for you:

• Discuss Newton’s laws of motion
• Analyze the perpendicular axes rule
• How is a Galilean transformation done?
• The conservation of energy and its applications
• Discuss Liouville’s theorem in Hamiltonian mechanics
• Analyze the quantum field theory
• Discuss the main components of the Lorentz symmetry
• An in-depth look at the uncertainty principle

Geometry Topics for a Research Paper

Geometry can be a very captivating subject, especially when you know plenty about it. Check out our list of geometry topics for a research paper and pick the best one today:

• Most useful trigonometry functions in math
• The life of Archimedes and his achievements
• Trigonometry in computer graphics
• Using Vincenty’s formulae in geodesy
• Define and describe the Heronian tetrahedron
• The math behind the parabolic microphone
• Discuss the Japanese theorem for concyclic polygons
• Analyze Euler’s theorem in geometry

Math Research Topics for Middle School

Yes, even middle school children can write about mathematics. We have some original math research topics for middle school right here:

• Finding critical points in a graph
• The basics of calculus
• What makes a graph ultrahomogeneous?
• How do you calculate the area of different shapes?
• What contributions did Euclid have to the field of mathematics?
• What is Diophantine geometry?
• What makes a graph regular?
• Analyze a full binary tree

Math Research Topics for College Students

As you’ve probably already figured out, college students should pick topics that are a bit more complex. We have some of the best math research topics for college students right here:

• What are extremal problems and how do you solve them?
• Discuss an unsolvable math problem
• How can supercomputers solve complex mathematical problems?
• An in-depth analysis of fractals
• Discuss the Boruvka’s algorithm (related to the minimum spanning tree)
• Discuss the Lorentz–FitzGerald contraction hypothesis in relativity
• An in-depth look at Einstein’s field equation
• The math behind computer vision and object recognition

Calculus Topics for a Research Paper

Let’s face it: calculus is not a very difficult field. So, why don’t you pick one of our excellent calculus topics for a research paper and start writing your essay right away:

• When do we need to apply the L’Hôpital rule?
• Discuss the Leibniz integral rule
• Calculus in ancient Egypt
• Discuss and analyze linear approximations
• The applications of calculus in real life
• The many uses of Stokes’ theorem
• Discuss the Borel regular measure
• An in-depth analysis of Lebesgue’s monotone convergence theorem

Simple Math Research Paper Topics for High School

This is the place where you can find some pretty simple topics if you are a high school student. Check out our simple math research paper topics for high school:

• The life and work of the famous Pierre de Fermat
• What are limits and why are they useful in calculus?
• Explain the concept of congruency
• The life and work of the famous Jakob Bernoulli
• Analyze the rhombicosidodecahedron and its applications
• Calculus and the Egyptian pyramids
• The life and work of the famous Jean d’Alembert
• Discuss the hyperplane arrangement in combinatorial computational geometry
• The smallest enclosing sphere method in combinatorics

Business Math Topics

If you want to surprise your professor, why don’t you write about business math? We have some exceptional topics that nobody has thought about right here:

• Is paying a loan with another loan a good approach?
• Discuss the major causes of a stock market crash
• Best debt amortization methods in the US
• How do bank loans work in the UK?
• Calculating interest rates the easy way
• Discuss the pros and cons of annuities
• Basic business math skills everyone should possess
• Business math in United States schools
• Analyze the discount factor

Probability and Statistics Topics for Research

Probability and statistics are not easy fields. However, you can impress your professor with one of our unique probability and statistics topics for research:

• What is the autoregressive conditional duration?
• Applying the ANOVA method to ranks
• Discuss the practical applications of the Bates distribution
• Explain the principle of maximum entropy
• Discuss Skorokhod’s representation theorem in random variables
• What is the Factorial moment in the Theory of Probability?
• Compare and contrast Cochran’s C test and his Q test
• Analyze the De Moivre-Laplace theorem
• What is a negative probability?

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100 Qualitative Research Titles For High School Students

Are you brainstorming for excellent qualitative research titles for your high school curriculum? If yes, then this blog is for you! Academic life throws a lot of thesis and qualitative research papers and essays at you. Although thesis and essays may not be much of a hassle. However, when it comes to your research paper title, you must ensure that it is qualitative, and not quantitative. 

Qualitative research is primarily focused on obtaining data through case studies, artifacts, interviews, documentaries, and other first-hand observations. It focuses more on these natural settings rather than statistics and numbers. If you are finding it difficult to find a topic, then worry not because the high schooler has this blog post curated for you with 100 qualitative research titles that can help you get started!

Qualitative research prompts for high schoolers

Qualitative research papers are written by gathering and analyzing non-numerical data. Generally, teachers allot a list of topics that you can choose from. However, if you aren’t given the list, you need to search for a topic for yourself.

Qualitative research topics mostly deal with the happenings in society and nature. There are endless topics that you can choose from. We have curated a list of 100 qualitative research titles for you to choose from. Read on and pick the one that best aligns with your interests!

• Why is there a pressing need for wildlife conservation?
• Discuss the impacts of climate change on future generations. 
• Discuss the impact of overpopulation on sustainable resources.
• Discuss the factors considered while establishing the first 10 engineering universities in the world.
• What is the contribution of AI to emotional intelligence? Explain. 
• List out the effective methods to reduce the occurrences of fraud through cybercrimes.
• With case studies, discuss some of the greatest movements in history leading to independence. 
• Discuss real-life scenarios of gender-based discrimination. 
• Discuss disparities in income and opportunities in developing nations. 
• How to deal with those dealing with ADHD?
• Describe how life was before the invention of the air conditioner. 
• Explain the increasing applications of clinical psychology. 
• What is psychology? Explain the career opportunities it brings forth for youngsters.
• Covid lockdown: Is homeschooling the new way to school children?
• What is the role of army dogs? How are they trained for the role?
• What is feminism to you? Mention a feminist and his/her contributions to making the world a better place for women.  
• What is true leadership quality according to you? Explain with a case study of a famous personality you admire for their leadership skills. 
• Is wearing a mask effective in preventing covid-19? Explain the other practices that can help one prevent covid-19. 
• Explain how teachers play an important role in helping students with disabilities improve their learning.
• Is ‘E business’ taking over traditional methods of carrying out business?
• What are the implications of allowing high schoolers to use smartphones in classes?
• Does stress have an effect on human behavior?
• Explain the link between poverty and education. 
• With case studies, explain the political instability in developing nations.
• Are ‘reality television shows’ scripted or do they showcase reality?
• Online vs Offline teaching: which method is more effective and how?
• Does there exist an underlying correlation between education and success? Explain with case studies.
• Explain the social stigma associated with menstruation. 
• Are OTT entertainment platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime beneficial in any other way?
• Does being physically active help reverse type 2 diabetes?
• Does pop culture influence today’s youth and their behavior?
• ‘A friend in need is a friend in deed.’ Explain with case studies of famous personalities. 
• Do books have greater importance in the lives of children from weaker economic backgrounds? Explain in detail.
• Give an overview of the rise of spoken arts. 
• Explain the problem of food insecurity in developing nations.
• How related are Windows and Apple products?
• Explore the methods used in schools to promote cultural diversity. 
• Has social media replaced the physical social engagement of children in society?
• Give an overview of allopathic medicine in treating mental disorders. 
• Explain if and how willpower plays a role in overcoming difficulties in life. 
• Are third-world countries seeing a decline in academic pursuit? Explain with real-life scenarios. 
• Can animals predict earthquakes in advance? Explain which animals have this ability and how they do it. 
• Discuss if the education system in America needs to improve. If yes, list out how this can be achieved.
• Discuss democracy as a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.’
• Discuss the increasing rate of attention deficit disorder among children.
• Explain fun games that can help boost the morale of kids with dyslexia. 
• Explain the causes of youth unemployment.
• Explain some of the ways you think might help in making differently-abled students feel inclusive in the mainstream.
• Explain in detail the challenges faced by students with special needs to feel included when it comes to accessibility to education.
• Discuss the inefficiency of the healthcare system brought about by the covid-19 pandemic. 
• Does living in hostels instill better life skills among students than those who are brought up at home? Explain in detail. 
• What is Advanced Traffic Management? Explain the success cases of countries that have deployed it.  
• Elaborate on the ethnic and socioeconomic reasons leading to poor school attendance in third-world nations.
• Do preschoolers benefit from being read to by their parents? Discuss in detail.
• What is the significance of oral learning in classrooms?
• Does computer literacy promise a brighter future? Analyze. 
• What people skills are enhanced in a high school classroom?
• Discuss in detail the education system in place of a developing nation. Highlight the measures you think are impressive and those that you think need a change. 
• Apart from the drawbacks of UV rays on the human body, explain how it has proven to be beneficial in treating diseases.  
• Discuss why or why not wearing school uniforms can make students feel included in the school environment. 
• What are the effective ways that have been proven to mitigate child labor in society? 
• Explain the contributions of arts and literature to the evolving world. 
• How do healthcare organizations cope with patients living with transmissive medical conditions?
• Why do people with special abilities still face hardships when it comes to accessibility to healthcare and education?
• What are the prevailing signs of depression in small children?
• How to identify the occurrences and onset of autism in kids below three years of age?
• Explain how SWOT and PESTLE analysis is important for a business.
• Why is it necessary to include mental health education in the school curriculum?
• What is adult learning and does it have any proven benefits?
• What is the importance of having access to libraries in high school?
• Discuss the need for including research writing in school curriculums. 
• Explain some of the greatest non-violent movements of ancient history. 
• Explain the reasons why some of the species of wildlife are critically endangered today. 
• How is the growing emission of co2 bringing an unprecedented change in the environment?
• What are the consequences of an increasing population in developing nations like India? Discuss in detail. 
• Are remote tests as effective as in-class tests? 
• Explain how sports play a vital role in schools. 
• What do you understand about social activities in academic institutions? Explain how they pose as a necessity for students. 
• Are there countries providing free healthcare? How are they faring in terms of their economy? Discuss in detail. 
• State case studies of human lives lost due to racist laws present in society.
• Discuss the effect of COVID-19 vaccines in curbing the novel coronavirus.
• State what according to you is more effective: e-learning or classroom-based educational systems.
• What changes were brought into the e-commerce industry by the COVID-19 pandemic?
• Name a personality regarded as a youth icon. Explain his or her contributions in detail.
• Discuss why more and more people are relying on freelancing as a prospective career. 
• Does virtual learning imply lesser opportunities? What is your take?
• Curbing obesity through exercise: Analyze.
• Discuss the need and importance of health outreach programs.
• Discuss in detail how the upcoming generation of youngsters can do its bit and contribute to afforestation.
• Discuss the 2020 budget allocation of the United States. 
• Discuss some of the historic ‘rags to riches’ stories.
• What according to you is the role of nurses in the healthcare industry?
• Will AI actually replace humans and eat up their jobs? Discuss your view and also explain the sector that will benefit the most from AI replacing humans. 
• Is digital media taking over print media? Explain with case studies. 
• Why is there an increasing number of senior citizens in the elderly homes? 
• Are health insurances really beneficial? 
• How important are soft skills? What role do they play in recruitment? 
• Has the keto diet been effective in weight loss? Explain the merits and demerits. 
• Is swimming a good physical activity to curb obesity? 
• Is work from home as effective as work from office? Explain your take. 

Tips to write excellent qualitative research papers

Now that you have scrolled through this section, we trust that you have picked up a topic for yourself from our list of 100 brilliant qualitative research titles for high school students. Deciding on a topic is the very first step. The next step is to figure out ways how you can ensure that your qualitative research paper can help you grab top scores. 

Once you have decided on the title, you are halfway there. However, deciding on a topic signals the next step, which is the process of writing your qualitative paper. This poses a real challenge! 

To help you with it, here are a few tips that will help you accumulate data irrespective of the topic you have chosen. Follow these four simple steps and you will be able to do justice to the topic you have chosen!

• Create an outline based on the topic. Jot down the sub-topics you would like to include. 
• Refer to as many sources as you can – documentaries, books, news articles, case studies, interviews, etc. Make a note of the facts and phrases you would like to include in your research paper. 
• Write the body. Start adding qualitative data. 
• Re-read and revise your paper. Make it comprehensible. Check for plagiarism, and proofread your research paper. Try your best and leave no scope for mistakes. 

Wrapping it up!

To wrap up, writing a qualitative research paper is almost the same as writing other research papers such as argumentative research papers , English research papers , Biology research papers , and more. Writing a paper on qualitative research titles promotes analytical and critical thinking skills among students. Moreover,  it also helps improve data interpretation and writing ability, which are essential for students going ahead.

Having a 10+ years of experience in teaching little budding learners, I am now working as a soft skills and IELTS trainers. Having spent my share of time with high schoolers, I understand their fears about the future. At the same time, my experience has helped me foster plenty of strategies that can make their 4 years of high school blissful. Furthermore, I have worked intensely on helping these young adults bloom into successful adults by training them for their dream colleges. Through my blogs, I intend to help parents, educators and students in making these years joyful and prosperous.

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Education professor helping train teachers of Syrian refugees in Turkey

Millions of shell-shocked refugees from the Syrian civil war now live in Turkey, where virtually no one speaks their language. Many of the youngest have witnessed unspeakable violence even before starting kindergarten.

As the children struggle to assimilate, University of South Carolina College of Education associate professor Elif Karsli-Calamak has been leading grant-funded support for educators in Turkey who — without adequate resources and specialized training — face crushing disadvantages teaching them.

“Eventually the children end up in public schools,” Karsli-Calamak explains. “In some cases, teachers have around 20 refugees in one class. Many of the kids have been through quite challenging experiences. They have seen war.”

Born in Turkey, Karsli-Calamak came to the United States on a Fulbright Scholarship and completed her doctorate in early childhood education. Her first research project in Turkey, from 2017 to 2019, provided support for 30 teachers of children in kindergarten through third grade and was funded by Turkey’s National Science Foundation (TÜBİTAK).

Karsli-Calamak has a natural affinity for her native country, so conducting this research was personally meaningful to her.

“My family has an immigrant history. We lived in Germany when I attended kindergarten,” she says. “When I came to the United States to do my Ph.D., I worked on a project with Latino communities. Those experiences enhance my interest in and sensitivity to multicultural issues.”

“Many of the kids have been through quite challenging experiences. They have seen war.”

Turkey is home to the highest number of Syrian refugees in the world — 4 million, by some estimates. Not only do the Arabic-speaking Syrian children not understand Turkish, but some are living with the emotional challenges of post-traumatic stress. In addition, Turkey has struggled with a post-pandemic economic crisis and, later, a devastating earthquake, which have added to the teachers’ personal challenges.

Furthermore, state-employed teachers participating in Karsli-Calamak’s research were not allowed to receive any funding or compensation from the research grant. They were invited to participate voluntarily but were not paid for the extra time and effort they invested, making their commitment to teaching the refugee children all the more remarkable.

“We wanted to make sure the teachers were not feeling overwhelmed and burned out,” Karsli-Calamak says. “These are monolingual curriculums, all in Turkish. The teachers often were not well-prepared to teach in culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms and didn’t speak any Arabic.”

Karsli-Calamak says the most valuable result (and a proven best practice) from her work was intentionally creating community among the public-school teachers, helping them bond and establish a close support network of peers.

“A lot of the time, they were just by themselves dealing with this huge teaching challenge,” she explains. “We brought those teachers together. The teachers commented on feeling better knowing they were not alone.”

She was quick to point out that the teachers are ordinary people, some holding common cultural biases or internalized negative stereotypes about refugee populations.

“They are human, with perspectives that are constantly evolving. What is important here is to create spaces and opportunities to deconstruct these stereotypes,” she notes.

A second grant project, this time funded by the European Commission and TÜBİTAK from 2021 to 2023, supported a smaller cohort of six teachers so Karsli-Calamak could more closely examine their dedication and motivation.

“I wanted to understand what makes them unique and different,” she says. “These teachers were interested in social justice issues and what was going on in Turkey and beyond, raising concerns about anti-immigrant discourses, politicized aspects of immigration and refugees, and critical questions about where refugees belong. They were highly engaged teachers.”

Karsli-Calamak’s early childhood education concentration has been in mathematics, and in these grants, she focused teaching strategies on basic mathematics, a discipline many consider to be a universal language.

“That’s true to some extent,” she says, “but we still depend on (spoken and written) language. And culture is a big part of it. … Math connects us easier than other subjects. The children basically understand and communicate the numbers and shapes. From those basics, we build a familiarity that they can build on.”

“We wanted to make sure the teachers were not feeling overwhelmed and burned out.”

Grant deliverables for these research projects were mostly qualitative. Karsli-Calamak and her research team wrote and published detailed articles in highly regarded professional journals about what they were learning.

“We do lots of dissemination activities, talks and seminars,” Karsli-Calamak says. “Some institutions have expressed interest in possibly replicating what we do.”

Asked to recall a truly meaningful experience from this research, Karsli-Calamak smiled.

In an effort to engage Syrian families with their children’s education, she began planning multilingual family mathematics workshops and was met with some unexpected push-back.

“Our teachers were skeptical. They insisted the Syrian families wouldn’t show up, that they didn’t care. I said, let’s try it anyway,” she recalls. “What we found was they (parents and families) wanted to come. They wanted to participate. The first day of workshops, they all showed up. We played games together. And at the end of the day, I remember the teachers admitting they had been wrong. They were so surprised. It was not that difficult to deconstruct stereotypes.”

The simple act of bringing in families for the workshops became one of the project’s best practices, because it afforded parents the opportunity to actively partner in their children’s education. The workshops’ engagement with families made a lasting impression on the teachers.

“The teachers came to appreciate how families could be a resource to them, giving them keen insights that allowed them to better help refugee children succeed in the classroom.”

Editor's note: Turkey changed the spelling of its name to Türkiye in 2021, and the United Nations adopted the new spelling in 2022. USC's Division of Communications and Marketing follows a modified form of Associated Press Style, which uses the spelling Turkey.

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The power of a belief system: a systematic qualitative synthesis of spiritual care for patients with brain tumors.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. literature search and methodology, 2.2. screening and data extraction, 2.3. data synthesis and analysis, search results, 4. discussion, 4.1. patient, 4.2. family or care givers, 4.3. provider, 4.4. future directions and limitations, 5. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Mehta, N.H.; Prajapati, M.; Aeleti, R.; Kinariwala, K.; Ohri, K.; McCabe, S.; Buller, Z.; Leskinen, S.; Nawabi, N.L.; Bhatt, V.; et al. The Power of a Belief System: A Systematic Qualitative Synthesis of Spiritual Care for Patients with Brain Tumors. J. Clin. Med. 2024 , 13 , 4871. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164871

Mehta NH, Prajapati M, Aeleti R, Kinariwala K, Ohri K, McCabe S, Buller Z, Leskinen S, Nawabi NL, Bhatt V, et al. The Power of a Belief System: A Systematic Qualitative Synthesis of Spiritual Care for Patients with Brain Tumors. Journal of Clinical Medicine . 2024; 13(16):4871. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164871

Mehta, Neel H., Megh Prajapati, Rishi Aeleti, Kush Kinariwala, Karina Ohri, Sean McCabe, Zachary Buller, Sandra Leskinen, Noah L. Nawabi, Vatsal Bhatt, and et al. 2024. "The Power of a Belief System: A Systematic Qualitative Synthesis of Spiritual Care for Patients with Brain Tumors" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4871. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164871

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