research types by method

Techniques or tools used for gathering research data include:

SAGE research methods

• SAGE research methods online This link opens in a new window Research methods tool to help researchers gather full-text resources, design research projects, understand a particular method and write up their research. Includes access to collections of video, business cases and eBooks,

Help and Information

• Next: Finding qualitative research >>
• Last Updated: Aug 19, 2024 3:39 PM
• URL: https://libguides.newcastle.edu.au/researchmethods

Home > Blog > Tips for Online Students > A Comprehensive Guide to Different Types of Research

Higher Education News , Tips for Online Students , Tips for Students

A Comprehensive Guide to Different Types of Research

Updated: June 19, 2024

Published: June 15, 2024

When embarking on a research project, selecting the right methodology can be the difference between success and failure. With various methods available, each suited to different types of research, it’s essential you make an informed choice. This blog post will provide tips on how to choose a research methodology that best fits your research goals .

We’ll start with definitions: Research is the systematic process of exploring, investigating, and discovering new information or validating existing knowledge. It involves defining questions, collecting data, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions.

Meanwhile, a research methodology is a structured plan that outlines how your research is to be conducted. A complete methodology should detail the strategies, processes, and techniques you plan to use for your data collection and analysis.

Research Methods

The first step of a research methodology is to identify a focused research topic, which is the question you seek to answer. By setting clear boundaries on the scope of your research, you can concentrate on specific aspects of a problem without being overwhelmed by information. This will produce more accurate findings. 

Along with clarifying your research topic, your methodology should also address your research methods. Let’s look at the four main types of research: descriptive, correlational, experimental, and diagnostic.

Descriptive Research

Descriptive research is an approach designed to describe the characteristics of a population systematically and accurately. This method focuses on answering “what” questions by providing detailed observations about the subject. Descriptive research employs surveys, observational studies , and case studies to gather qualitative or quantitative data. 

A real-world example of descriptive research is a survey investigating consumer behavior toward a competitor’s product. By analyzing the survey results, the company can gather detailed insights into how consumers perceive a competitor’s product, which can inform their marketing strategies and product development.

Correlational Research

Correlational research examines the statistical relationship between two or more variables to determine whether a relationship exists. Correlational research is particularly useful when ethical or practical constraints prevent experimental manipulation. It is often employed in fields such as psychology, education, and health sciences to provide insights into complex real-world interactions, helping to develop theories and inform further experimental research.

An example of correlational research is the study of the relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Researchers observe and collect data on individuals’ smoking habits and the incidence of lung cancer to determine if there is a correlation between the two variables. This type of research helps identify patterns and relationships, indicating whether increased smoking is associated with higher rates of lung cancer.

Experimental Research

Experimental research is a scientific approach where researchers manipulate one or more independent variables to observe their effect on a dependent variable. This method is designed to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Fields like psychology , medicine, and social sciences frequently employ experimental research to test hypotheses and theories under controlled conditions. 

A real-world example of experimental research is Pavlov’s Dog experiment. In this experiment, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated classical conditioning by ringing a bell each time he fed his dogs. After repeating this process multiple times, the dogs began to salivate just by hearing the bell, even when no food was presented. This experiment helped to illustrate how certain stimuli can elicit specific responses through associative learning.

Diagnostic Research

Diagnostic research tries to accurately diagnose a problem by identifying its underlying causes. This type of research is crucial for understanding complex situations where a precise diagnosis is necessary for formulating effective solutions. It involves methods such as case studies and data analysis and often integrates both qualitative and quantitative data to provide a comprehensive view of the issue at hand. 

An example of diagnostic research is studying the causes of a specific illness outbreak. During an outbreak of a respiratory virus, researchers might conduct diagnostic research to determine the factors contributing to the spread of the virus. This could involve analyzing patient data, testing environmental samples, and evaluating potential sources of infection. The goal is to identify the root causes and contributing factors to develop effective containment and prevention strategies.

Using an established research method is imperative, no matter if you are researching for marketing , technology , healthcare , engineering, or social science. A methodology lends legitimacy to your research by ensuring your data is both consistent and credible. A well-defined methodology also enhances the reliability and validity of the research findings, which is crucial for drawing accurate and meaningful conclusions. 

Additionally, methodologies help researchers stay focused and on track, limiting the scope of the study to relevant questions and objectives. This not only improves the quality of the research but also ensures that the study can be replicated and verified by other researchers, further solidifying its scientific value.

How to Choose a Research Methodology

Choosing the best research methodology for your project involves several key steps to ensure that your approach aligns with your research goals and questions. Here’s a simplified guide to help you make the best choice.

Understand Your Goals

Clearly define the objectives of your research. What do you aim to discover, prove, or understand? Understanding your goals helps in selecting a methodology that aligns with your research purpose.

Consider the Nature of Your Data

Determine whether your research will involve numerical data, textual data, or both. Quantitative methods are best for numerical data, while qualitative methods are suitable for textual or thematic data.

Understand the Purpose of Each Methodology

Becoming familiar with the four types of research – descriptive, correlational, experimental, and diagnostic – will enable you to select the most appropriate method for your research. Many times, you will want to use a combination of methods to gather meaningful data. 

Evaluate Resources and Constraints

Consider the resources available to you, including time, budget, and access to data. Some methodologies may require more resources or longer timeframes to implement effectively.

Review Similar Studies

Look at previous research in your field to see which methodologies were successful. This can provide insights and help you choose a proven approach.

By following these steps, you can select a research methodology that best fits your project’s requirements and ensures robust, credible results.

Completing Your Research Project

Upon completing your research, the next critical step is to analyze and interpret the data you’ve collected. This involves summarizing the key findings, identifying patterns, and determining how these results address your initial research questions. By thoroughly examining the data, you can draw meaningful conclusions that contribute to the body of knowledge in your field. 

It’s essential that you present these findings clearly and concisely, using charts, graphs, and tables to enhance comprehension. Furthermore, discuss the implications of your results, any limitations encountered during the study, and how your findings align with or challenge existing theories.

Your research project should conclude with a strong statement that encapsulates the essence of your research and its broader impact. This final section should leave readers with a clear understanding of the value of your work and inspire continued exploration and discussion in the field.

Now that you know how to perform quality research , it’s time to get started! Applying the right research methodologies can make a significant difference in the accuracy and reliability of your findings. Remember, the key to successful research is not just in collecting data, but in analyzing it thoughtfully and systematically to draw meaningful conclusions. So, dive in, explore, and contribute to the ever-growing body of knowledge with confidence. Happy researching!

In this article

At UoPeople, our blog writers are thinkers, researchers, and experts dedicated to curating articles relevant to our mission: making higher education accessible to everyone. Read More

• Research Process
• Manuscript Preparation
• Manuscript Review
• Publication Process
• Publication Recognition
• Language Editing Services
• Translation Services

Choosing the Right Research Methodology: A Guide for Researchers

• 3 minute read
• 52.5K views

Table of Contents

Choosing an optimal research methodology is crucial for the success of any research project. The methodology you select will determine the type of data you collect, how you collect it, and how you analyse it. Understanding the different types of research methods available along with their strengths and weaknesses, is thus imperative to make an informed decision.

Understanding different research methods:

There are several research methods available depending on the type of study you are conducting, i.e., whether it is laboratory-based, clinical, epidemiological, or survey based . Some common methodologies include qualitative research, quantitative research, experimental research, survey-based research, and action research. Each method can be opted for and modified, depending on the type of research hypotheses and objectives.

Qualitative vs quantitative research:

When deciding on a research methodology, one of the key factors to consider is whether your research will be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative research is used to understand people’s experiences, concepts, thoughts, or behaviours . Quantitative research, on the contrary, deals with numbers, graphs, and charts, and is used to test or confirm hypotheses, assumptions, and theories. 

Qualitative research methodology:

Qualitative research is often used to examine issues that are not well understood, and to gather additional insights on these topics. Qualitative research methods include open-ended survey questions, observations of behaviours described through words, and reviews of literature that has explored similar theories and ideas. These methods are used to understand how language is used in real-world situations, identify common themes or overarching ideas, and describe and interpret various texts. Data analysis for qualitative research typically includes discourse analysis, thematic analysis, and textual analysis. 

Quantitative research methodology:

The goal of quantitative research is to test hypotheses, confirm assumptions and theories, and determine cause-and-effect relationships. Quantitative research methods include experiments, close-ended survey questions, and countable and numbered observations. Data analysis for quantitative research relies heavily on statistical methods.

Analysing qualitative vs quantitative data:

The methods used for data analysis also differ for qualitative and quantitative research. As mentioned earlier, quantitative data is generally analysed using statistical methods and does not leave much room for speculation. It is more structured and follows a predetermined plan. In quantitative research, the researcher starts with a hypothesis and uses statistical methods to test it. Contrarily, methods used for qualitative data analysis can identify patterns and themes within the data, rather than provide statistical measures of the data. It is an iterative process, where the researcher goes back and forth trying to gauge the larger implications of the data through different perspectives and revising the analysis if required.

When to use qualitative vs quantitative research:

The choice between qualitative and quantitative research will depend on the gap that the research project aims to address, and specific objectives of the study. If the goal is to establish facts about a subject or topic, quantitative research is an appropriate choice. However, if the goal is to understand people’s experiences or perspectives, qualitative research may be more suitable. 

Conclusion:

In conclusion, an understanding of the different research methods available, their applicability, advantages, and disadvantages is essential for making an informed decision on the best methodology for your project. If you need any additional guidance on which research methodology to opt for, you can head over to Elsevier Author Services (EAS). EAS experts will guide you throughout the process and help you choose the perfect methodology for your research goals.

Why is data validation important in research?

When Data Speak, Listen: Importance of Data Collection and Analysis Methods

You may also like.

Descriptive Research Design and Its Myriad Uses

Five Common Mistakes to Avoid When Writing a Biomedical Research Paper

Making Technical Writing in Environmental Engineering Accessible

To Err is Not Human: The Dangers of AI-assisted Academic Writing

Writing a good review article

Scholarly Sources: What are They and Where can You Find Them?

Input your search keywords and press Enter.

Research Methodologies

• What are research designs?
• What are research methodologies?

What are research methods?

Quantitative research methods, qualitative research methods, mixed method approach, selecting the best research method.

• Additional Sources

Research methods are different from research methodologies because they are the ways in which you will collect the data for your research project.  The best method for your project largely depends on your topic, the type of data you will need, and the people or items from which you will be collecting data.  The following boxes below contain a list of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research methods.

• Closed-ended questionnaires/survey: These types of questionnaires or surveys are like "multiple choice" tests, where participants must select from a list of premade answers.  According to the content of the question, they must select the one that they agree with the most.  This approach is the simplest form of quantitative research because the data is easy to combine and quantify.
• Structured interviews: These are a common research method in market research because the data can be quantified.  They are strictly designed for little "wiggle room" in the interview process so that the data will not be skewed.  You can conduct structured interviews in-person, online, or over the phone (Dawson, 2019).

Constructing Questionnaires

When constructing your questions for a survey or questionnaire, there are things you can do to ensure that your questions are accurate and easy to understand (Dawson, 2019):

• Keep the questions brief and simple.
• Eliminate any potential bias from your questions.  Make sure that they do not word things in a way that favor one perspective over another.
• If your topic is very sensitive, you may want to ask indirect questions rather than direct ones.  This prevents participants from being intimidated and becoming unwilling to share their true responses.
• If you are using a closed-ended question, try to offer every possible answer that a participant could give to that question.
• Do not ask questions that assume something of the participant.  The question "How often do you exercise?" assumes that the participant exercises (when they may not), so you would want to include a question that asks if they exercise at all before asking them how often.
• Try and keep the questionnaire as short as possible.  The longer a questionnaire takes, the more likely the participant will not complete it or get too tired to put truthful answers.
• Promise confidentiality to your participants at the beginning of the questionnaire.

Quantitative Research Measures

When you are considering a quantitative approach to your research, you need to identify why types of measures you will use in your study.  This will determine what type of numbers you will be using to collect your data.  There are four levels of measurement:

• Nominal: These are numbers where the order of the numbers do not matter.  They aim to identify separate information.  One example is collecting zip codes from research participants.  The order of the numbers does not matter, but the series of numbers in each zip code indicate different information (Adamson and Prion, 2013).
• Ordinal: Also known as rankings because the order of these numbers matter.  This is when items are given a specific rank according to specific criteria.  A common example of ordinal measurements include ranking-based questionnaires, where participants are asked to rank items from least favorite to most favorite.  Another common example is a pain scale, where a patient is asked to rank their pain on a scale from 1 to 10 (Adamson and Prion, 2013).
• Interval: This is when the data are ordered and the distance between the numbers matters to the researcher (Adamson and Prion, 2013).  The distance between each number is the same.  An example of interval data is test grades.
• Ratio: This is when the data are ordered and have a consistent distance between numbers, but has a "zero point."  This means that there could be a measurement of zero of whatever you are measuring in your study (Adamson and Prion, 2013).  An example of ratio data is measuring the height of something because the "zero point" remains constant in all measurements.  The height of something could also be zero.

Focus Groups

This is when a select group of people gather to talk about a particular topic.  They can also be called discussion groups or group interviews (Dawson, 2019).  They are usually lead by a moderator  to help guide the discussion and ask certain questions.  It is critical that a moderator allows everyone in the group to get a chance to speak so that no one dominates the discussion.  The data that are gathered from focus groups tend to be thoughts, opinions, and perspectives about an issue.

Advantages of Focus Groups

• Only requires one meeting to get different types of responses.
• Less researcher bias due to participants being able to speak openly.
• Helps participants overcome insecurities or fears about a topic.
• The researcher can also consider the impact of participant interaction.

Disadvantages of Focus Groups

• Participants may feel uncomfortable to speak in front of an audience, especially if the topic is sensitive or controversial.
• Since participation is voluntary, not every participant may contribute equally to the discussion.
• Participants may impact what others say or think.
• A researcher may feel intimidated by running a focus group on their own.
• A researcher may need extra funds/resources to provide a safe space to host the focus group.
• Because the data is collective, it may be difficult to determine a participant's individual thoughts about the research topic.

Observation

There are two ways to conduct research observations:

• Direct Observation: The researcher observes a participant in an environment.  The researcher often takes notes or uses technology to gather data, such as a voice recorder or video camera.  The researcher does not interact or interfere with the participants.  This approach is often used in psychology and health studies (Dawson, 2019).
• Participant Observation:  The researcher interacts directly with the participants to get a better understanding of the research topic.  This is a common research method when trying to understand another culture or community.  It is important to decide if you will conduct a covert (participants do not know they are part of the research) or overt (participants know the researcher is observing them) observation because it can be unethical in some situations (Dawson, 2019).

Open-Ended Questionnaires

These types of questionnaires are the opposite of "multiple choice" questionnaires because the answer boxes are left open for the participant to complete.  This means that participants can write short or extended answers to the questions.  Upon gathering the responses, researchers will often "quantify" the data by organizing the responses into different categories.  This can be time consuming because the researcher needs to read all responses carefully.

Semi-structured Interviews

This is the most common type of interview where researchers aim to get specific information so they can compare it to other interview data.  This requires asking the same questions for each interview, but keeping their responses flexible.  This means including follow-up questions if a subject answers a certain way.  Interview schedules are commonly used to aid the interviewers, which list topics or questions that will be discussed at each interview (Dawson, 2019).

Theoretical Analysis

Often used for nonhuman research, theoretical analysis is a qualitative approach where the researcher applies a theoretical framework to analyze something about their topic.  A theoretical framework gives the researcher a specific "lens" to view the topic and think about it critically. it also serves as context to guide the entire study.  This is a popular research method for analyzing works of literature, films, and other forms of media.  You can implement more than one theoretical framework with this method, as many theories complement one another.

Common theoretical frameworks for qualitative research are (Grant and Osanloo, 2014):

• Behavioral theory
• Change theory
• Cognitive theory
• Content analysis
• Cross-sectional analysis
• Developmental theory
• Feminist theory
• Gender theory
• Marxist theory
• Queer theory
• Systems theory
• Transformational theory

Unstructured Interviews

These are in-depth interviews where the researcher tries to understand an interviewee's perspective on a situation or issue.  They are sometimes called life history interviews.  It is important not to bombard the interviewee with too many questions so they can freely disclose their thoughts (Dawson, 2019).

• Open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires: This approach means implementing elements of both questionnaire types into your data collection.  Participants may answer some questions with premade answers and write their own answers to other questions.  The advantage to this method is that you benefit from both types of data collection to get a broader understanding of you participants.  However, you must think carefully about how you will analyze this data to arrive at a conclusion.

Other mixed method approaches that incorporate quantitative and qualitative research methods depend heavily on the research topic.  It is strongly recommended that you collaborate with your academic advisor before finalizing a mixed method approach.

How do you determine which research method would be best for your proposal?  This heavily depends on your research objective.  According to Dawson (2019), there are several questions to ask yourself when determining the best research method for your project:

• Are you good with numbers and mathematics?
• Would you be interested in conducting interviews with human subjects?
• Would you enjoy creating a questionnaire for participants to complete?
• Do you prefer written communication or face-to-face interaction?
• What skills or experiences do you have that might help you with your research?  Do you have any experiences from past research projects that can help with this one?
• How much time do you have to complete the research?  Some methods take longer to collect data than others.
• What is your budget?  Do you have adequate funding to conduct the research in the method you  want?
• How much data do you need?  Some research topics need only a small amount of data while others may need significantly larger amounts.
• What is the purpose of your research? This can provide a good indicator as to what research method will be most appropriate.
• << Previous: What are research methodologies?
• Next: Additional Sources >>
• Last Updated: Aug 2, 2022 2:36 PM
• URL: https://library.tiffin.edu/researchmethodologies

• University Libraries
• Research Guides
• Topic Guides
• Research Methods Guide
• Research Design & Method

Research Methods Guide: Research Design & Method

• Introduction
• Survey Research
• Interview Research
• Data Analysis
• Resources & Consultation

Tutorial Videos: Research Design & Method

Research Methods (sociology-focused)

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Methods (intro)

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Methods (advanced)

FAQ: Research Design & Method

What is the difference between Research Design and Research Method?

Research design is a plan to answer your research question.  A research method is a strategy used to implement that plan.  Research design and methods are different but closely related, because good research design ensures that the data you obtain will help you answer your research question more effectively.

Which research method should I choose ?

It depends on your research goal.  It depends on what subjects (and who) you want to study.  Let's say you are interested in studying what makes people happy, or why some students are more conscious about recycling on campus.  To answer these questions, you need to make a decision about how to collect your data.  Most frequently used methods include:

• Observation / Participant Observation
• Focus Groups
• Experiments
• Secondary Data Analysis / Archival Study
• Mixed Methods (combination of some of the above)

One particular method could be better suited to your research goal than others, because the data you collect from different methods will be different in quality and quantity.   For instance, surveys are usually designed to produce relatively short answers, rather than the extensive responses expected in qualitative interviews.

What other factors should I consider when choosing one method over another?

Time for data collection and analysis is something you want to consider.  An observation or interview method, so-called qualitative approach, helps you collect richer information, but it takes time.  Using a survey helps you collect more data quickly, yet it may lack details.  So, you will need to consider the time you have for research and the balance between strengths and weaknesses associated with each method (e.g., qualitative vs. quantitative).

• << Previous: Introduction
• Next: Survey Research >>
• Last Updated: Aug 21, 2023 10:42 AM

• Tips & Tricks
• Website & Apps
• ChatGPT Blogs
• ChatGPT News
• ChatGPT Tutorial

Types of Research Methods Explained with Examples

Research methods are the various strategies, techniques, and tools that researchers use to collect and analyze data . These methods help researchers find answers to their questions and gain a better understanding of different topics. Whether conducting experiments, surveys, or interviews, choosing the right research method is crucial for obtaining accurate and reliable results.

In the ever-evolving world of academia and professional inquiry, understanding the various research methods is crucial for anyone looking to delve into a new study or project. Research is a systematic investigation aimed at discovering and interpreting facts , plays a pivotal role in expanding our knowledge across various fields.

Table of Content

What is Research?

Types of research methods, types of research methodology, difference between qualitative and quantitative research.

This article will explore the different types of research methods , how they are used, and their importance in the world of research.

Research is the process of studying a subject in detail to discover new information or understand it better. This can be anything from studying plants or animals, to learning how people think and behave, to finding new ways to cure diseases. People do research by asking questions, collecting information, and then looking at that information to find answers or learn new things.

This table provides a quick reference to understand the key aspects of each research type.

1. Qualitative Research

Qualitative research method is a methodological approach primarily used in fields like social sciences, anthropology, and psychology . It’s aimed at understanding human behavior and the motivations behind it. Qualitative research delves into the nature of phenomena through detailed, in-depth exploration.

Definition and Approach: Qualitative research focuses on understanding human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. It involves in-depth analysis of non-numerical data like texts, videos, or audio recordings.

Key Features:

• Emphasis on exploring complex phenomena
• Involves interviews, focus groups , and observations
• Generates rich, detailed data that are often subjective

Applications: Widely used in social sciences, marketing, and user experience research.

2. Quantitative Research

Quantitative research method is a systematic approach used in various scientific fields to quantify data and generalize findings from a sample to a larger population.

Definition and Approach: Quantitative research is centered around quantifying data and generalizing results from a sample to the population of interest. It involves statistical analysis and numerical data .

• Relies on structured data collection instruments
• Large sample sizes for generalizability
• Statistical methods to establish relationships between variables

Applications: Common in natural sciences, economics, and market research.

3. Descriptive Research

Descriptive research is a type of research method that is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied . It does not answer questions about how or why things are the way they are. Instead, it focuses on providing a snapshot of current conditions or describing what exists.

Definition and Approach: This Types of Research method aims to accurately describe characteristics of a particular phenomenon or population.

• Provides detailed insights without explaining why or how something happens
• Involves surveys and observations
• Often used as a preliminary research method

Applications: Used in demographic studies, census, and organizational reporting.

4. Analytical Research

Analytical research is a type of research that s eeks to understand the underlying factors or causes behind phenomena or relationships . It goes beyond descriptive research by attempting to explain why things happen and how they happen.

Definition and Approach: Analytical research method goes beyond description to understand the underlying reasons or causes.

• Involves comparing data and facts to make evaluations
• Critical thinking is a key component
• Often hypothesis-driven

Applications: Useful in scientific research, policy analysis, and business strategy.

5. Applied Research

Applied research is a type of scientific research method that aims to solve specific practical problems or address practical questions . Unlike fundamental research, which seeks to expand knowledge for knowledge’s sake, applied research is directed towards solving real-world issues .

Definition and Approach: Applied research focuses on finding solutions to practical problems.

• Direct practical application
• Often collaborative , involving stakeholders
• Results are immediately applicable

Applications: Used in healthcare, engineering, and technology development.

6. Fundamental Research

Fundamental research, also known as basic research or pure research, is a type of scientific research method that aims to expand the existing knowledge base. It is driven by curiosity, interest in a particular subject, or the pursuit of knowledge for knowledge’s sake , rather than with a specific practical application in mind.

Definition and Approach: Also known as basic or pure research, it aims to expand knowledge without a direct application in mind.

• Theoretical framework
• Focus on understanding fundamental principles
• Long-term in nature

Applications: Foundational in fields like physics, mathematics, and social sciences.

7. Exploratory Research

Exploratory research is a type of research method conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. Its primary goal is to gain insights and familiarity with the problem or to gain more information about a topic. Exploratory research is often conducted when a researcher or investigator does not know much about the issue and is looking to gather more information.

Definition and Approach: This type of research is conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined.

• Flexible and unstructured
• Used to identify potential hypotheses
• Relies on secondary research like reviewing available literature

Applications: Often the first step in social science research and product development.

8. Conclusive Research

Conclusive research, also known as confirmatory research, is a type of research method that aims to confirm or deny a hypotheses or provide answers to specific research questions. It is used to make conclusive decisions or draw conclusions about the relationships among variables.

Definition and Approach: Conclusive research is designed to provide information that is useful in decision-making.

• Structured and methodical
• Aims to test hypotheses
• Involves experiments, surveys, and testing

Applications: Used in market research, clinical trials, and policy evaluations.

Here is detailed difference between the qualitative and quantitative research –

Understanding the different types of research methods is crucial for anyone embarking on a research project. Each type has its unique approach, methodology, and application area, making it essential to choose the right type for your specific research question or problem. This guide serves as a starting point for researchers to explore and select the most suitable research method for their needs, ensuring effective and reliable outcomes.

Types of Research Methods – FAQs

What are the 4 main types of research methods.

There are four main types of Quantitative research:  Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental, and Experimental Research . attempts to establish cause- effect relationships among the variables. These types of design are very similar to true experiments, but with some key differences.

What are the 5 main purpose of research?

The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are  documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge .

What are 7 C’s of research?

The 7 C’s define the principles that are essential for conducting rigorous and credible research. They are Curiosity, Clarity, Conciseness, Correctness, Completeness, Coherence, Credibility.

• General Knowledge
• SSC/Banking
• tech-updates

Please Login to comment...

Types of irony explained (with examples), why can't a country print more currency - explained.

When is Easter 2024? - Date, Traditions, and Symbols Explained

What is youtube kids an app made just for kids, explained.

The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes' Ending Explained: The Director and Producer Break It Down (Exclusive)

Project 2025 Explained: Impact on Public Health, Trump's Agenda, and Biden-Harris Opposition - Latest News

List of research institutes in india, studentship program for ayurveda research ken (spark), innovation in science pursuit for inspired research (inspire) programme, cognitive science research initiative (csri) - full form, history and objectives.

• Best External Hard Drives for Mac in 2024: Top Picks for MacBook Pro, MacBook Air & More
• How to Watch NFL Games Live Streams Free
• OpenAI o1 AI Model Launched: Explore o1-Preview, o1-Mini, Pricing & Comparison
• How to Merge Cells in Google Sheets: Step by Step Guide
• #geekstreak2024 – 21 Days POTD Challenge Powered By Deutsche Bank

Improve your Coding Skills with Practice

What kind of Experience do you want to share?

Home » Research Methods » Qualitative Methods "How-To" Guides » Titles Available as e-Books

Qualitative Methods "How-To" Guides Edited by Patricia Leavy

This series provides researchers and students with step-by-step, practical instruction on established and emerging qualitative methods. Authors are leaders in their respective areas of expertise who demystify the research process and share innovative practices and invaluable insider advice. The basics of each method are addressed, including philosophical underpinnings, and guidance is offered on designing studies; generating, analyzing, interpreting, and representing data; and evaluating the quality of research. With accessible writing, robust examples, and ample pedagogical features, books in this series are ideal for use in courses or by individual researchers.

Titles Available as e-Books:

• How to Contact Us
• Library & Collections
• Business School
• Things To Do

Research Methods (Behavioural Science)

• September 2025
• September 2024

1 year full-time

Durham City

Course details

The MA in Research Methods (Behavioural Science) is a Social Sciences & Health Faculty degree in which departments from across the University work together to deliver a tailored study programme that explores human behaviour through a research lens. It is primarily designed for students who plan to continue their graduate studies at PhD level in the broad area of behavioural science or work as a behavioural scientist or research psychologist. It is also relevant for students wishing to pursue careers in applied areas of behavioural science.

Students intending to have a career as a research psychologist need to acquire a high level of research skills at postgraduate level. Research methods training, co-ordinated through the Durham Research Methods Centre, therefore forms a central part of the MA course, including both quantitative and qualitative research methods. One third of the course is also devoted to the dissertation which may be carried out in any area of psychology related to development. The taught course modules include both generic and subject level components, providing an introduction to broad issues and methodological approaches in behavioural science and the social sciences.

Course structure

Core modules:.

Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Practices Across Social Research introduces the areas of contemporary social scientific research practice. You will develop an understanding of the intersection where philosophical, methodological and disciplinary contexts meet, including qualitative, quantitative, statistical, computational and historical programmes of research. You will also explore the various issues involved in the application of these methods inside and outside academia and will consider the ethical issues involved such as power and equality.

Qualitative Methods and Analysis supports your preparation for conducting qualitative research equipping you with the knowledge and skills to understand and appraise qualitative social sciences research, including different approaches to research and design and the analysis of qualitative data.

Advanced Topics in Behavioural Science covers a range of topics in the field of behavioural science including the history, background and development of research. The module offers the opportunity for a critical examination of seminal theoretical models and empirical studies, along with methodologies and techniques used for the study of behavioural science phenomena.

Quantitative Methods and Analysis develops your knowledge, critical understanding and skills in quantitative data analysis and teaches you how to use statistical techniques for exploration and description of data sets. You will also learn how to make appropriate statistical inferences about associations between social phenomena.

Advanced Statistics for Psychology and the Behavioural Sciences teaches you a set of advanced statistical methods that are used across psychology and the behavioural sciences, equipping you with the skills to confidently identify appropriate statistical techniques and analyse data using relevant software across a range of different types of research.

The Dissertation enables you to design, implement, analyse and finally discuss an empirical project relevant to your field of study, giving you the opportunity to apply the theoretical knowledge you have acquired and to gain experience of collaborating with other researchers and undertaking research and project management. The Department provides excellent support and opportunities for conducting a significant piece of independent research.

In recent years, optional modules have included:

• Diversity and Inclusion in Practice
• Power and Influence
• Behavioural Insights for Public Policy

Alternative modules (depending on prior knowledge and understanding) include:

• Advanced Ethnographic Research
• Multilevel Modelling
• Simulating Data in R
• Systematic Review
• Computational Social Science
• Participatory Action Research
• Statistics in Health and Medicine with R

Create Your Own Prospectus

Explore Our Scholarships

Meet Our Students

Book an Open Day

The course is delivered through a mixture of lectures, seminars and practical classes. Lectures provide key information on a particular topic related to research methods or behavioural science. Seminars are held in order that smaller group teaching can take place, with focused discussion on specific topics. Finally, practical and workshop classes allow you to gain direct experience, particularly in how to use statistical tools.

The balance of this type of activity varies as a function of the module. This is a one year course, with students having the summer term to work on dissertation related activities. You will typically attend approximately 12 hours a week comprising lectures, tutorials and seminars. Outside timetabled contact hours, you are also expected to undertake your own independent study to prepare for your classes and broaden your subject knowledge, as well as conduct your dissertation. Independent study is a key element to the course, with complex factors raised in lectures that do assume some prior knowledge of the topic area.

The course is divided into three parts. One third, comprising three modules, is of subject specific topics related to behavioural science. Across these modules, the material is delivered via a combination of lectures, seminars, practical workshops and discussions.

A further three modules focus on placing behavioural science in the larger framework of social science research and providing generic research skills, for example, qualitative and quantitative analysis skills.

The final third of the course is the dissertation, which reflects the culmination of learning and practical endeavours from throughout the course via the production of an independent and original body of research material. This is performed under supervision with a member of staff, with meetings varying in duration and frequency throughout the year as a function of the needs of the research project and student.

For the course as a whole, the assessment includes examinations, written assignments, oral presentations, and the completion of a dissertation.

Entry requirements

2:1 in Psychology, Economics, Business or related subject (or equivalent).

English language requirements

Fees and funding

The tuition fees for 2025/26 academic year have not yet been finalised, they will be displayed here once approved.

The tuition fees shown are for one complete academic year of full time study, are set according to the academic year of entry, and remain the same throughout the duration of the programme for that cohort (unless otherwise stated) .

Please also check costs for colleges and accommodation .

Scholarships and Bursaries

We are committed to supporting the best students irrespective of financial circumstances and are delighted to offer a range of funding opportunities. 

Career opportunities

Department information.

Find out more:

Apply for a postgraduate course (including PGCE International) via our online portal.  

• Applicant Portal (not PGCE unless International)
• Admissions Policy

The best way to find out what Durham is really like is to come and see for yourself!

Join a Postgraduate Open Day

• Date: 01/09/2023 - 31/08/2024
• Time: 09:00 - 17:00

Self-Guided Tours

• Time: 09:00 - 16:00

Similar courses

Behavioural science - msc.

Cognitive Neuroscience - MSc

Developmental psychopathology - msc, research methods (developmental psychology) - ma.

• See more courses

• CSU Stanislaus
• Research Guides

CJ 3170: Criminal Justice Research Methods - Prof. Hiropoulos Ramatlhodi

• APA Style Citation

Research, Instruction & Online Learning Librarian

Welcome to the research guide for CJ 3170: Criminal Justice Research Methods! Following each Library session, notes and follow-up information will be listed here. Use the tabs on the left to select the session you need. 

At the end of each session, use the survey on the right to tell us what you need additional help with. The following session will be built around your feedback and requests. 

• CJ 3170 Survey Tell me what you'd like to know more about during our next session.
• Next: Session #1 >>
• Last Updated: Sep 18, 2024 12:53 PM
• URL: https://library.csustan.edu/CJ3170

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS. A lock ( Lock Locked padlock ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

• Search Awards
• Recent Awards
• Presidential and Honorary Awards
• About Awards
• How to Manage Your Award
• Grant General Conditions
• Cooperative Agreement Conditions
• Special Conditions
• Federal Demonstration Partnership
• Policy Office Website

Please report errors in award information by writing to: [email protected] .

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base

Methodology

• What Is Qualitative Research? | Methods & Examples

What Is Qualitative Research? | Methods & Examples

Published on June 19, 2020 by Pritha Bhandari . Revised on September 5, 2024.

Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.

Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research , which involves collecting and analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis.

Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects such as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc.

• How does social media shape body image in teenagers?
• How do children and adults interpret healthy eating in the UK?
• What factors influence employee retention in a large organization?
• How is anxiety experienced around the world?
• How can teachers integrate social issues into science curriculums?

Table of contents

Approaches to qualitative research, qualitative research methods, qualitative data analysis, advantages of qualitative research, disadvantages of qualitative research, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about qualitative research.

Qualitative research is used to understand how people experience the world. While there are many approaches to qualitative research, they tend to be flexible and focus on retaining rich meaning when interpreting data.

Common approaches include grounded theory, ethnography , action research , phenomenological research, and narrative research. They share some similarities, but emphasize different aims and perspectives.

Note that qualitative research is at risk for certain research biases including the Hawthorne effect , observer bias , recall bias , and social desirability bias . While not always totally avoidable, awareness of potential biases as you collect and analyze your data can prevent them from impacting your work too much.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Each of the research approaches involve using one or more data collection methods . These are some of the most common qualitative methods:

• Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes.
• Interviews:  personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.
• Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.
• Surveys : distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.
• Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or video recordings, etc.
• You take field notes with observations and reflect on your own experiences of the company culture.
• You distribute open-ended surveys to employees across all the company’s offices by email to find out if the culture varies across locations.
• You conduct in-depth interviews with employees in your office to learn about their experiences and perspectives in greater detail.

Qualitative researchers often consider themselves “instruments” in research because all observations, interpretations and analyses are filtered through their own personal lens.

For this reason, when writing up your methodology for qualitative research, it’s important to reflect on your approach and to thoroughly explain the choices you made in collecting and analyzing the data.

Qualitative data can take the form of texts, photos, videos and audio. For example, you might be working with interview transcripts, survey responses, fieldnotes, or recordings from natural settings.

Most types of qualitative data analysis share the same five steps:

• Prepare and organize your data. This may mean transcribing interviews or typing up fieldnotes.
• Review and explore your data. Examine the data for patterns or repeated ideas that emerge.
• Develop a data coding system. Based on your initial ideas, establish a set of codes that you can apply to categorize your data.
• Assign codes to the data. For example, in qualitative survey analysis, this may mean going through each participant’s responses and tagging them with codes in a spreadsheet. As you go through your data, you can create new codes to add to your system if necessary.
• Identify recurring themes. Link codes together into cohesive, overarching themes.

There are several specific approaches to analyzing qualitative data. Although these methods share similar processes, they emphasize different concepts.

Qualitative research often tries to preserve the voice and perspective of participants and can be adjusted as new research questions arise. Qualitative research is good for:

• Flexibility

The data collection and analysis process can be adapted as new ideas or patterns emerge. They are not rigidly decided beforehand.

• Natural settings

Data collection occurs in real-world contexts or in naturalistic ways.

• Meaningful insights

Detailed descriptions of people’s experiences, feelings and perceptions can be used in designing, testing or improving systems or products.

• Generation of new ideas

Open-ended responses mean that researchers can uncover novel problems or opportunities that they wouldn’t have thought of otherwise.

Researchers must consider practical and theoretical limitations in analyzing and interpreting their data. Qualitative research suffers from:

• Unreliability

The real-world setting often makes qualitative research unreliable because of uncontrolled factors that affect the data.

• Subjectivity

Due to the researcher’s primary role in analyzing and interpreting data, qualitative research cannot be replicated . The researcher decides what is important and what is irrelevant in data analysis, so interpretations of the same data can vary greatly.

• Limited generalizability

Small samples are often used to gather detailed data about specific contexts. Despite rigorous analysis procedures, it is difficult to draw generalizable conclusions because the data may be biased and unrepresentative of the wider population .

• Labor-intensive

Although software can be used to manage and record large amounts of text, data analysis often has to be checked or performed manually.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Chi square goodness of fit test
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.

Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.

There are five common approaches to qualitative research :

• Grounded theory involves collecting data in order to develop new theories.
• Ethnography involves immersing yourself in a group or organization to understand its culture.
• Narrative research involves interpreting stories to understand how people make sense of their experiences and perceptions.
• Phenomenological research involves investigating phenomena through people’s lived experiences.
• Action research links theory and practice in several cycles to drive innovative changes.

Data collection is the systematic process by which observations or measurements are gathered in research. It is used in many different contexts by academics, governments, businesses, and other organizations.

There are various approaches to qualitative data analysis , but they all share five steps in common:

• Prepare and organize your data.
• Review and explore your data.
• Develop a data coding system.
• Assign codes to the data.
• Identify recurring themes.

The specifics of each step depend on the focus of the analysis. Some common approaches include textual analysis , thematic analysis , and discourse analysis .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Bhandari, P. (2024, September 05). What Is Qualitative Research? | Methods & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 18, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-research/

Is this article helpful?

Pritha Bhandari

Other students also liked, qualitative vs. quantitative research | differences, examples & methods, how to do thematic analysis | step-by-step guide & examples, "i thought ai proofreading was useless but..".

I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”

• Create Account

Main navigation dropdown

Publications, private and covert communications: fundamentals, methods, and applications, publication date, first quarter 2026, manuscript submission deadline, 15 april 2025, call for papers.

Submit a Paper

With the proliferation of terminal devices in fifth-generation (5G) and upcoming sixth-generation (6G) wireless communications, modern society is becoming increasingly reliant on information transmission. Wireless communications offer convenience, but information privacy is increasingly critical and cannot be overlooked. Research into transmission security and privacy is advancing, particularly with the rise of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) era. Transmitted data often includes sensitive individual information, such as personal health and location data. In addition to ensuring the secrecy and integrity of transmitted information, there may be scenarios where a transmitter wishes to send messages over wireless networks without being detected. This is particularly important to protect the transmitter's privacy, especially in situations involving government and military operations where stealth is essential.

Private and covert communications aim to conceal the transmission's existence from adversarial wardens. They are also known as low probability of detection/intercept communications. By concealing the transmission within environmental or artificial noise, private and covert communications can offer a higher level of security to preserve the privacy compared to cryptography and physical layer security. Wardens are less likely to attempt decoding signals they are unaware of, thereby reducing the risk of detection and interception. Concealing wireless communication through covert methods has received significant research attention and has various applications. By leveraging inherent or man-made uncertainties such as background noise uncertainty, channel uncertainty, location uncertainty, artificial noise, and other factors, private and covert communications can degrade the detection performance of potential adversaries. 

Furthermore, research in private and covert communications has flourished across various applications, including cognitive radio, non-orthogonal multiple access, ultra-reliable and low-latency communications, IoT networks, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted networks, remote networks, satellite networks, and more. The evolution of wireless technologies necessitates the evolution of methodologies for private and covert communications to introduce additional uncertainty and adapt to new security requirements in emerging applications and scenarios. This is crucial to counteract the increasing computational capabilities of potential adversaries.

Based on these observations, this Special Issue will provide a comprehensive collection of the state-of-the-art theory, design, optimization, and applications of private and covert communications. We solicit high-quality original research papers on topics including, but not limited to:

• Fundamentals and methods of private and covert communications;
• Novel uncertainty techniques for private and covert communications;
• Information-theoretic limits of private and covert communications;
• Tradeoff between transmission and covertness;
• Potential attacks towards private and covert communications;
• Privacy preservation via covert communications;
• Multi-dimensional resource allocation for private and covert communications;
• Private and Covert communications with imperfect channel state information;
• Private and Covert communications towards active wardens;
• Private and Covert communications with massive MIMO;
• Private and Covert communications with multiple access;
• Private and Covert communications for mmWave and Terahertz;
• Private and Covert communications for visible optical communication;
• Private and Covert communications with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces;
• Private and Covert communications for integrated sensing and communication;
• Private and Covert communications in space-air-ground-sea integrated networks;
• Array signal processing for space-air-ground private and covert communications;
• Private and Covert communications assisted satellite networks;
• Private and Covert communications for UAV-assisted networks;
• Private and Covert communications for IoT networks;
• Artificial intelligence aided private and covert communications;
• Other related topics for private and covert communications.

Submissions Guidelines

Prospective authors should submit their manuscripts following the IEEE JSAC  guidelines . Papers should be submitted through EDAS according to the following schedule.

Important Dates

Manuscript Submission Deadline: 15 April 2025  First Notification: 30 July 2025 Acceptance Notification: 1 November 2025 Final Manuscript Due: 15 November 2025 Planned Publication: First Quarter 2026

Guest Editors

Nan Zhao Dalian University of Technology, China

Chengwen Xing Beijing Institute of Technology, China

Derrick Wing Kwan Ng University of New South Wales, Australia

Arumugam Nallanathan Queen Mary University of London, UK

George K. Karagiannidis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Naofal Al-Dhahir University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Lexi Xu Research Institute, China Unicom, China

• Privacy Policy

Home » Research Techniques – Methods, Types and Examples

Research Techniques – Methods, Types and Examples

Table of Contents

Research Techniques

Definition:

Research techniques refer to the various methods, processes, and tools used to collect, analyze, and interpret data for the purpose of answering research questions or testing hypotheses.

Methods of Research Techniques

The methods of research techniques refer to the overall approaches or frameworks that guide a research study, including the theoretical perspective, research design, sampling strategy, data collection and analysis techniques, and ethical considerations. Some common methods of research techniques are:

• Quantitative research: This is a research method that focuses on collecting and analyzing numerical data to establish patterns, relationships, and cause-and-effect relationships. Examples of quantitative research techniques are surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis.
• Qualitative research: This is a research method that focuses on collecting and analyzing non-numerical data, such as text, images, and videos, to gain insights into the subjective experiences and perspectives of the participants. Examples of qualitative research techniques are interviews, focus groups, and content analysis.
• Mixed-methods research: This is a research method that combines quantitative and qualitative research techniques to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research question. Examples of mixed-methods research techniques are surveys with open-ended questions and case studies with statistical analysis.
• Action research: This is a research method that focuses on solving real-world problems by collaborating with stakeholders and using a cyclical process of planning, action, and reflection. Examples of action research techniques are participatory action research and community-based participatory research.
• Experimental research : This is a research method that involves manipulating one or more variables to observe the effect on an outcome, to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Examples of experimental research techniques are randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs.
• Observational research: This is a research method that involves observing and recording behavior or phenomena in natural settings to gain insights into the subject of study. Examples of observational research techniques are naturalistic observation and structured observation.

Types of Research Techniques

There are several types of research techniques used in various fields. Some of the most common ones are:

• Surveys : This is a quantitative research technique that involves collecting data through questionnaires or interviews to gather information from a large group of people.
• Experiments : This is a scientific research technique that involves manipulating one or more variables to observe the effect on an outcome, to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Case studies: This is a qualitative research technique that involves in-depth analysis of a single case, such as an individual, group, or event, to understand the complexities of the case.
• Observational studies : This is a research technique that involves observing and recording behavior or phenomena in natural settings to gain insights into the subject of study.
• Content analysis: This is a research technique used to analyze text or other media content to identify patterns, themes, or meanings.
• Focus groups: This is a research technique that involves gathering a small group of people to discuss a topic or issue and provide feedback on a product or service.
• Meta-analysis: This is a statistical research technique that involves combining data from multiple studies to assess the overall effect of a treatment or intervention.
• Action research: This is a research technique used to solve real-world problems by collaborating with stakeholders and using a cyclical process of planning, action, and reflection.
• Interviews : Interviews are another technique used in research, and they can be conducted in person or over the phone. They are often used to gather in-depth information about an individual’s experiences or opinions. For example, a researcher might conduct interviews with cancer patients to learn more about their experiences with treatment.

Example of Research Techniques

Here’s an example of how research techniques might be used by a student conducting a research project:

Let’s say a high school student is interested in investigating the impact of social media on mental health. They could use a variety of research techniques to gather data and analyze their findings, including:

• Literature review : The student could conduct a literature review to gather existing research studies, articles, and books that discuss the relationship between social media and mental health. This will provide a foundation of knowledge on the topic and help the student identify gaps in the research that they could address.
• Surveys : The student could design and distribute a survey to gather information from a sample of individuals about their social media usage and how it affects their mental health. The survey could include questions about the frequency of social media use, the types of content consumed, and how it makes them feel.
• Interviews : The student could conduct interviews with individuals who have experienced mental health issues and ask them about their social media use, and how it has impacted their mental health. This could provide a more in-depth understanding of how social media affects people on an individual level.
• Data analysis : The student could use statistical software to analyze the data collected from the surveys and interviews. This would allow them to identify patterns and relationships between social media usage and mental health outcomes.
• Report writing : Based on the findings from their research, the student could write a report that summarizes their research methods, findings, and conclusions. They could present their report to their peers or their teacher to share their insights on the topic.

Overall, by using a combination of research techniques, the student can investigate their research question thoroughly and systematically, and make meaningful contributions to the field of social media and mental health research.

Purpose of Research Techniques

The Purposes of Research Techniques are as follows:

• To investigate and gain knowledge about a particular phenomenon or topic
• To generate new ideas and theories
• To test existing theories and hypotheses
• To identify and evaluate potential solutions to problems
• To gather data and evidence to inform decision-making
• To identify trends and patterns in data
• To explore cause-and-effect relationships between variables
• To develop and refine measurement tools and methodologies
• To establish the reliability and validity of research findings
• To communicate research findings to others in a clear and concise manner.

Applications of Research Techniques

Here are some applications of research techniques:

• Scientific research: to explore, investigate and understand natural phenomena, and to generate new knowledge and theories.
• Market research: to collect and analyze data about consumer behavior, preferences, and trends, and to help businesses make informed decisions about product development, pricing, and marketing strategies.
• Medical research : to study diseases and their treatments, and to develop new medicines, therapies, and medical technologies.
• Social research : to explore and understand human behavior, attitudes, and values, and to inform public policy decisions related to education, health care, social welfare, and other areas.
• Educational research : to study teaching and learning processes, and to develop effective teaching methods and instructional materials.
• Environmental research: to investigate the impact of human activities on the environment, and to develop solutions to environmental problems.
• Engineering Research: to design, develop, and improve products, processes, and systems, and to optimize their performance and efficiency.
• Criminal justice research : to study crime patterns, causes, and prevention strategies, and to evaluate the effectiveness of criminal justice policies and programs.
• Psychological research : to investigate human cognition, emotion, and behavior, and to develop interventions to address mental health issues.
• Historical research: to study past events, societies, and cultures, and to develop an understanding of how they shape our present.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

You may also like

Research Recommendations – Examples and Writing...

Research Report – Example, Writing Guide and...

Problem Statement – Writing Guide, Examples and...

Research Questions – Types, Examples and Writing...

Ethical Considerations – Types, Examples and...

Informed Consent in Research – Types, Templates...

• International
• Education Jobs
• Schools directory
• Resources Education Jobs Schools directory News Search

OCR A-level Psychology - Research Methods Autumn Term Lessons, Activities, Revision and Assessment

Subject: Psychology

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Unit of work

Last updated

17 September 2024

• Share through email
• Share through twitter
• Share through linkedin
• Share through facebook
• Share through pinterest

Covers: Experiments Variables Experimental Designs Sampling Aims and Hypotheses Validity and Reliability 35-mark Assessment Assessment Answers Assessment Feedback (in depth, question by question with examples)

22 files. Powerpoint for each lesson and worksheet(s)

Tes paid licence How can I reuse this?

Your rating is required to reflect your happiness.

It's good to leave some feedback.

Something went wrong, please try again later.

This resource hasn't been reviewed yet

To ensure quality for our reviews, only customers who have purchased this resource can review it

Report this resource to let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. Our customer service team will review your report and will be in touch.

Not quite what you were looking for? Search by keyword to find the right resource: