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Four Simple Tips to Improve Your Essay Writing Skills in Arabic

essay in arabic writing

root: ق-و-ل / noun / plural: مَقالات /definition: essay, article

So, you’ve studied Arabic for a while now. Simple sentences are old news (i.e. you’re silently pleading for your teacher not to go over jumlah ismiyyah yet again) and you’ve got a decent collection of relevant words all memorised. So you’re all set when your teacher asks you to write an essay about the topic in Arabic…right?

“Wrong!” says the fear in your eyes when you see the word count, as minuscule as it may be; a few hundred words in your native language definitely doesn’t seem as daunting as this .

It’s almost as if writing an essay in our target language makes us forget everything we’ve ever learnt about essays. And writing, unfortunately.

But there’s no need for stress—here’s four easy tips to simplify the process:

1 Think In Arabic

Often, when we’re writing in our target language, we tend to think of the exact sentence we want to produce in our native language then essentially try to translate it as pen hits paper. That’s where the problem comes in.

Trying to write via the process of translation is much more difficult and will most likely make your writing sound unnatural.

Instead, focus on what idea you want to convey and use the Arabic words and structures that you already know to express it. Much easier.

2 Learn “Copy and Paste” Phrases

One effective way to make your writing sound more sophisticated (and, well, to use up more of the word count) is to learn phrases that you can slot into pretty much any essay.

For example, here’s two simple phrases that I found whilst reading through Arabic articles: مهّد/يُمهِّد الطريق لِـ (“to pave the way for”) and على حافة الاِنهِيار (“on the verge of collapse”).

These phrases really came in handy during my writing tasks and exams at university since I could use them in the context of various topics. (A lot of things are on the verge of collapse, apparently).

3 Punctuate !

Okay, so maybe this was just me, but while my essays in English would be full of a plethora of punctuation, my Arabic essays would be lucky to get a comma thrown in. I think it probably took me three years to even get a bracket down on paper.

So throw those commas in! And the semicolons, colons, dashes, etc…

4 Remember What You Know About Essays

Think structure, connectives, varying sentence lengths, creating interest, clarity of expression.

There may be slight differences in certain aspects of writing style between English and Arabic, but don’t forget what you already know about writing essays in general. And definitely try to use Arabic texts as a source from which you can replicate structures and styles.

And, finally, remember that improvement takes practice —so keep writing .

If you have any other tips for writing Arabic essays, or any phrases that you yourself like to use, please do share them in the comments!

Edit: the book How to Write in Arabic (which I talked in the post Arabic Books on My Bookshelf ) has great guidelines for writing different types of text in Arabic—including a section for those “copy and paste” phrases!

essay in arabic writing

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essay in arabic writing

7 Phrases to use when … Writing a Conclusion in Arabic

  • 7 Things , 7 Things (W) , Arabic Learner's Writing Toolkit , Writing Skills
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essay in arabic writing

Part of “ The Arabic Learner’s Writing Toolkit ” series. To find out more about this series, go to → 7 Things to learn

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The Simplest Way To Improve Your Arabic Writing

  • Ashrakat Rady
  • March 29, 2024
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How to improve your arabic writing

In Arabic, the word “writing” signifies accumulating many things together. As we say in Arabic, “كتب القوم” means the people gathered, and at the same time, “كتب” means to write. 

Although writing is the most complicated skill while learning a new language in general, it is considered the best way to learn and practice Arabic for some reasons. All you need to do is be aware of the tips we are going to give to make Arabic writing simple and effective.

Master the Arabic script

Without letters, could you write? you can’t, so give me five seconds to tell you about the Arabic magical script system, which is considered the second most widely used arabic alphabet in the world after Latin!

Right-to-left script

In Arabic, we write from right to left , which is the opposite of most other languages, so you need to adapt to the way of writing, even if you just mimic it.

The alphabet’s different positions

You must practice writing each letter isolated, initial, medial, and final because Arabic letters are connected to one another and the same letter can have a distinct writing style depending on where it appears in a word.

Arabic’s short vowels

Study Arabic diacritics or Arabic short vowels (Harakaat) like Fathah, Kasrah, and Dammah , which affect the meaning of your writing, and maybe you need to write them in some words to clarify the meaning.

Write simply, like a kid!

Maybe You read magnificent books while studying Arabic , but if you tried to write like them, the results would be disappointing. This doesn’t mean you can’t write like them, but it means you need more simple writing practice to reach such an advanced level. Here are some ideas to practice simple Arabic writing at the beginning:

  • Read Arabic children’s stories and try to rewrite the same story in your own style.
  • Choose well-written Arabic texts and try to Analyze the style. Pay attention to how sentences are constructed, how ideas are organized, and how transitions between paragraphs are managed.
  • Chat with Arab people on social media and comment on Arabic pages and groups.
  • Write your to-do list and your diary in Arabic.
  • Make an Arabic study notebook, write down the words and phrases you love, and begin to use them while writing.
  • Every day, write a few sentences in any circumstance.
  • Use writing prompts that can spark creativity and give you a specific topic to write about. 
  • Choose a piece of content in your native language and translate it into Arabic. This helps you learn new vocabulary and practice sentence structure . 
  • Try summarizing longer texts to enhance your writing ability.

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Make use of your analytical abilities

After you take the general pieces of advice to improve your English writing, you need to focus on the special mistakes that meet your weaknesses to work on them, and it will come from these two main skills:

Sharpen your analytical skills

The more analytical you are, the more brilliant your Arabic writing will become. And luckily, by following these tips, your Arabic writing will go to the next level more quickly than ever.

  • Significant vocabulary.
  • Sentence patterns,
  • Writing structure.
  • Rhetorical tactics.
  •  Observe how the language flows.
  • and how concepts are presented.
  • Identify the word’s roots to imagine the deep meaning behind every word, and I promise you will take it as a hobby after noticing that Arabic words are very deep and meaningful.
  • Whenever you read Arabic text, determine the main themes and ideas being covered in it. This skill helps you extract the core message of every piece of Arabic writing, and this will reflect in your own writing.
  • Every language has a structure. You will gain a sense of understanding the Arabic structure by noticing while reading and by trying to follow the natural structure while you are writing.
  • Observe the vocabulary used in different contexts. Note how authors choose specific words to express their ideas accurately. Take notes and write down this vocabulary and what it means to know when to use it. This will help you, especially because written Arabic differs from the spoken Arabic dialectic.

Make a customized study plan to improve Arabic writing

With the help of analytical thinking, set goals to improve your Arabic writing depending on what you need to improve.

  • Make sure your goals are SMART.
  • Set milestones with deadlines.
  • Gather the resources you need.
  • Give the most time to practice Arabic writing.

read more about How to learn Arabic online

Avoid Making Common Errors 

Some writing errors make your Arabic sound less native. We can put these mistakes into three main types, with examples of each:

Arabic Dictation mistakes

Difficulties in listening to Arabic words and a lack of knowledge of Arabic writing conventions can lead to a lot of diction errors. Here are some guidelines for writing Arabic correctly:

  • Use Arabic online dictionaries to check your spelling and practice listening carefully to improve your writing. And Practice distinguishing between similar Arabic sounds.
  • When you listen to Arabic try to write what you are hearing, Arabic doesn’t have a lot of silent sounds, and if you know the correct pronunciation for a word, you will write it without spelling errors.
  • Proofread your dictation and correct any typographical errors.
  • Recognize Arabic diacritics or Arabic short vowels (Harakaat) like Fathah, Kasrah, and Dammah as they may affect your dictation a lot.

Errors in Arabic punctuation

Learn about Arabic punctuation marks and their usage. As they help the reader to understand the sentence structure, emphasis, and pausing. Pay attention to pauses and intonation in the spoken text, as they might assist you in determining where to put punctuation marks. Some common Arabic punctuation errors:

  • Don’t drop punctuation marks and try to use them whenever they are needed.
  • Place Commas, dots, question marks (?), and exclamation marks (!) in their right place, because Incorrectly placing them within a statement might change its meaning.
  • Remember to separate the other quotes from your own words with quotation marks.

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Arabic Grammar and syntax errors

Errors in A rabic grammar and syntax can have a significant impact on the clarity and accuracy of your writing. Some of these errors:

  • in subject-verb-object sentences, we put the verb first most of the time. 
  • Use Nominal sentences if you don’t need verbs at all.
  • Avoid errors in the Verb-Subject Agreement and make sure the verbs agree with the gender in gender and number.
  • Use the right pronoun and don’t miss the gender and number agreement here also.
  • Shorten big sentences to make them more manageable. And use appropriate punctuation and conjunctions To connect similar ideas.
  • Learn the rules of using “الـ” and practice using it effectively with nouns in your Arabic writing.

While writing, Be logical

 They say the more you write the more logical your thinking will be. and that is right specifically with Arabic, more writing gives you some rules related to the text’s coherent and logical structure and order for the sentences and paragraphs which will impact your way of thinking positively. 

  • Follow a logical structure like starting writing with an introduction and then the main paragraphs then ending with a conclusion.
  • Be clear, and precise, and know when to use the suitable word.
  • Consider the cultural differences while you are writing for an Arab audience.
  • Make sure that every paragraph expresses a clear idea and avoid repetition or redundancy.

Enjoy the beauty of Arabic writing

Arabic writing gives a great deal of importance to beauty; each word has its own flavor, and emotions are communicated deeply. Try to develop this sense of rhetoric in your writing by exploring Arabic expressions that you feel are related to your inner world and feelings and then attempting to communicate your feelings using these expressions. Remember that Arabic is a poetic language, and the Quran has an incredible way of telling its stories.

Be a storyteller 

When we explore Arabic, we will find it is all about stories! And if you want to take your Arabic language to an advanced level , you need to be a great storyteller! After practising the rules and writing correctly, you will still not be able to write in Arabic like intelligent writers, so you need to develop your own style at this stage, and the quickest way to learn arabic is to focus on Arabic narrative techniques. try to read a lot of novels and stories to know how the arab people use the language to tell the world their story and I think you will really enjoy doing this!

Proofreading is the secret!

Writing is a unique form of communication as it offers the opportunity to review and revise your words until you feel satisfied. Unlike Arabic speaking, you have endless chances for improvement and can rephrase your thoughts as many times as needed . By taking advantage of this, you can enhance your Arabic writing skills and reach new heights faster than you may think. So, don’t be afraid to revise and rewrite your work until you feel comfortable with it. Your hard work will surely pay off in the end.

How does Kalimah Center Help you with writing Arabic?

If you’re someone who doesn’t speak Arabic but is eager to enhance your Arabic writing skills, you’re definitely on the right path by seeking out tips and tricks to master this beautiful script. However, if you’re looking for a way to supercharge your progress in Arabic writing, we warmly invite you to consider joining the online Arabic courses offered by Kalimah Center.

At Kalimah Center, we completely understand the unique challenges that non-native Arabic speakers encounter when learning this language, particularly when it comes to grasping the nuances of Arabic script. Our courses are meticulously crafted to cater to learners of all levels, ranging from absolute beginners to advanced students. What sets us apart is our commitment to addressing the specific needs of individuals who are not native Arabic speakers.

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Your Guide to Learning Arabic

The Simplest Way To Improve Your Arabic Writing

If you are serious in your Arabic learning, you obviously need to follow a plan focused around your learning goals.

Just like with reading and speaking skills, you will need to follow a structured method to improve your Arabic writing skills.

I tried here to avoid the general writing advice that applies to writing in all foreign languages, focusing on the specifics of Arabic language composition.

I will share with  you the practical tips you can use to practice writing in Modern Standard Arabic. 

Please note that what I am sharing with you here does not apply to the colloquial dialects of Arabic.

I will also show you how to use the Arabic keyboard, develop your writing strategy, request writing assignments from your instructor if you have one, and spell correctly without looking it up online in addition to other tips you can incorporate in your learning.

Table of Contents

1.Read.. a lot!

Reading Arabic content is a prerequisite to good Arabic writing. To be able to generate output (write), you will need to be exposed to a good amount and quality of Arabic reading (input) at a regular frequency . 

Picking up a routine of reading Arabic content that is within your level or slightly above it will enrich your vocabulary. 

A suitable reading material is any content you can read and understand 80% of it. Anything less than that is a little too advanced for you at the current stage. To develop a Arabic reading skills, make sure you read this article .

It is important that you are intentional in your reading. That is to say you have to selectively read material that will help you with your language expression needs. 

For instance, if you are a beginner, try to read content that will help you write about yourself, your family and personal interests to equip yourself with the writing vocabulary and tools to meet your written expression needs as a beginner. 

As you progress, try to vary your reading content to cover different types of themes and styles such as comparative, argumentative, narration, instructions , to name a few, so that you can emulate them when you write.

2.Add the Arabic keyboard on your devices

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In addition to practicing writing on a notepad the traditional way, it is equally important to add an Arabic keyboard on your phone and electronic devices. 

If you have not done it yet, use this detailed tutorial to add the Arabic keyboard to your iphone and other devices.

While handwriting will give you a kinetic experience in learning how to connect the letters together, the Arabic keyboard will provide you with a convenient way to practice Arabic composition.

You can use your phone Arabic keyboard to type a casual short text message or a newly encountered term or type up a small paragraph during your daily commute or lunch break. 

By incorporating this small adjustment in your daily routine, you are turning the new skill of Arabic typing into a second nature, further enhancing your Arabic writing ability.

3. Mimic writings you like.

There is a huge lack of  tested strategies in teaching Arabic writing. In the Arab world, dictation or orthography was almost the only writing exercise taught in grade schools in the Arab world. 

Composition was never drilled as methodologically as it is in French or English, except for the traditional breakdown of the introduction , body and conclusion . 

This means  you will have to be proactive in learning how to write in Arabic. You will need to select your favorite writing style or author(s) and try to emulate it and hone that skillset as you go. 

Certain Arabic news sites, like Doha-based Aljazeera TV and London-based Saudi daily As-Sharq al-Awsat , adopt modern writing styles. You can visit one or both websites for your daily dose of Arabic news and observe their writing style and word choice. 

Unlike traditional Arab writers, the two above-mentioned sites use a linear informative style with a minimal editorial touch due to their worldwide audiences. 

As you progress and build up your proficiency, you can move up to reading literature if you desire.

4. Adopt the multiple drafts approach.

If you are learning Arabic in a classroom setting and you are not being challenged to write in Arabic, you should raise the issue with your instructor and politely ask for the opportunity to produce writing essays.

Ideally the teacher will adopt the multiple drafts method . You submit your first draft, and the instructor would return it to you with comments on points that need improvement or more elaboration until you submit your third and final draft. 

This method prevents you from procrastinating and allows you to display your  early thinking and analysis, which could disappear if you wait until the last minute to submit a rushed write-up.

Early thinking allows the instructor to guide your writing attempts early on in the process before the pressure of deadlines starts piling up.

Also, by starting early, you focus on delivering good content, which makes for a more enjoyable experience in writing what you have to write. It also provides you with opportunities to  self-critique , improve your paper and re-submit. 

This process will consequently help you hone your Arabic writing skills because it forces you to apply your analytical thinking on your own writing.  

5. Incorporate the terminology and rules you learned.

ء - Wiktionary

Take everything you learn about Arabic as parts of a whole, and always think of the larger picture which eventually revolves around communicating effectively in Arabic. 

As you learn new grammar rules and memorize new vocabulary from reading and listening to Arabic content, make a deliberate effort to put everything you learn into practice. 

Incorporate in your writing a nice phrase or idiom you picked up recently and recall the grammatical and spelling rules you have been learning. 

In the Arabic language, there is a rule for everything. If you can’t recall the rule, look it up. For instance,  if you have to use a word that contains the hamza  (ء), see the rule that determines its placement such as its vowel ( harakat ) and that of the letter that precedes it instead of just looking up online how it is spelled. 

As a general rule, if you try to memorize word spellings, you will keep looking them up online; if you grasp the rule that governs the spelling, you will rarely have to look up a word. All you have to do is recall the spelling rule. 

For instance, if you have to write the hamza (ء) with a sukun vowel ْ  , the rule says that if it’s preceded by a kassra vowel it should be spelled as ئ as in بِئْر ( a well).

By grasping this rule, you will never have to look up how to write hamza with a sukun vowel when preceded by a kassra vowel. 

6. Consider your audience.

One thing about the Arab culture is that formalities and hierarchy are important, and the use of Arabic language in communication mirrors that. Therefore, it is very important to consider your audience as you attempt to write a letter, an email or even a text message. 

If you are writing a formal letter or communique, you want to make sure you refer to the person you are addressing in the second person plural. Not only it shows that you respect the other party, but also demonstrates that you know enough about the culture to use the proper form.

You also want to use a bit of flowery and deferential style as you address government employees and highly placed people. 

For example, use  صاحب السعادة or جنابكم الموقر — which roughly translates to “Your respected excellency”  — in official communication with Arab recipients.

This may sound unreasonable, or even laughable, in your native language, but this is the right register to use in formal communication and official letters. 

The Arab culture ranks high in the Power Distance Index (PDI) , a measure used by some sociologists. This means that Arabs respect and accept the hierarchical order that is set in their societies. As a learner of Arabic, you may want to show that you understand that.

Similarly, if you are writing to someone with a PhD, you should address the person as Doctor So & So   (الدكتور); if you are writing to an engineer, you address him as Engineer So & So (المهندس). 

7. Write regularly and solicit feedback.

Long-term consistency beats short-term intensity. Bruce Lee

The ideal frequency of writing practice is to do a little bit everyday over a long period of time instead of intense irregular sessions. 

Three or four short writing sessions a week are more effective than a three-hour  session once a week.

Make sure you ask for feedback on your Arabic speaking proficiency from qualified individuals, such as your instructor, educated native speakers, and even supportive peers who are familiar with your learning track.

Asking for feedback also means that you should take it as an opportunity to develop and improve without dwelling on your shortcomings.

Proceed with caution though. What you need is constructive criticism that can help you improve your speaking. Avoid asking negative or unqualified individuals who may demotivate you.

8. Build a repertoire of useful verbs, descriptions, and conjunctions

You may find that you have a tendency to selectively pick your vocabulary based on what you find easy, difficult or cool or even fun to the ear.  

Although this is not a very bad habit, you want to make sure you are intentional in collecting  the vocabulary that will help with your conversational needs. 

Make an effort to be deliberate in picking up functional verbs, phrases, adjectives and linking words that will help you with telling a story, describing a person, comparing ideas or making a conclusion.

If you are lucky and have a good instructor,  you may participate in guided conversational sessions built around specific themes and situations in accordance with your speaking abilities and objectives. 

A good use of vocabulary will not only leave a positive impression on your interlocutors but will also show what kind of an Arabic learner you are.

9. Plan ahead and use and outline

For writing structure and planning, you can use the traditional writing methods. Start with general ideas and work your way into the small details. 

Jot down your main ideas and start with your subheadings first. This will help you remain organized and focused on your topic. 

Remember that language is just a tool to convey meanings and ideas. Once you establish an outline to organize your main points and subheadings, you start using your vocabulary and own style to translate the ideas into words. 

Since your purpose is to improve your written expression, don’t give too much attention to the ideas at the expense of form.

The whole point is to practice the grammar and spelling rules you have been learning to come up with a coherent and easy to follow essay.

10. Don’t be afraid of writing

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Finally, enjoy your status as a foreign language student and write without fear or anxiety of being judged. Expectations from you as a language student are not as high as what’s expected of you in your native language. 

Be bold and borrow a thick skin if you don’t have one. Try to write using your own style while you maintain good grammar, spelling and proper form. 

You will of course make mistakes, but what’s the big deal? Mistakes create the best learning opportunities in learning Arabic or any foreign language. 

Just like in other languages, your writing will only become better with regular practice over time.

It’s a marathon, not a sprint.

Happy writing!

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You will gain insights into understanding the Arabic alphabet and writing conventions.

Upon completion of this course, you will possess a strong foundation in both Ruqʿah script and Naskh script Arabic writing systems.

For a Limited Time. Get full lifetime access to all courses, over (5000+) video and audio lessons, taught by (100+) qualified Arab native instructors — Plus (5) bonuses! Click here for offer details.

What Will I Learn?

By the end of this course, you will learn:

  • Writing techniques in Ruqʿah script handwriting and Naskh script Arabic writing styles
  • Fundamental principles of Ruqʿah script handwriting and Naskh script
  • Techniques to avoid common mistakes in Arabic writing
  • A new 4-step technique for writing any Arabic word
  • Introduction to Arabic alphabet and writing conventions
  • How to write Arabic texts with ease and confidence
  • Writing skills for practical and real-life use

Course Contents

Before you start.

02:00
01:30

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Alef — ألف

11:00

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Baaa — باء

12:44
10:50

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Taaa — تاء

13:23
11:43

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Thaaa — ثاء

16:33
18:21

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Jeem — جيم

18:22
22:13

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Haaaa — حاء

23:30
17:44

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Khaaa — خاء

22:30
14:34

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Daal — دال

23:30
19:30

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Dzaal — ذال

22:15
13:30

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Raaa — راء

14:40

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Zaay — زاي

22:45

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Seen — سين

25:23

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Sheen — شين

19:11
21:24

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Saad — صاد

18:45
25:40

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Daad — ضاد

23:30
22:45

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Taaa — طاء

26:22
19:45

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Zaaa — ظاء

24:45
22:20

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter 'Ayn — عين

16:30
23:45

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Ghayn — غين

19:22
27:25

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Faaa — فاء

22:45
19:00

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Qaaf — قاف

25:40
19:33

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Kaaf — كاف

18:45
22:33

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Laam — لام

19:45
27:20

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Meem — ميم

25:45
23:00

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Noon — نون

12:45
27:30

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Haaa — هاء

19:30
22:45

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Waaw — واو

30:22

Read Write Arabic Online Course: The Letter Yaaa — ياء

29:45

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The Arabic GCSE: A Guide to the Writing Component

May 6, 2024

By Fauzia Saeed

Discover tips and tactics for students preparing for the writing section of the Arabic GCSE exam

Preparing for your Arabic GCSE exams and feeling overwhelmed by the writing component? You're not alone. Arabic writing may appear daunting initially, but with adequate preparation and practice, you can confidently excel. This post will provide some useful tips to help students thrive in the Arabic writing GCSE.

Preparing Before the Exam

  • Understand the exam format: Get acquainted with the different types of writing tasks like short, long, article, letter writing, and emails, and the differences between formal and informal writing. Analyse past exam papers to grasp the structure and requirements of the writing section.
  • Build vocabulary and master the 5 themes and topics : Practise common Arabic words, phrases, and expressions related to all your topics, based on the vocabulary you have developed in class.
  • Understand the QACNOTT criteria : I use this acronym as a mnemonic aid. So, what exactly is QACNOTT? QACNOTTs represent Qualifiers (intensifiers), Adjectives, Connectives, Negatives, Opinions and Justifications, Time phrases and Tenses. These elements work together to elevate the standard of your writing. Incorporate them into your spoken and written language practice, and consistently evaluate your work using the QACNOTT criteria.

Examples for QACNOTTs are:

  • المدرسة بعيدة للغاية
  • الحديقة جميلة جدا
  • البيت البعيد /المدرسة البعيدة
  • كتابان مفيدان - حصان سريع
  • و، ثم، كما، بالإضافة الى
  • علاوة على ذلك، لذلك، بالرغم من
  • لا، لم، لن، ليس، ما
  • for example:
  • بالرغم من سفرياتي العديدة لكني لا أحب السفر لمسافات طويلة
  • أحب، اظن، أكره، أفضل، أقدر، أعتقد/ بسبب، لان
  • يوميا، أحيانا، في عطلة نهاية الأسبوع، مرتين في الشهر، يوم السبت، نادرا، الشهر الماضي، السنة القادمة
  • الأزمنة الثلاث (ماضي، مضارع، مستقبل)
  • Regular practice and revision: Ensure you set aside specific time for practicing Arabic writing regularly, utilizing resources like textbook exercises or previous exam papers. Consistently review and revise your writing to track your development and pinpoint areas needing improvement. Seek feedback from reliable sources like your teachers to enhance your skills. Use timers when tackling past exam papers to simulate real exam conditions effectively.

On Exam Day

  • Careful reading to understanding the question: Before commencing your writing tasks, thoroughly read and make sure you understand the question. Identify crucial instructions, prompts, and requirements to ensure your response fully addresses the task.
  • Effective time management: Allocate time judiciously to each writing task based on available marks and question complexity. Remember you must answer all the sub questions in your writing task, as marks are divided equally to all the questions. Maintain a steady pace to ensure completion within the allotted time without rushing.
  • Strategically plan your responses by taking a moment to outline the key points and structure of your essay or letter before you begin writing. This ensures coherence and organisation in your writing. Remember to meet the designated word count for each task, as writing less than the word count can impact your marks. However, it's equally important not to spend more time and words than required. Avoid repeating information and using the same words excessively; I suggest using different synonyms. For example, instead of كبير جدا use ضخم او هائل
  • Thorough proofreading: After completing each writing task, allocate time for proofreading. Identify spelling mistakes, grammatical errors, and areas needing clarity or coherence improvement. Make necessary corrections and revisions to refine your writing and ensure its polished and error-free. Make good use of punctuation marks to break up your sentences. This will help to guide the reader (the examiner) through the ideas expressed in your sentences.
  • Maintain calm and focus: Maintain a positive mindset and stay composed under pressure. Focus solely on the task at hand and avoid distractions from other candidates or external factors.

Arabic Language: Research & Writing

  • Articles/Journals
  • Web Resources
  • Research & Writing
  • Browse by Course

General Writing Resources

The Writing Process These resources will help you with the writing process: pre-writing (invention), developing research questions and outlines, composing thesis statements, and proofreading. While the writing process may be different for each person and for each particular assignment, the resources contained in this section follow the general work flow of pre-writing, organizing, and revising. For resources and examples on specific types of writing assignments, please go to our Common Writing Assignments area.

Academic Writing These resources will help you with the types of writing you may encounter while in college. The resources range from rhetorical approaches for writing, to document organization, to sentence level work, such as clarity. For specific examples of writing assignments, please see our Common Writing Assignments area.

Common Writing Assignments These resources will help you understand and complete specific types of writing assignments, such as annotated bibliographies, book reports, and research papers. This section also includes resources on writing academic proposals for conference presentations, journal articles, and books.

Mechanics These resources will help you with sentence level organization and style. This area includes resources on writing issues, such as active and passive voice, parallel sentence structure, parts of speech, and transitions.

Grammar These resources will help you use correct grammar in your writing. This area includes resources on grammar topics, such as count and non-count nouns, articles (a versus an), subject-verb agreement, and prepositions.

Punctuation These resources will help you with punctuation, such as using commas, quotation marks, apostrophes, and hyphens.

Visual Rhetoric These resources will help you understand and work with rhetorical theories regarding visual and graphical displays of information. This area includes resources on analyzing and producing visual rhetoric, working with colors, and designing effective slide presentations.

Writing and Research Assistance

  • Writing in Specific Subjects
  • GCC English Department - provides links to WWW Resources for Writers
  • Dartmouth Writing Program
  • University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center
  • Resources for Writers - George Mason University
  • Researchpaper.com "The Web's largest collection of topics, ideas, and assistance."
  • A+Research and Writing Guide . Provides a step-by-step guide to writing a research paper, research methodology and resources, and links to  OWLS (Online Writing Labs) that provide guides to specific types of papers and essays (e.g., argumentative, narrative, comparative).
  • The Nuts and Bolts Guide to College Writing - a very good source for all aspects of writing, including the mechanics of grammar, types of papers, and citation formats (APA, MLA, and Chicago).
  • Annotated Bibliographies (Overview & Examples)
  • Annotated Bibliography Sample from APA
  • Sample Annotated Bibliography Entries in MLA, APA, Chicago (U of Oklahoma CLS)
  • English as a Second Language
  • Citation Builder

Technical Writing in Science and Engineering

  •   Writing Guidelines for Engineering and Science Students from Penn State
  • Help with Technical Writing from the UBC Statistics Department
  • Advice on Research and Writing from Carnegie Mellon University

Writing an Abstract

Abstracts briefly summarize the main findings of a paper or book. By reading an abstract, the reader can tell whether or not a paper or book will cover the material in which they are interested.

These sites have good information on writing an abstract:

  • Abstracts (good information on types of abstracts)
  • Abstracts (good step-by-step instructions)
  • How to Write an Abstract (includes good examples)

Evaluating Resources

Not all information published in books or on the internet is credible or appropriate for your needs. It is important to make sure the sources you use are credible and at the right level for what you are doing.

These pages are useful guides to evaluate your sources:

  • Evaluating Print Resources
  • Evaluating Internet Resources
  • Evaluating Print Sources from Bowling Green State University Library
  • Evaluating Print Resources from the University of Alabama Libraries
  • Evaluating Resources from Duke Libraries
  • Evaluating Web Content from the University at Albany Libraries
  • Evaluating Web Pages: Techniques to Apply and Questions to Ask from the Berkeley Libraries
  • Critical Evaluation of Resources on the Internet from the University of Alberta Libraries
  • Checklist for Evaluating Web Resources from the University of Southern Maine

Citing Sources & Plagiarism

By listing the sources from which you got your information, you give credit to the people who did the original research. Not giving credit is plagiarism.

Citing your sources also gives your readers the ability to look at that information and read more about the topic.

Citation Style Guides from the UBC Chapman Learning Commons, with instructions and examples for citing sources in APA, MLA, and Chicago/Turabian Styles.

Here is some useful information from the UBC Plagiarism Resource Centre to help you cite your sources:

How do I know if I'm plagiarizing or not? (how to know whether information should be cited or not)

How do I cite my sources? (help with formatting your references to the sources you used)

The University makes Turnitin software available to assist writers in making proper attributions and avoid plagiarism. Training guides and videos are available at Turnitin.com. For information on using Turnitin Click here go to video tutorials, training guides, and manuals @ http://www.turnitin.com/ . Click here to go to www.Turnitin.com home page.

Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism: WPA You Quote It, You Note It (tutorial) How Not to Plagiarize Plagiarism: What It is and How to Recognize and Avoid It

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  • Last Updated: Aug 27, 2024 10:19 AM
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How to improve my writing skills in Arabic quickly?

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Introduction:

The Arabic language is a Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE. It is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living in the Arabian Peninsula bounded by eastern Egypt in the west, Mesopotamia in the east, and the Anti-Lebanon mountains and Northern Syria in the north, as perceived by ancient Greek geographers The ISO assigns language codes to thirty varieties of Arabic, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, also referred to as Literary Arabic, which is modernized Classical Arabic.

Arabic is usually ranked among the top six of the world’s major languages. As the language of the Qur’an, the holy book of Islam, it is also widely used throughout the Muslim world. It belongs to the Semitic group of languages which also includes Hebrew and Amharic, the main language of Ethiopia.

Now in this blog, we will discuss tips to improve your writing skills in Arabic.

10 Simple Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills in Arabic:

  • Read.. a lot!

Reading Arabic content is a prerequisite to good Arabic writing. To be able to generate output (write), you will need to be exposed to a good amount and quality of Arabic reading (input) at a regular frequency. 

Picking up a routine of reading Arabic content that is within your level or slightly above it will enrich your vocabulary. 

Suitable reading material is any content you can read and understand 80% of it. Anything less than that is a little too advanced for you at the current stage. To develop Arabic reading skills, make sure you read this article.

  • Add the Arabic keyboard on your devices

In addition to practicing writing on a notepad the traditional way, it is equally important to add an Arabic keyboard on your phone and electronic devices. 

If you have not done it yet, use this detailed tutorial to add the Arabic keyboard to your iPhone and other devices.

While handwriting will give you a kinetic experience in learning how to connect the letters together, the Arabic keyboard will provide you with a convenient way to practice Arabic composition.

You can use your phone’s Arabic keyboard to type a casual short text message or a newly encountered term or type up a small paragraph during your daily commute or lunch break. 

  • Mimic writings you like.

There is a huge lack of tested strategies in teaching Arabic writing. In the Arab world, dictation or orthography was almost the only writing exercise taught in grade schools in the Arab world. 

The composition was never drilled as methodologically as it is in French or English, except for the traditional breakdown of the introduction, body, and conclusion. 

This means you will have to be proactive in learning how to write in Arabic. You will need to select your favorite writing style or author(s) and try to emulate it and hone that skillset as you go. 

  • Adopt the multiple drafts approach.

If you are learning Arabic in a classroom setting and you are not being challenged to write in Arabic, you should raise the issue with your instructor and politely ask for the opportunity to produce writing essays.

Ideally, the teacher will adapt the multiple drafts method. You submit your first draft, and the instructor would return it to you with comments on points that need improvement or more elaboration until you submit your third and final draft. 

This method prevents you from procrastinating and allows you to display your early thinking and analysis, which could disappear if you wait until the last minute to submit a rushed write-up.

  • Incorporate the terminology and rules you learned.

Take everything you learn about Arabic as parts of a whole, and always think of the larger picture which eventually revolves around communicating effectively in Arabic. 

As you learn new grammar rules and memorize new vocabulary from reading and listening to Arabic content, make a deliberate effort to put everything you learn into practice. 

Incorporate in your writing a nice phrase or idiom you picked up recently and recall the grammatical and spelling rules you have been learning. 

  • Consider your audience.

One thing about the Arab culture is that formalities and hierarchy are important, and the use of the Arabic language in communication mirrors that. Therefore, it is very important to consider your audience as you attempt to write a letter, an email, or even a text message. 

If you are writing a formal letter or communique, you want to make sure you refer to the person you are addressing in the second person plural. Not only does it show that you respect the other party, but it also demonstrates that you know enough about the culture to use the proper form.

You also want to use a bit of flowery and deferential style as you address government employees and highly placed people. 

  • Write regularly and solicit feedback.

The ideal frequency of writing practice is to do a little bit every day over a long period of time instead of intense irregular sessions. 

Three or four short writing sessions a week are more effective than a three-hour session once a week.

Make sure you ask for feedback on your Arabic speaking proficiency from qualified individuals, such as your instructor, educated native speakers, and even supportive peers who are familiar with your learning track.

Asking for feedback also means that you should take it as an opportunity to develop and improve without dwelling on your shortcomings.

  • Build a repertoire of useful verbs, descriptions, and conjunctions

You may find that you have a tendency to selectively pick your vocabulary based on what you find easy, difficult or cool or even fun to the ear.  

Although this is not a very bad habit, you want to make sure you are intentional in collecting the vocabulary that will help with your conversational needs. 

Make an effort to be deliberate in picking up functional verbs, phrases, adjectives, and linking words that will help you with telling a story, describing a person, comparing ideas, or making a conclusion.

  • Plan ahead and use and outline

For writing structure and planning, you can use the traditional writing methods. Start with general ideas and work your way into the small details. 

Jot down your main ideas and start with your subheadings first. This will help you remain organized and focused on your topic. 

Remember that language is just a tool to convey meanings and ideas. Once you establish an outline to organize your main points and subheadings, you start using your vocabulary and own style to translate the ideas into words. 

  • Don’t be afraid of writing

Enjoy your status as a foreign language student and write without fear or anxiety of being judged. Expectations from you as a language student are not as high as what’s expected of you in your native language. 

Be bold and borrow a thick skin if you don’t have one. Try to write using your own style while you maintain good grammar, spelling, and proper form.

And, finally, remember that improvement takes practice, So keep writing.

Also you can enroll in Multibhashi to learn languages. Join now click here

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Arabic Essay Language

An Arabic language blog featuring useful phrases for writing essays in the target language. The blog includes Arabic idioms, proverbs, and academic phrases to assist the language learner in writing more complex essays.

Transitional Phrases I: Sequencing, and Additional Information

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Arabic Writing Examples

The following shows writing examples at various proficiency levels. These were produced by real language learners and may contain errors. See Writing Section Tips at the bottom of this page.

Arabic Proficiency Tests and Resources

Writing Examples

At this level, I am able to create individual words that have no extended meaning.

I can share some simple vocabulary, which deals with the prompt/task/situation, but I tend to struggle to connect those words to create meaning.

سلحفة و حسان

At this level, I am beginning to develop the ability to create meaning by grammatically connecting words.

Specifically, I can connect some basic subjects and verbs or verbs and objects, but I may be inconsistent at doing this.

I am often limited in my vocabulary to Novice level topics that I experience in my every-day life or that I have recently learned.

انا احب الكرة الكدم

At this level, I can create simple sentences with very basic grammatical control and accuracy.

There are often errors in my responses, while at the same time I might have good control with some very simple structures and functions of the language that I have just learned or studied.

At the Novice levels, errors are expected as I try to create simple sentences. Generally, the sentences that I am able to create are very basic and simple with few, if any, added details.

ﺳﺎﻓﺮ اﻟﺘﻼﻣﯿﺬ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻐﺮب وﺛﻢ ﻋﺎدوا اﻟﻰ اﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺎ

At this level, I can create simple sentences with some added detail; such sentences help create VARIETY.

At the Intermediate Low level, simple sentences are enhanced by use of prepositional phrases, helping verb usage, as well as some adverbs and a variety of adjectives.

I generally create independent sentences (ideas) that can be moved around without affecting the overall meaning of the response. There are still a number of errors in my response, but I have fairly good control of more basic sentences. I am feeling more confident in using different structures and expanding vocabulary and taking more risks with my responses.

أنا اجيب أن أبي. أبي هو يعمل كثيرا و يساعدوني في حياتي. أبي هو لطيف و محبوب. هو يحب أن يساعد الناس هو لا يسكن في بيت.

At this level, I can now create enough language to show groupings of ideas.

My thoughts are loosely connected and cannot be moved around without affecting meaning.

I can also create a few sentences with complexity and am able to use some transition words.  I am also able to use more than just simple present tense, but often make mistakes when I try to use other tenses.

My vocabulary use is expanding and I am able to use more than the usual, high frequency or most common vocabulary. I feel that I am able to create new language on my own and communicate my everyday needs without too much difficulty.

نعم يا صديقي انني اعيش في مدينه هيوستن وانها ثاني اكبر مدينة في الوايا المتحده, من حيث المنكقه انها جيده جدا ومنازلها ليست باهضه الاسعار, ومدارسها تحتوي على٠ ١ نجوم مما يدل انها مدارس ممتازة, وايضا هناك الكثير من المراكز الرياضيه القريبه من المنزل, حيث انك لن تحتاج لسياره لذهاي الى مركز رياضي. ومن حيث المطاعم فهناك الكثير مو المطاعم المختلفه مثل مطاعم عربيه يابانيه والصينيه والكثير منها.

At this level, I have good control of the language and feel quite confident about an increasing range of topics.

There are still some occasional errors in my language production, but that does not hinder my ability to communicate what I need to share.

I can use circumlocution to explain or describe things for which I do not know specific vocabulary or structures. I can understand and use different time frames and am just beginning to develop the ability to switch most time frames with accuracy. I can use transition words and concepts with some ease. My language has a more natural flow, but I still may have some unnatural pauses or hesitations.

كل حياتي ستكون مختلف إذا ولدت في أسرة أخرى. خلال طفولتي كان عندي دعم ممتاز من والديني وأخي. نحن اسرة قريبة وكانوا موجودون لي وهم يقولون إن من اللازم أن أستمع إلى قلبي واجرب أن أحصل أحلامي دائما وعطاواني المساعدة للفعل ذلك. ممكن إذا كنت في أسرة أخرى ليس كان عندي نفس الدعم. مثلا بالنسبة لتعليم أذهبت الأحسن من المدارس في منطقتنا لانهما والديني يؤمنون بأهمية المدرسة الجيدة بشكل قوي وارثت هذه الفكرة منهما التي جعلتني الركز في مدرسة كثيرا لذلك الآن أعرف كثير من أيامي في مدرسة. بالإضافة قراء والديني إليني كل الوقت عندما كنت طفل صغير يطور حبي الكتب الذي يستمر إلى اليوم. بالإضافة إذا كان أي شيء أردت أن أتعلم فهما سيجربون أن يحققونها لي ومن خلال هذا الدعم تعلمت رياضات كثيرة والموسيقى والرسم. لكن فوق هذا كل الفرص ممتازة الأهم جزء اسرتي هو حبهم لي. أشعر بمن الممكن أن أتكلم مع أسرتي على أي موضوع حتى مواضيع صعبة جدا وبعد المحدثة لن تزال يحبوني. هذه هي فكرة مهمة لأن دعمهم يسمح لي بالاستكشاف والتعبير نفسي بدون حوف ولكن أعرف أن في كثير من عائلات هذا ليس الحال. أكون أنا بسبب عائلتي ولن أختر عائلة أخرى أبدا. أفضل الطريقة التي فيها يعاملونني على أي أخر. أعتبر نفسي ذكي ولطيف و أظن أن كل شخصيتي هي من اسرتي.

At this level my response contains a number of complexities with higher degree of accuracy.

Such language allows me to address each aspect of the prompt more completely and with more depth of meaning.

I am able to use Advanced vocabulary or Advanced terms, conjugations etc. with confidence. I feel that I can create natural flow using as much detail and descriptive language as possible to create a clear picture. Errors with more complex structures may still occur. My ability to switch time frames begins to increase in accuracy.

أعزائي الطلاب ، إنه لخطوة مهمة هي إقدامكم على اختيار هذا الصف لتعلم اللغة العربية ،فإنكم ستكتشفون جمال اللغة العربية الذي سيبدد عنكم وحشة صعوبتها وستستمعون بالنصوص الراقية التي تنمي ذوقكم وتعلمكم فن الأدب والكتابة والشعر وجماله ، فإن رأيتم أن اللغة تكون صعبة فهذا يعني أنكم مقبلون على استخراج دررها ومعادنها وفنونها وترتيب ذلك كله بجمالية الابداع والفصاحة والبلاغة . فالجميع يستطيع أن يتعلم لغة الكلام اليومي ولكن ليس الجميع قادرين على فهم فنون اللغة وبلاغتها .عليكم أولا بحفظ النصوص بعد فهمها وتلخيصها ومحاولة محاكاة بعض جملها .وثانيا حاولوا التحدث بها فيما بينكم بعد أن تعملوا مجموعات للقراءة ومجموعات لتوضيح العبارات وترجمة المفردات الصعبة باستعمال المعاجم العربية المتاحة على الانترنيت أو في المكتبات .ولا تشعروا بالحرج من استعمالها حتى مع الذين يستخدمون لغة عربية صعبة في حياتهم اليومية لانكم ستشعرون بالفخر وأنتم تحققون أعلى مراتب التواصل حين تبدؤون بتواضيح بعض عباراتها لمن يتحدث بها ولا يستعمل بلاغتها أو بديعها . لقد كنت مدرسة في إحدى المدارس والذي جعلني أقول لكم ذلك أنه لا يهم حتى لو أن اللغة العربية ليست لغتكم فأنتم قادرون على فك رموزها ، لقد كان أحد طلابي وهو من دولة غير عربية ولكنه استطاع حفظ القرآن الكريم وفهم معانيه بشكل إعجازي لا يصدق أليس هذا أمر يدعوكم لتحمل القليل من أجل استخلاص المعارف والأدب والإبداع الذي امتازت به اللغة العربية الجميلة بحروفها وألفاظها وصورها وبديعها . أتمنى لكم التوفيق وأعلم أنكم ستتحمسون لتعلم المزيد والاستمرار حتى بدراسة دروس أكثر دقة وغوصا في بحر اللغة لأنكم ستستمتعون بها كثيرا.

At this level my response demonstrates my ease with the language.

I am able to create a response which not only addresses each aspect of the prompt, but delves into each point with clarity and concise language.

I am able to incorporate a number of more complex structures as well as Advanced vocabulary and Advanced phrases with a higher degree of accuracy throughout the majority of the response.

The language I create has a natural flow due to the way I incorporate a variety of patterns and complexities into my response. My response shows my ability to create language that has sophistication of language skills and syntactical density. My ability to switch time frames accurately is evident, if called for in the prompt.

لا يخفى على الباحث في اللغات و المتعمق فيها، قوة و صعوبة اللغة العربية. فاللغة تعد احد اصعب ما نطق به لسان البشر من اللغات، و لكن لا يخفى على دارس اللغة مدى رصانتها، و الاصل العريق لحضارتها، بالاضافة الى استخداماتها في شتى الدول العربية التي تمتاز بالحضارة، و الادب، و شتى انواع المعارف. اعلم يا صديقي ان اول خطوة في تعلم اللغة هي الصبر، فالصبر مفتاح لكل باب، و ما صعب شيء على امرء و هو صابر، فلا يهم مدا صعوبة اللغة، ففنهاية تصبح كل لغة كالنهر جريا فوق اللسان. بعد الصبر، عليك ان تعزم على ان تتعلم اللعة و تعطي جزئا من وقتك الخاص في تعلمها، علما ان عليك ان تحس باللغة، ان تحبها، ان تراها بدل ان تسمعها، ان شربها بدل ان تنطقها، فعندما يستقر بالك على تعلمها فلا خوف عليك و لا حرج... الخطوة الثالثة هي الحصول على المصادر اللازمة لتعلم اللغة، بنا في ذلك بعض الكتب الصعب قراءتها، فالعربية مادلة و ليست متدرجة، فبقرائتك لثلاث كتب يصعب اخذ معناها، افضل من خمسة عشر كتابا سهل المعنى و مفهوم المراد. و ها انا قد قلت ما قلت، انتقي الكتاب جيدة، فليست الصعوبة هي وحدها ما تنضر اليه، بل الموضوع، و ما انةكنت منجذبا اليه ام لا، فلا تكون مثل ما قال الشاعر: "فما حسن ان تاتي الامر طائعا،،،و تجزع ان داعي الضبابة اسمعا" الخطوة الرابعة هي الكتابة، فالكتابة ترسخ العلم و اللغة، بل و تجعل منها اكثر سيولة و فهما. و اعطيك قصتي عندما كنت في التاسعة من عمري، حيث كنت بحاجة لحفض و فهم بيت شعر من سبعة و عشرين بيتا، فقضيت الليل اكتب الشعر و معناه، حتى كنت اراه يوم الامتحان و كانه طبع بي ذهني. اخر قولي لك يا صديقي هو ان تترك كل مخاوفك و تستمتع بتعلم اللغة، و دراستها، و تذكر قول احمد شوقي: "ان الذي ملأ اللغات محاسنا،،،جعل الجمال و سره في الضاد"

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AAEE – Automated evaluation of students’ essays in Arabic language

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2019, Information Processing and Management

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Procedia Computer Science

essay in arabic writing

IEEE Intelligent Systems and their Applications

Lynette Hirschman

Jill Burstein

david Mudou

The ability to communicate in natural language has long been considered a defining characteristic of human intelligence. Furthermore, we hold our ability to express ideas in writing as a pinnacle of this uniquely human language facility-it defies formulaic or algorithmic specification. So it comes as no surprise that attempts to devise computer programs that evaluate writing are often met with resounding skepticism. Nevertheless, automated writing-evaluation systems might provide precisely the platforms we need to elucidate many of the features that characterize good and bad writing, and many of the linguistic, cognitive, and other skills that underlie the human capacity for both reading and writing. Using computers to increase our understanding of the textual features and cognitive skills involved in creating and comprehending written text will have clear benefits. It will help us develop more effective instructional materials for improving reading, writing, and other human communication abilities. It will also help us develop more effective technologies , such as search engines and question-answering systems, for providing universal access to electronic information. A sketch of the brief history of automated writing-evaluation research and its future directions might lend some credence to this argument.

hakan aydogan

Yin Ling Cheung

Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities

Nung Kion Lee

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is a service or software that can predictively grade essay based on a pre-trained computational model. It has gained a lot of research interest in educational institutions as it expedites the process and reduces the effort of human raters in grading the essays as close to humans' decisions. Despite the strong appeal, its implementation varies widely according to researchers' preferences. This critical review examines various AES development milestones specifically on different methodologies and attributes used in deriving essay scores. To generalize existing AES systems according to their constructs, we attempted to fit all of them into three frameworks which are content similarity, machine learning and hybrid. In addition, we presented and compared various common evaluation metrics in measuring the efficiency of AES and proposed Quadratic Weighted Kappa (QWK) as standard evaluation metric since it corrects the agreement purely by chance when estimate the degree of agreement between two raters. In conclusion, the paper proposes hybrid framework standard as the potential upcoming AES framework as it capable to aggregate both style and content to predict essay grades Thus, the main objective of this study is to discuss various critical issues pertaining to the current development of AES which yielded our recommendations on the future AES development.

CALICO Journal

Volker Hegelheimer

Shubham Goyal

Kshitiz Srivastava

Essays are one of the most important method for assessing learning and intelligence of a student. Manual essay grading is a time consuming process for the evaluator, a solution to such problem is to make evaluation through computers. Many systems were proposed over past few decades. Each system works on different approach having focus on different attributes. Aim of this paper is to understand and analyze current essay grading systems and compare them primarily focusing on technique used, performance and focused attributes.

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Beyond Representation: Life Writing by Women in Arabic

Arabic literary traditions are rich with women telling their own stories, from Andalusian Wallada bint al-Mustakfi’s fakhr poetry—allegedly embroidered on her clothes—through the epistolary practice of Nahda writers like Mayy Ziyadeh to the autobiographies of feminist pioneers Huda al-Shaarawi and Nawal al-Saadawi, as well as the memoirs of established literary authors such as Radwa Ashour and Samar Yazbek. In this feature, we bring you a small selection of contemporary voices that expand and challenge these diverse traditions of nonfictional life writing.

Translations of women authors from the Arab world are often read in reductive ways. All it takes is a look at the rolling landscape of women in veils adorning book covers to realize that there’s a voyeuristic impulse that—at least until very recently—has governed many of the publishing trends around Arab women’s literature. And that, when it comes to writing by women from Arab countries, the assumption that women’s life writing would tend toward the domestic and private spheres still prevails. These considerations make it difficult to gather pieces under a header that contains both “women” and “Arabic” without running the risk of essentializing.

Much has been written since the early 2000s about the packaging and reception of Arab women’s writing, specifically in English translation. For instance, Margot Badran’s translation of Huda al-Shaarawi’s memoirs, titled Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist (1987) , gives more weight in the preface and other paratextual material to the subject of the veil than Shaarawi’s own narrative does. Life in the “harem” is also foregrounded in ways that it is not in the Arabic. Shaarawi, who redefined women’s public engagement through the Egyptian Feminist Union, affords a lot more space in her text to her public action and nationalist politics. The Arabic does not even have “harem” in the title.

Nawal al-Saadawi, one of the most translated authors from Arabic into English, has been read and discussed in ways that exaggerate her subversiveness. Saadawi occupies a space in the multifarious feminist and leftist movements of her country, but editors and critics in English have repeatedly—often against her own best efforts—foregrounded sensationalist topics in her writing, portraying her as a lone fighter and the majority of Arab women as hapless victims.

The term “Arab women” itself comes with its own set of problems. It imposes a fictive homogeneity on diverse life experiences and varied contexts that have as much to set them apart as to unite them. Then there is the question of language. Not all writers identifying as Arab write in Arabic, and not everyone who writes in Arabic lives in the Arab world. But even if we take Arabic language as a defining criterion—which we do for this selection—we have to be careful not to erase literary expressions in any of the many tongues that are not the predominant modern standard Arabic, including local colloquial variations.

What is to be done, then, to give Anglophone readers a better chance to appreciate women writers from the Arab world, beyond the politics of representation and away from the public/private dichotomy? Perhaps the answer is to let as many texts as possible speak for themselves: texts that are personal and specific enough to inevitably question easy assumptions and restore the plurality missing from the representation narrative, but also topical and daring enough to show that there are countless links between the personal and the public, and many routes from the particular to the universal. We hope that the selection of texts in this feature goes some way in the direction of doing just that.

“ Razor Blade Rattle and the Beginnings of Being Tamed ,” translated by Sawad Hussain, is an excerpt from the autobiography Woman of the Rivers (2015) by Ishraga Mustafa, a Sudanese-Austrian writer, poet, and translator. An intimate and visceral piece that describes childhood trauma with a chilling lyricism, it deals with the physical loss of genital cutting and the emotional loss of trust in older women in the family. But this is far from a story of female victimhood: Mustafa’s voice here is strong and poetic, connected to nature and to her own body, sharp in its resistance to the controls exerted over it. It recaptures the spirit of the defiant child owning her losses and growing “the fruit of that pain [. . .] into palm trees.” Just as she grows herself into the author who inhabits a place from which she can speak about “the hundred lanterns in her mind.”

If autobiography is defined by the concurrence of the author with the “I” that speaks, Nadia Kamel’s Born: The Story of Naela Kamel, née Marie Rosenthal challenges that supposition. This oral-history-cum-autobiography is based on Kamel’s recordings of her mother and written entirely in ammeya (spoken Egyptian Arabic). In a feat of literary ventriloquism, Kamel channels her mother’s voice to tell the story in the first person: mother and daughter crossing together—as Kamel puts it in the introduction—“the threshold of telling, an act of stepping out.”

Mary’s/Naela’s voice is wise and inquisitive, embracing the multiculturalism of the generations of migrants she hails from while constantly interrogating her place in the world. In “ Communism in Style ,” translated for this feature by Brady Ryan and Essayed Taha, Naela/Mary shares anecdotes from her covert work for the printing press of a 1940s Egyptian Communist cell. This is a sardonic account of the cell’s work that gently mocks her own youthful naivete as well as the amateurish operations of the group. She is subtly aware of questions of privilege and class prejudice and, without taking herself too seriously, insists on going against the grain of the expectations of her milieu.

Palestinian writer and activist Sahar Khalifeh is also known for her refusal to conform. In “ University Student ,” excerpted from her autobiography A Novel for My Story (2018) and translated by Sawad Hussain, she recounts her reaction to receiving an offer of place at Birzeit University as a mature student in 1973, a pioneering move at the time and especially daring under Israeli occupation. It is a bittersweet recollection of that era in Khalifeh’s life, told in a tone that is steady and determined but never overconfident. Her stated ambitions are to become a writer and to be financially independent, but the obstacles are many: societal expectations, lack of funds, and the logistics of movement under occupation, to name a few. Khalifeh’s account moves beyond the initial reactions from those around her—“What was that? One of whimsical Sahar’s latest pipe dreams?”—to offer a vivid snapshot of female solidarity and mutual empowerment.

The final piece in this selection is Rasha Abbas’s “ Six Proposals for Participation in a Conversation about Bread .” Included here in Alice Guthrie’s translation, it first appeared in al-Jumhuriya alongside a number of essays that interrogate the relationship of food to power and political turmoil. Poetically, it strips down the struggles of war and military coups, and questions of exile and belonging, to a focal point that is as basic as it is universal: bread in its many forms, traversing eras and geographies, from the 1940s through the 2010s in cities like Damascus, Moscow, Latakia, and Berlin. The first person is mostly implicit in Rasha Abbas’s personal essay, somewhat secondary, hiding behind the wider political upheavals, witnessing without seeming to directly engage.

In Greek tragedy, female choruses were introduced to serve the dramatic purpose of passive witnesses and commentators. A chorus of men, you see, would have been expected to intervene in the events unfolding onstage. Women, on the other hand, were not expected to act. In other, more recent European traditions, autobiography used to be considered an androcentric genre. In its most basic format, it depicted an individual hero’s journey from childhood to public accomplishments, focusing on external trials and triumphs and the role played in public life. It was assumed that to play a role in public life, you would have to be a man. Again, we see the division of what is ultimately expected of public- vs. private-sphere denizens.

But one cannot write about real-life experiences from the place of the “I” without laying claim to a place in the world. The pieces included here—like most genuine, impactful life writing by good writers of all genders or none—cut across the private and public spheres to give us stories that can be surprising, shocking, or eerily familiar and relatable. This feature is meant to broach rather than summarize a rich and diverse area of reading possibilities. We invite you to cross the threshold of telling and enjoy a discordant cacophony of voices—certainly not a passive chorus—each weaving the narrative of a life that is simultaneously individual and connected with the world around it, so that the Arabness of the writer’s identity or location becomes secondary to the vital human stories she shares.

© 2020 by Sawad Hussain and Nariman Youssef. All rights reserved.

Sawad Hussain

Sawad Hussain is a translator from Arabic who has run multiple translation workshops.

Nariman Youssef

Nariman Youssef is a Cairo-born, London-based translator…

What Comes after #NameTheTranslator?

Story—late summer or early fall, foreign correspondents: international reporting.

IMAGES

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    Arabic literary traditions are rich with women telling their own stories, from Andalusian Wallada bint al-Mustakfi's fakhr poetry—allegedly embroidered on her clothes—through the epistolary practice of Nahda writers like Mayy Ziyadeh to the autobiographies of feminist pioneers Huda al-Shaarawi and Nawal al-Saadawi, as well as the memoirs of established literary authors such as Radwa ...

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