plant kingdom assignment class 11

Plant Kingdom Assignments/DPPs

Embark on a captivating journey into the heart of the “Plant Kingdom” – a fundamental chapter in Class 11 Botany, crucial for success in competitive exams like NEET. . This chapter unveils the incredible diversity, structure, and unique characteristics of plants, forming the cornerstone for your understanding of the living world.

Overview : Plant Kingdom for Class 11 and NEET

A Glimpse into the Plant Kingdom:

The Plant Kingdom encompasses a vast array of living organisms, classified into five major groups:

Delving Deeper into Plant Structure and Function:

Beyond classification, “The Plant Kingdom” delves deeper into the remarkable structure and function of plants:

• Transport in Plants:  Explores how water, minerals, and nutrients are transported throughout the plant body through specialized vascular tissues.
• Reproduction in Plants:  Examines the diverse modes of plant reproduction, including both asexual (vegetative propagation) and sexual (involving flowers and seeds) methods.

DPPs for Plant Kingdom

Mastering the Plant Kingdom for NEET and JEE:

Conquering the intricacies of the Plant Kingdom empowers you to excel in competitive exams like NEET and JEE. Here’s how:

• Focused assignments :  Solidify your understanding by tackling dedicated exercises from  PRERNA EDUCATION , focusing on specific topics like classification of plant groups, plant cell structure, tissue and organ systems, plant processes like nutrition and transport, and various modes of reproduction.
• Daily Practice Problems (DPPs):  Hone your problem-solving skills and build speed by tackling daily practice problems (DPPs) encompassing diverse concepts like identifying plant groups based on their characteristics, analyzing plant structures and functions, and interpreting diagrams and data related to plant processes.
• Visualization and Mnemonics:  Utilize diagrams, flowcharts, and mind maps to visualize the structure and organization of plants and their various processes. Employ memory aids like mnemonics to recall key characteristics of different plant groups and the sequence of events in processes like photosynthesis and reproduction.
• Connect to real-world applications:  Foster a deeper appreciation for the Plant Kingdom by exploring its relevance in various fields, including agriculture, horticulture, medicine (plant-based pharmaceuticals), and environmental science (understanding the role of plants in ecosystems and conservation efforts).

Embrace the Wonders of the Green World:

Understanding the “Plant Kingdom” equips you with a profound appreciation for the diversity, complexity, and crucial role of plants in sustaining life on Earth. By leveraging resources of PRERNA EDUCATION , practicing consistently, and fostering a curiosity about the natural world, you can master this crucial chapter and embark on a successful journey in NEET, JEE, and beyond. Remember, a strong foundation in the Plant Kingdom unlocks a deeper understanding of plant physiology, ecology, and their intricate relationships with other organisms within the biosphere

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Home » 11th Class » Class 11 Biology Notes for Plant Kingdom (PDF) – Study Material

Class 11 Biology Notes for Plant Kingdom (PDF) – Study Material

Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom – Get here the Notes, Question & Practice Paper of Class 11 Biology for topic Plant Kingdom Notes. Plant Kingdom Notes for Class 11 Biology are here. You can download the Plant Kingdom Notes PDF to study all the topics in this chapter. Moreover the class 11 Biology notes include chapter summary, definitions, examples, and key pointers for Plant Kingdom . Thus if you are studying class Biology (जीवविज्ञान), then the  Plant Kingdom notes  will help you easily understand the topic and ace it.

Class 11 Biology Notes for Plant Kingdom

Plant Kingdom is a critical part in the study of Biology . In India, it is taught in class. Therefore the class 11 Notes for Biology topic Plant Kingdom have been compiled by teachers and field experts. They explain the complete chapter of Plant Kingdom in one-shot . Whether you are studying the topic Plant Kingdom to complete your class syllabus, or for any competitive exam like JEE , NEET , UPSC, you can simply refer these notes to complete the chapter in one-shot!

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Plant Kingdom Notes for Class 11 Biology PDF

The PDF of Plant Kingdom class 11 notes is as follows. You can view the document here and also download it to use it anytime for future reference whenever you want to brush up your concepts of Biology.

Candidates who are ambitious to qualify the Class 11 with good score can check this article for Notes, Study Material, Practice Paper. Above we provided the link to access the Notes , Important Question and Practice Paper of Class 11 Biology for topic Plant Kingdom.

All Topics Class 11 Biology Notes

Chapter wise notes for Biology (जीवविज्ञान) are given below.

• Anatomy of Flowering Plants
• Animal Kingdom
• Biological Classification
• Biomolecules
• Body Fluids and Circulation
• Breathing and Exchange of Gases
• Cell Cycle And Cell Division
• Cell The Unit of Life
• Chemical Coordination and Integration
• Digestion and Absorption
• Excretory Products and Their Elimination
• Locomotion and Movement
• Mineral Nutrition
• Morphology of Flowering Plants
• Neural Control and Coordination
• Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
• Plant Growth and Development
• Plant Kingdom
• Respiration in Plants
• Structural Organisation In Animals
• The Living World
• Transport In Plants

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom

The Plant Kingdom notes here help you solve the questions and answers . Also, you can complete the class 11 Plant Kingdom worksheet using the same. In addition you will also tackle CBSE Class 11 Biology Important Questions with these class 11 notes .

However if you still need help, then you can use the NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom to get all the answers. Plant Kingdom solutions contain questions, answers, and steps to solve all questions.

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Plant Kingdom Notes for Class 11 Biology – An Overview

Class 11 Plant Kingdom Notes for All Boards

You can use the class 11 Biology notes of Plant Kingdom for all boards.

The education boards in India for which Plant Kingdom notes are relevant are – CBSE, CISCE, AHSEC, CHSE Odisha, CGBSE, HBSE, HPBOSE, PUE Karnataka, MSBSHSE, PSEB, RBSE, TBSE, UPMSP, UBSE, BIEAP, BSEB, GBSHSE, GSEB, JAC, JKBOSE, KBPE, MBOSE, MBSE, MPBSE, NBSE, DGE TN, TSBIE, COHSEM, WBCHSE .

Therefore you can refer to these notes as CBSE, CISCE, AHSEC, CHSE Odisha, CGBSE, HBSE, HPBOSE, PUE Karnataka, MSBSHSE, PSEB, RBSE, TBSE, UPMSP, UBSE, BIEAP, BSEB, GBSHSE, GSEB, JAC, JKBOSE, KBPE, MBOSE, MBSE, MPBSE, NBSE, DGE TN, TSBIE, COHSEM, WBCHSE notes for class Class 11 / Class / Biology for the topic Plant Kingdom.

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Plant Kingdom Class 11 Biology Notes and Questions

Please refer to Plant Kingdom Class 11 Biology notes and questions with solutions below. These revision notes and important examination questions have been prepared based on the latest Biology books for  Class 11 . You can go through the questions and solutions below which will help you to get better marks in your examinations.

Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom Notes and Questions

Points to Remember

Classification  :

Artificial System of Classification

• By Carolus Linnaeus, based on androecium structure and vegetative characters.

Natural System of Classification

• Based on natural affinities among organisms
• Included external as well as  internal features
• By Geroge Bentham and J.D. Hooker

Phylogenetic System of Classfication

• Based on evolutionary relationships between the various organisms
• By Engler and Prantl
• Later on By Hutchinson

Numerical Taxonomy:

• Carried out using computers
• Based on all observable characteristics
• Data processed after assigning number and codes to all the characters. Advantages  : Each character gets equal importance and a number of characters can be considered.

Cytotaxonomy  :

• Based on  cytological informations.
• Gives importance to chromosome number, structure and behaviour.

Chemotaxonomy  :

• Based on Chemical constitutents of the plants.
• Chlorophyll bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic orgamsms.

Importance of Algae  :

• Help in carbon dioxide fixation by carrying out photosynthesis and have immense economic importance.
• At least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth carried out by them.
• Increases dissolved oxygen level in their environment.
• Many species like  Laminaria, Sargassum, Porphyra  etc. are used as food.
• Agar  obtained from  Gelidium  and  Gracilaria  which is used in ice-creams and jellies and to grow microbes.
• Algin  obtained from brown algae and  carrageen  from red algae used commercially as  hydrocolloids.
• Chlorella  and  Spirullina  are unicellular algae, rich in protein and used even by space travellers.
• Algae are unicellular like  Chlamydomonas,  colonial like  Volvox  or or filamentous like  spirogyra  and  Ulothrix.  Occur in water, soil, wood moist stones etc.

Algae are divided into 3 classes.

(i) Chlorophyceae

• Green algae, Main pigment is chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’.
• Cell wall has inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose.
• Has pyrenoids made up of starch and proteins.
• Pigment and pyrenoids are located in  Chloroplast. e .g., Chlamydomonas, Volvax, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Chara.

(ii) Phaeophyceae

• Brown algae are brown coloured due to main pigments chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘c’ and fucoxanthin (xanthophyll)
• Cell wall has cellulose with gelantionous coating of algin.
• Has mannitol and laminarin (complex carbohydrate) as reserve food material.
• Body divisible into holdfast, stipe and frond.
• e.g., Ectocarpus, Fucus, Laminaria, Dictyota, Sargassum

(iii) Rhodophyceae

• Red algae are red coloured due to pigments chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘d’ and r-phycoerythrin.
• Found on surface as well great depths in oceans.
• Cell wall has cellulose.
• Reserve food material is ftoridean starch.
• e.g.,Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gelidium,Gracilaria.

Reproduction in Algae

Vegetative rept·oduction :  by fragmentation

Asexual Rept·oduction :  Flagellated zoospores m Chlorophyceae, Biftagellated zoospores in Phaeophycease, By non-motile spores in Rhodophyceae.

Sexual Reproduction  : Isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous in chlorophyceae and Phaeophyceae.

By non-motile gametes and oogamous in Rhodophyceae.

Bryophytes :

• ‘Amphibians of plant kingdom’.
• Occur in damp, humid and shaded places.
• Lack true roots, stem or leaves.
• Main plant body is haploid and thallus like (prostrate or erect)
• Economic Importance: Food for herbaceous animals. Sphagnum  in from of peat is used as fuel and also used as packing material for trans-shipment of living material, as it has water holding capacity. Prevents soil erosion, alongwith lichens are first colonizers on barren rock.
• Is divided into two classes  Liverworts  (thalloid body, dorsiventral,  e.g., Marchantia)  and  Mosses  (have two stages in gametophyte-creeping, green, branched, filamentous  protonema stage  and the  leafy stage  having spirally arranged leaves  e.g., Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum).

Reproduction in Bryophytes

• Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation.
• Asexual reproduction by gemmae formed in gemma cups.
• Sexual reproduction : Main plant body is haploid, produces gametes and so called  Gametophyte.  By fusion of antherozoids produced in antheridium and egg cell produced in archegonium, results in formation of zygote which develops into sporophytic structure differentiated into foot, seta and capsule.  Spores  produced in a capsule germinate to from free-living gametophyt e (Protonema).  Sporophyte  is not free living but attached to photosynthetic gametophyte from which derives nutrition.

Pteridophytes  :

• First terrestrial plants.
• Prefer cool, damp and shady places to grow.
• Grown as ornamentals.
• Used for medicinal purpose, as soil binder.
• Main plant body is sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.
• Leaves may be small as in  Selaginella  or large as in ferms.
• Sporangia having spores are subtended by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls. (Sporphylls may be arranged to form strobili or cones.)
• In Sporangia, the spore mother cells give to spores after meiosis.
• Spores germinate to form haploid gametophytic structure called  prothallus  which is free living, small, unicellular and photosynthetic.
• Prothallus bears antheridia and archegonia which bear antherozoids and egg cell respectively which on fertilisation from zygote. Zygote produces multicellular, well differentiated sporophyte.
• The four classes are : Psilopsida  (Psilotum),  Lycopsida  (Selaginella),  Sphenopsida  (Equisetum)  and Pteropsida  (Pteris). Heterospory :  Two kinds of spores  i.e.,  large (macro) and small (micro) spores are produced.  e.g.,Selaginella  and  Salvinia. Seed Habit :  The development of zygote into young embryos takes place within the female gametophyte which is retained on parent sporophyte. This event is precursor to seed habit and this is an important step in evolution and is found  Selaginella  and  Salvinia  among the pteridophytes.

Gymnosperms  :

• Have naked seeds as the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed.
• Includes shrubs and trees (medium and tall sized).
• Have generally tap roots, stem may be unbranched  (Cycas)  or branched  (Pinus, Cedrus),  leaves-needle like  (Pinus)  and pinnate  (Cycas).
• Roots of  Pinus  have fungal association in the form of mycorrhiza.
• Cycas have small specialized roots called  coralloid root  which are associated with N 2 fixing cyanobacteria.
• Heterosporous-Produce haploid microspores and megaspores.
• Male cone has microsporophylls which bear microsporangia having microspores which develop into reduced gametophyte called pollengrain.
• Female cone has megasporophylls which bear megasporongia having megaspores which are enclosed within the megasporangium (Nucellus). One megaspore develops into female gametophyte bearing two or more archegonia.
• Pollen grains carried in air currents reach ovules, form pollen tube which reach archegonia and release male gametes which fertilise egg cell and form zygote which produce embryos. Ovules develop into seeds which are not covered.

Angiosperms  :

• Called flowering plants and have seeds enclosed in fruits.
• Divided into two classes-Dicotyledons (have two cotyledons) and Monocotyledons (have one cotyledon).
• Smallest angiospet·m  : Wolfia
• Large tree  :  Eucalyptus  (Over 100 meters)
• Stamen has filament and anther. Anthers bear pollen grains. Pollen grains have two male gametes.
• Pistil has stigma, style and ovary. Ovary has ovule in which female gametophyt e (embryo sac) develops.
• Embryo sac has 7 cells and 8 nuclei.One egg cell 2 synergids, 3 antipodals and two polar nuclei which fuse to form secondary nucleus.
• Pollen grain is carried by wind, water, insects and other agents reaches to stigma and produces pollen tube which enters embryo sac.
• Double fertilisation  : One male gemate fuses with egg cell (Syngamy) to form zygote which develops into embryo. Other male gamete fuses with secondary nucleus (triple fusion) which forms triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). PEN develops into endosperm which nourishes the developing embryo.
• Ovules develop into seeds and ovaries into fruits.

KEY NOTES ON PLANT CLASSIFICATION

1. PTERIDOPHYTA:

o FIRST PLANT GROUP • where sporophyte becomes the main plant body • where main plant body (sporophyte) is truly differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. • Possess well-differentiated vascular tissues. o The sporophytes bear sporangia which produce spores. o The spores germinate to form gametophytes • which require cool, damp places to grow.

o The gametophytes bear male and female sex organs called antheridia and archegonia, respectively. o Water is required for transfer of male gametes to archegonium (restriction for distribution) where zygote is formed after fertilisation. o The zygote produces a sporophyte. o Microphylls (small leaf) is found in selaginella o Macrophylls (large leaf) are found in fern. o Sporophylls are sporangia bearing leaf. o In some pteridophytes, Sporophylls are compactly arranged and form cone or strobilus. o Cones are found in Equisetum and selaginella. o Sporangia either produce • only one type of spores i.e. HOMOSPOROUS • Two types of spores i.e. HETEROSPOROUS.

o HETEROSPOROUS pteridophytes • Megaspore which germinate to form female gametophyte • Microspore germinate to form male gametophyte.

o Selaginella and salvinia is example of heterospory. o The female gametophyte in HETEROSPOROUS PTERIDOPHYTE are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. • The development of the zygotes into young embryos take place within the female gametophytes. • This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an important step in evolution.

o Inside sporangia, spore mother cell produces haploid spores after meiosis. o This spore germinates to form haploid inconspicuous, small but multicellular free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus. o These gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to grow. (require water for fertilization).

o The pteridophytes are further classified into four classes: • Psilopsida (Psilotum); • Lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium), • Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and • Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum).

2. GYMNOSPERM: o Main plant body is sporophyte. o Tap root system. o Roots in some genera have fungal association in the form of mycorrhiza (Pinus) o In some others (Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with N2- fixing cyanobacteria. o Cycas has unbranched stem. o Pinus & cedrus have branched stem. o The leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. o In conifers(Pinus), the needle-like leaves reduce the surface area. • thick cuticle and sunken stomata also help to reduce water loss.

o All gymnosperms are heterosporous • they produce haploid microspores and megaspores. o The two kinds of spores are produced within sporangia that are borne on Sporophylls o These Sporophylls are compactly & spirally arranged in cone/strobilus. o The strobili bearing microsporophylls and microsporangia are called MALE STROBILI. o The microspores develop into a male gametophytic generation which is highly reduced and is confined to only a limited number of cells. o This reduced gametophyte is called a pollen grain. o The development of pollen grains take place within the microsporangia. o The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules(megasporangia) are called FEMALE STROBILI. o The megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of the cells of the nucellus. o The nucellus is protected by envelopes and the composite structure is called an ovule(megasporangium) o The ovules are borne on megasporophylls o Megasporophylls clustered to form the female cones. o The megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to form four megaspores. o One of the megaspores enclosed within the megasporangium develops into a multicellular female gametophyte that bears two or more archegonia or female sex organs. o The multicellular female gametophyte is also retained within megasporangium. o Gametophytes are dependent on sporophyte and don’t have independent existence. o Pollination by wind o Pollen grain come in contact with the opening of the ovules borne on megasporophylls. o The pollen tube carrying the male gametes grows towards archegonia in the ovules and discharge their contents near the mouth of the archegonia. o Water is not required for fertilization. o Following fertilisation, zygote develops into an embryo and the ovules into seeds. o Endosperm is haploid and before fertilization structure. o These seeds are not covered i.e. naked seed (seeds are not enclosed in fruit because ovary is absent in gymnosperm). o Pinus is a monoecious • Microsporangia and megasporangia born on same plant.

o Cycas is dioceous plant • Microsporangia and megasporangia born on different plants.

o Life cycle is DIPLONTIC.

3. ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION METHODS o ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION: • They were based mainly on • vegetative characters • on the reproductive structure • Superficial morphological characteristics • Mistake → They separated the closely related species.

• Why → The vegetative characters are more easily affected by environment. • Linnaeus used androecium morphology for classification of plant. o NATURAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION: • It was based on natural affinities among the organisms as well as internal features, like ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry. • Bentham & Hooker proposed this system. o PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION: o It is based on evolutionary relationships between the various organisms. o Presently acceptable system. o This assumes that organisms belonging to the same taxa have a common ancestor.

4.  In absence of fossil evidences, taxonomist take help from various branch to solve the problems in classification .

5. NUMERICAL TAXONOMY: o It stores computerised data of all observable characters. o Number and codes are assigned to all the characters and the data are then processed. o In this way each character is given equal importance and at the same time hundreds of characters can be considered.

6.  Cytotaxonomy that is based on cytological information like chromosome number, structure, behaviour.

7.  Chemotaxonomy that uses the chemical constituents of the plant to resolve confusions.

8. ANGIOSPERM: o The pollen grains and ovules are developed in specialised structures called flowers. o The seeds are enclosed by fruits. o The angiosperms are an exceptionally large group of plants occurring in wide range of habitats. o They provide us with food, fodder, fuel, medicines and several other commercially important products. o Wolfia is smallest angiosperm plant. o In angiosperms, the male sex organs (stamen) and female sex organs (pistil) are borne in a flower.

9.  One male gamete fuses with egg cell (syngamy) and other fuses with diploid secondary nucleus (triple fusion). This phenomenon of two fusions is called double fertilisation and is unique to angiosperms.

10.  Endosperm is triploid & post fertilization structure.

11 . The angiosperms are divided into two classes – the dicotyledons and the monocotyledons.

12. ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS: o Alternate occurrence of gametes producing gametophyte and spore producing sporophyte in LIFE-CYCLE is called ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS.

13. HAPLONTIC life cycle o the main plant body is gametophyte(n), o zygote is the only diploid in its life cycle o characterised by ZYGOTIC MEIOSIS. o EXAMPLES: volvox, spirogyra and some species of chlamydomonas.

14. DIPLONTIC LIFE-CYCLE: o Here, main plant body is diploid sporophyte. o Sporic meiosis. o Haploid gametophytes are very reduced type(one to few celled). o Examples: Gymnosperm, Angiosperm and fucus (brown algae).

15. HAPLO-DIPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE: o In this type of life cycle, plants exhibit an intermediate condition both phases are multicellular. o Bryophytes and pteridophyte are the examples. o In bryophyte, gametophyte is dominant whereas in Pteridophyta, sporophyte is dominant. o Sporic meiosis.

16.  Pteridophyte is the group where gametophyte and sporophyte both are independent and free living.

17.  Ectocarpus, kelp (brown algae), polysiphonia (red algae) show haplo-diplontic life cycle.

18.  Algae is the group in plant kingdom which show all three type of alternation of generations.

CLASSIFICATION

1. Kingdom plantae of Whittaker’s classification has o Algae, o Bryophyta, o Pteridophyta, o Gymnosperm & o Angiosperm.

2. Plants are o autotrophic (chlorophyll bearing), o eukaryotic, o Having cellulosic cell wall, o Tissue/organ level body organization.

3. ALGAE: o chlorophyll-bearing, autotrophic o Simple, Thalloid Body o Largely aquatic organisms. o Thallus means plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and leaf. o Lichen is symbiotic association of algae with fungi. o Algae also show symbiotic relationship with sloth bear. • Algae provide camouflage & mineral nutrition to bear whereas sloth bear give shelter and water.

o Chlamydomos is microscopic unicellular. (now in Protista) o Colonial form-volvox (green algae) o Filamentous form-ulothrix and spirogyra (green algae). o Kelp (brown algae) form massive plant body. o Algae usually reproduce vegetative by fragmentation. o Asexual reproduction by formation of different types of spores (mainly through zoospore i.e. having flagella). o Sexual reproduction by formation of gametes • isogamy, anisogamy or oogamy. • Chlamydomonas (motile gametes), spirogyra (non-motile gametes) both show isogamy. • Some species of chlamydomonas also show Anisogamy • Volvox and Fucus show oogamy o Depending on the type of pigment possessed and the type of stored food, algae are classified into three main classes, •  Chlorophyceae, •  Phaeophyceae and •  Rhodophyceae.

o Lamanaria, sargassum and porphyra (brown algae) are used as food. o 70 species of marine algae are used as food. o About 50% of the world’s photosynthesis is done by algae •  Increase the level of dissolved O2 in their immediate environment.

o Important primary producers •  form the basis of the food chain of all aquatic animals.

o Agar(commercial products) obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria •  used to grow microbes •  used in preparations of ice-creams and jellies.

o Algin (from brown algae) and carrageen (from red algae) which are used commercially for their water holding capacity. o Chlorella a unicellular alga rich in proteins is used as food supplement even by space travellers.

4. CHOLOROPHYCEAE (Green algae): o Main pigment à chlorophyll a and b. o Stored food à starch. o Have one or more storage bodies à pyrenoids •  located in the chloroplasts. •  Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch.

o Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall • made of an inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of pectose

o Number of flagella in motile cell à 2-8 •  they are equal in size and apical in position.

o Vegetative reproduction à by fragmentation. o Asexual reproduction à flagellated zoospores o produced in zoosporangia. o The sexual reproduction à isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous. o Example of green algae à

• Chlamydomonas, •  Volvox, •  Ulothrix, •  Spirogyra and •  Chara

o Volvox, spirogyra and some species of chlamydomonas show haplontic life (zygotic meiosis) cycle •  main plant body is gametophyte • the only diploid cell in their life cycle is zygote.

5. PHAEOPHYCEAE (BROWN ALGAE): o Main pigments à chlorophyll a and c and fucoxanthin (brown colour). o Food is stored as complex carbohydrates à Laminarin or Mannitol. o The vegetative cells have a cellulosic wall usually covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of algin. o The plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a holdfast, and has a stalk, the stipe and leaf like photosynthetic organ – the frond. o Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation. o Asexual reproduction in most brown algae is by biflagellate zoospores. o Motile cells (zoospores and gametes) are pyriform and have two unequal laterally inserted flagella. o Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous. o The common examples are : • Ectocarpus, • Dictyota, • Laminaria, • Sargassum and • Fucus.

o Kelp belongs to brown algae. o Fucus show DIPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE (sporic meiosis). o main plant body is diploid.

6. RHODOPHYCEAE (red algae): o Main pigments are chlorophyll a, d and r-phycoerythrin o r-phycoerythrin à reason of red colour o Majority of the red algae are marine • greater concentrations found in the warmer areas. • They occur in both well-lighted regions close to the surface of water and also at great depths in oceans where relatively little light penetrates.

o Cell wall is made up of cellulose, pectin and polysulphate esters. o The food is stored as Floridian starch • very similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure.

o The red algae usually reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation. o Motile cells are completely absent in their life cycle. o Sexual reproduction is oogamous and accompanied by complex post fertilisation developments. o The common members are: • Polysiphonia, • Porphyra, • Gracilaria and • Gelidium.

o Red algae are mainly marine.

7. BRAYOPHYTA: PLANT AMPHIBIANS o Plants which can live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction. • Therefore, their occurrence is limited to cool, damp and shady places.

o Their plant body is more differentiated than that of algae. o It is thallus-like and prostrate or erect and attached to the substratum by rhizoids. o Vascular tissue is absent. o The main plant body of the bryophyte is GAMETOPHYTE (haploid). • It produces gametes.

o The sex organs in bryophytes are multicellular and jacketed. o The male sex organ is called antheridium. o They produce biflagellate anthrozoids. o The female sex organ called archegonium • flask-shaped and produces a single egg.

o Sexual reproduction is oogamous. o Fertilization requires water for anthrozoids movement. o After fertilization, zygote divide mitotically and produce multicellular embryo which then differentiated as sporophyte. o Sporophyte is the plant which produce haploid spores by meiosis (sporic meiosis). o Haploid spores germinate to form gametophyte. o Sporophyte is dependent upon gametophyte • for food and nourishment.

o Bryophyte shows alternation of generation • between gametophyte and sporophyte.

o Life-cycle is haplo-diplontic (sporic meiosis). o Bryophyta is the first evolved group where embryo formed o Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provide peat • that have long been used as fuel, • as packing material for trans-shipment of living material because of their capacity to hold water.

o Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, prevent soil erosion o They have great ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE as along with lichens they are pioneer of plant succession on bare rock/soil. • They decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants.

o The bryophytes are mainly divided into liverworts and mosses.

8. LIVERWORTS: o Plant body is dorsiventrally thallod. • e.g. marchentia

o Leafy members have tiny leaf-like appendages in two rows on the stem-like structures. o Asexual reproduction • takes place by fragmentation of thalli, • by the formation of specialised structures called gemmae.

o Gemmae • green, multicellular, asexual buds • develop in small receptacles called gemma cups located on the thalli. • Become detached and germinate to form new individuals.

o In marchentia, • anthridia (male sex organ) → • produce in receptacles called anthridiophore • archegonia (female sex organ) → • produce in receptacles called archigoniophore

o The sporophyte is differentiated into a foot, seta and capsule. o After meiosis, spores are produced within the capsule. o These spores germinate to form free-living gametophyte.

9. MOSSES: o Mosses gametophyte has two stage. o The first stage is the PRIMARY protonema stage, which develops directly from a spore. It is a creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous stage. o The second stage is the leafy stage SECONDARY PROTONEMA which develops from the PRIMARY protonema as a lateral bud. They consist of upright, slender axes bearing spirally arranged leaf like structure. o They are attached to the soil through multicellular and branched rhizoids. o Secondary protonema bears sex organs. o Vegetative reproduction • by fragmentation • budding in the secondary protonema.

o In sexual reproduction, the sex organs antheridia and archegonia are produced at the apex of the leafy shoots. o After fertilisation, the zygote develops into a sporophyte, • consisting of a foot, seta and capsule.

o The sporophyte is more elaborate than that in liverworts. o The capsule contains spores. o Spores are formed after meiosis. o The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal. o Common examples of mosses are – • Funaria, • Polytrichum and • Sphagnum (peat moss).

We hope the above  Plant Kingdom Class 11 Biology  are useful for you. If you have any questions then post them in the comments section below. Our teachers will provide you an answer. Also refer to  MCQ Questions for Class 11 Biology

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Important Questions for CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 - Plant Kingdom

• Class 11 Important Question
• Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter-3 Important Questions - Free PDF Download

Subject experts have created important questions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 with solutions at Vedantu. All the chapters of Class 11 Biology important questions are available on Vedantu in the form of PDF and they cover the topic-wise important questions . Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 Important Questions will help the students to analyse the type of questions that will be asked in the final examination. And these important questions are created following the recent CBSE guidelines.

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Also, check CBSE Class 11 Biology Important Questions for other chapters:

Study Important Questions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 - Plant Kingdom

Very Short Answer Questions: (1 Marks)

1. Define Gemma.

Ans: Gemma is green, multicellular, asexual buds that develop in receptacles called gemma cups.

2. Which group of plants is regarded as the first terrestrial plant? Why?

Ans: Pteridophytes are the group of plants that are regarded as the first terrestrial plant as they possess both the vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.

3. The gametes and spores of Phaeophyceae have a distinct morphology. Give its name. 

Ans: The gametes and spores of Phaeophyceae are Pyriform (pear-shaped). They bear two laterally attached flagella.

4. Which substance has structural similarity to Floridian starch?

Ans: Amylopectin and glycogen both have structural similarities to Floridian starch.

5. Name the organisms which exhibit heterospory and seed habits.

Ans: Selaginella and Salvinia are organisms that exhibit heterospory and seed habits.

6. Name seedless vascular plants.

Ans: Pteridophytes have seedless vascular plants.

7. Which pigment is responsible for the red colour of red algae?

Ans: Phycobilin, phycoerythrin and phycocyanin are the pigments responsible for the red colour of red algae.

8. What is a cone?

Ans: The fruiting body of gymnosperms consisting of both micro and megasporophyll are called cones.

9. Name unicellular algae.

Ans: Chlamydomonas is a unicellular algae.

10. Why some bryophytes are called liverworts.

Ans: Some of the bryophytes are called liverworts because they are liver shaped eg. Marchantia.

11. What are rhizoids?

Ans: Rhizoids are slender, unicellular or multicellular hair-like structures that penetrate in moist soil and absorb water for plants.

12. Name the algae which are used for fodder for poultry birds.

Ans: Laminaria is used for fodder for poultry birds.

13. Which groups of plants are called vascular cryptogam?

Ans: The plants of group Pteridophytes are called vascular cryptogam.

14. What is a cone?

Ans: The fruiting body of the gymnosperm which consists of micro and megasporophyll are called cones.

15. What are cone-bearing plants called?

Ans: Conifers are cone-bearing plants.

16. Name any red algae which are used as vegetables?

Ans : Porphyra is the red algae that are used as vegetables.

17. What do you mean by thallus?

Ans: The thallus is a plant body that is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves.

18. Name the vascular plants which produce only spores but no flowers or seeds?

Ans: Pteridophytes produce spores but no flowers or seeds.

19. Where are the antheridia and archegonia located in ferns?

Ans: The antheridia and archegonia are located in the prothallus in ferns.

20. What are the two main classes of bryophytes?

Ans: Liverwort and mosses are the two main classes of bryophytes.

Short Answer Questions: (2 Marks)

1. Sphagnum has a lot of economic importance. Justify.

Ans: Sphagnum has a lot of economic importance as it provides peat which is used as a fuel. It is also used as packaging material for the transhipment of living material.

2. Gymnosperms can show polyembryony. Why do you think so?

Ans: Gymnosperms have the ability to show polyembryony as they have two or more archegonia.

3. How is the leafy stage formed in mosses? How is it different from protonema?

Ans: The leafy stage develops from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud in mosses. 

Protonema is green creeping, branched frequently in the filamentous stage whereas leafy stage is upright with the spiral arrangement of the leaves.

4. What features led to the dominance of vascular plants?

Ans: The features which led to the dominance of vascular plants are:

(i) Development of deep roots with the ability to penetrate the soil.

(ii) Development of water-proofing material eg. cutin on aerial surfaces, to reduce water loss through evaporation.

(iii) Development of strong woody material anchor and support above-ground structures.

5. Differentiate between Red algae and brown algae?

Ans: The difference between red and brown algae has been listed below:

6. Give some important features of dicots?

Ans: Dicotyledons are characterized by either woody or herbaceous habitats. They have two cotyledons in their seeds. Their leaves are net-veined, the vascular bundles are arranged in a circle or ring within the stem. 

7. List four classes of plants belonging to the fern group.

Ans: Pteridophytes or fern groups are divided into four classes:

(i) Class 1: Psilopsida . Example- Psilotum nudum

(ii) Class 2: Lycopsida. Example- Lycopodium phlegmasia

(iii) Class 3: Sphenopsida. Example- Equisetum

(iv) Class 4: Pteropsida. Example- Adiantum and Pteridium

8. How will you differentiate between red algae and green algae.

Ans: The difference between red and green algae has been listed below:

9. Write two important characteristics of gymnosperms?

Ans: The two important characteristics of gymnosperms are:

(i) It is a group of vascular plants which possess naked seeds attached to the surface of megasporophyll

(ii) Megasporophyll is not folded to form an ovary so no fruit formation occurs.

10. How do fungi differ from algae?

Ans: Fungi differ from algae as:

11. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds but then why are they classified separately?

Ans: Gymnosperms are plants that bear ovules. These ovules are not covered by any ovary wall therefore, remain exposed. The seeds of gymnosperms are not covered that is they are naked but in Angiosperms, the seeds remain closed inside the fruit hence both of these are classified separately.

12. List any three characteristic features of Bryophytes.

(i) They are small, erect plants growing in moist shady places

(ii) They have no structure that would resemble a leaf, a stem or any root.

(iii) Most of the plants are gametophytes that develop from haploid spores.

13. List any two differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Ans: The two differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms are:

14. What is the role of the capsule in the life history of moss?

Ans: The capsule is an important structure of the sporophyte of the moss plant. In the capsule, spores are produced. When the capsule ripens its dehiscence takes place and spores are liberated by winds. The spores develop favourable conditions into protonema.

15. What is the difference between syngamy and triple fusion?

Ans: The difference between Syngamy and triple fusion is that syngamy is the fusion of male gametes (sperm) with the female gamete (egg) for the formation of a zygote whereas, in triple fusion, another male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary nucleus to form primary endosperm nucleus.

16. Mention some of the uses of ferns?

Ans: Some of the uses of ferns are:

(i) Ferns are used by florists for decoration purposes.

(ii) They are also grown as ornamental plants.

(iii) Wood from tropical tree fern is used in building material as they resist termite decay.

(iv) Ferns are also used as an astringent during childbirth in order to stop bleeding.

(v) Maidenhair fern is a source of the expectorant.

17. Tabulate differences between Gymnosperm and pteridophytes.

Ans: The differences between gymnosperms and pteridophytes are listed below:

18. What is heterospory? What is its significance?

Ans: Heterospory refers to the production of two kinds of spores in pteridophytes eg. Salvinia and selaginella produce two kinds of spores macrospores and microspores. These mega and microspores germinate and then give rise to male and female gametophytes. The female gametophyte is retained on the parent sporophyte for a variable period of time. So, this event is a precursor to seed habit.

19. What are gymnosperms? What are its four classes?

Ans: Gymnosperms are vascular plants with naked seeds. The seeds are exposed to the surface of the sporophyll. The reproductive organs are usually borne in cones on which spores are spirally arranged. 

Gymnosperms are classified into four groups: Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo, Gnetophytes.

20. How would you distinguish between monocots and dicots? 

Ans: Monocots and dicots differ from each other as:

Short Answer Questions: (3 Marks)

1. The leaves in gymnosperms are adapted to withstand xerophytes conditions. Justify.

Ans: Gymnosperms like conifers have needle-shaped Ieaves to reduce surface area, thick cuticle and sunken stomata to reduce water loss therefore, the leaves in gymnosperms are adapted to withstand xerophytes conditions.

2. The gametophytes of bryophytes and pteridophytes are different from that of gymnosperms. How?

Ans: The gametophytes of bryophytes and pteridophytes differ from that of gymnosperms because the male and female gametophytes have free existence in bryophytes and pteridophytes but not in gymnosperms.

3. Roots of some gymnosperms have a fungal or algal association. Give examples, their names and their role in the plants.

Ans: Roots of some gymnosperms have a fungal or algal association for example- Pinus has a fungal association to form mycorrhiza which helps ii absorptions of water and minerals. Cycas in its roots forms coralloid roots and helps in nitrogen fixation.

4. Explain in brief the structure of the prothallus of the fern?

Ans: The structure of the Prothallus of fern has been defined below:

(i) Heart-shaped structure.

(ii) Sex organs antheridia and archegonia are present on the lower surface of the prothallus. 

(iv) Prothallus is produced from meiospore as a gametophyte of fern.

(v) Below the sex organs are rhizoids

(vi) The sex organs which are Archegonia and antheridia are flask and globose shaped respectively. 

(vii) Male and female gametes are produced in the antheridia and the archegonia.

5. Point out differences in sexual reproduction of moss and fern?

Ans: The differences in sexual reproduction of moss and fern are listed below:

6. Describe the main features of pteridophytes?

Ans: The main features of Pteridophytes are:

(i) They are small-sized and occur in humid and tropic climates mostly growing as epiphytes. Some of them even appear like small trees.

(ii) Their plant body is divided into- root, stem and leaves.

(iv) Lycopodium, Selaginella and Equisetum are some of the members of Pteridophytes.

(v) Leaves are of two types- compound and sporophylls leaves

(vi) Plant body is sporophytic.

(vii) They are vascular cryptogams.

(viii) Alternation of generation occurs.

(ix) Prothallus represent the gametophytic phase.

(x) Pteridophyta is divided into psilopsida, lycopsids, sphenopsida and pteropsida classes

7. “Algae and Bryophytes are different from each other.” Point out the main differences between them?

Ans: Algae and Bryophytes are different from each other as:

8. What are the identifying features of angiosperms flowering plants.

Ans:   The identifying features of angiosperms flowering plants are:

(i) Most of the plants around us are Angiosperms.

(ii) The flowering plants show diversities in their habitat, forms, duration of life, mode of nutrition etc.

(iii) Plants with stems vary from a a few mm to several metres in height. Accordingly, they are termed as herbs, shrubs and trees.

(iv) Plants which survive for a year are annual, those which survive two year are biennials and those which live more than two years are perennials.

(v) Plants surviving in dry conditions are Xerophytes; plants living in water are hydrophytes; those living in moderate conditions are mesophytes.

(vi) All flowering plants have roots, stems and leaves and produce flowers, seeds and fruits.

(vii) The economic uses of plants depend on the species.

9. Describe the similarities in the sexual reproduction of moss and fern.

Ans: The similarities in sexual reproduction of moss and fern are:

(i) Oogamous mode of sexual reproduction involves fertilization of non-motile female gametes or eggs through motile male gamete/sperm.

(ii) In both, the male sex organ consists of a jacket of sterile cells enclosing a spermatogenous tissue.

(iii) Sperms are flagellate.

(iv) Female sex organs (archegonia) are flask-shaped and have a tubular neck with a swollen basal venter. 

(v) External source of water is required for the swimming of sperms in order to reach the open archegonia.

10. Why are Bryophytes regarded as “the amphibians of the plant kingdom”?

Ans: Amphibians live both on land and water however, they must come in contact with water during the breeding season to lay their eggs. Hence, it is essential for amphibians to breed.

Bryophytes live on land but require water to complete their life cycle. Through the medium of water, antherozoids reach the archegonia and fertilise the egg. If water is not available, they do not survive. With this similarity, bryophytes are called ``Amphibians of the plant kingdom”.

11. Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms?

Ans: The important characteristics of gymnosperms are:

(i) They grow in cool and warm climates.

(ii) They are evergreen woody, perennial plants

(iii) They have a well-developed vascular system but their xylem lacks a vessel and the phloem is without a companion cell.

(iv) Plants are heterosporous.

(v) Conifers are cone-bearing trees and have evergreen needle-like leaves that are adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity etc.

(viii) Leaves have less surface area, thick cuticles and sunken stomata to conserve moisture and reduce loss of water by transpiration.

(ix) Ovules are exposed to receive pollen grains.

(x) Gymnosperms possess exposed or naked seeds.

(xi) Polyembryony is commonly observed.

12. List common modes of reproduction in Algae? Ans: The modes of reproduction in algae are-

(i) Vegetative Reproduction: It occurs by fragmentation, zoospores, aplanospores, palmella stages etc.

(ii) Sexual Reproduction in Chlamydomonas: Flagellated, motile gametes unite to form a quadrille flagellate zygote. It is converted into a zygospore. When the flagella are lost and a cyst wall is formed around them, the zygospore germinates by meiosis to form four haploid meiospores.

(iii) Palmella Stage: If the conditions are unfavourable, daughter cells are divided into numerous cells. Their walls become gelatinous and cells remain together. This stage is the palmella stage. In return for favourable conditions, the cells inside the gelatinous mass develop cilia.

(iv) Asexual Reproduction in Chlamydomonas: It takes place by the formation of zoospores in which cilia from the Chlamydomonas are withdrawn. The cell content gets divided into 4 to 8 daughter cells. In this way, they become motile and called zoospores.

13. What are ferns? Describe its salient features.

Ans: Ferns are found in warm moist tropical regions as well as dry rocky places. 

The plant body is distinguished into three parts- i) underground stem rhizome ii) it bears roots and iii) it sends aerial shoots with leaves. 

Leaves of ferns are of two types- a) simple leaves with a single vein and b) compound leaves with several leaflets. 

The sporophyte phase is dominant in ferns. 

Spores are produced after meiosis, sporangium has an annulus made up of a band of thickened cells that dry out pulling it open. So spores are released which then germinate into a prothallus, the gametophyte. 

Gametophyte bears antheridia and archegonia on the underside. Antheridia bear flagellated sperms and egg lies at the base of archegonia. The process of fertilization starts with the availability of water for flagellated sperms to swim to reach the egg.

14. Differentiate between Red, Brown and Green algae.

Ans: Red, brown and green algae differ  from each other as:

Long Answer Questions: (5 Marks)

1. Explain the life cycle in green algae?

Ans: There are three types of life cycle found in green algae:

(a) Haplontic Life Cycle: The dominant phase is haploid. A diploid state is found only in the form of a zygote or zygospores. Meiosis takes place at the time of its germination. Example: Ulothrix, Spirogyra.

(b) Diplontic Life Cycle : The dominant phase alga is diploid. It gives rise to haploid gametes through meiosis. Gametes unit and the zygote regenerates the diploid phase.

(c) Diplohaplontic Life Cycle: It has well developed multicellular haploid and diploid phases. These are respectively called gametophyte and sporophyte. Haploid gametophytes produce haploid gametes. 

Sporophytes produce haploid spores by meiosis. The meiospores germinate into new gametophytes.

2. Explain briefly the alternation of generation in bryophytes?

Ans: The life cycle of moss represents two distinct generations: gametophytic and sporophytic. The Moss plant is a gametophyte. Spore is the beginning of gametophytic generation. It develops into protonema which gives rise to male and female gametophytes.

Gametophyte consists of green thallus having archegoniophores and antheridiophores which bear sex organs and the gametes are produced in them either monoecious or diecious. Club shaped antheridium bears biflagellate sperms or antherozoids. Flask shaped archegonium encloses the female egg. A zygote is formed after the fertilization of male and female gametes. Repeated divisions of the zygote lead to the formation of the embryo (2N) which develops into a sporophyte. The sporophyte of moss gets differentiated into- foot, seta and capsule. Inside the capsule, single-celled spores are produced. After dehiscence, they begin to germinate and give rise to protonema to initiate the cycle again.

Gametophytic Generation alternates the sporophytic generation.

3. Describe the common mode of reproduction in Angiosperms.

Ans: Stamens and pistils are the two reproductive parts of a flower. The stamen consists of a slender filament with anthers at the tip. Each pistil is made of three parts- ovary, style and stigma. The ovary contains one to many ovules. Each ovule contains a megaspore mother cell it produces four haploid megaspores after meiosis of them three degenerate and the remaining one is a functional megaspore. It divides by meiosis forming a megagametophyte. It consists of 8 haploid nuclei embedded in the cytoplasm of which 3 cells lie at the micropylar end and 3 antipodal lies at the chalazal end. The two remaining nuclei move to the centre to make a diploid nucleus.

The anthers have a pollen sac and contain many microspore mother cells. Each of them produces four haploid microspores after meiosis and each becomes a microgametophyte. It contains two nuclei generative nucleus and the tube nucleus. The pollen is carried away by air and other agencies and reaches the stigma of the pistil of the same or different plants. This process is called pollination. Pollen grains germinate and produce a pollen tube it grows within the style and reaches the ovule of the ovary. The generative nucleus divides pollen tubes producing two male gametes.

On reaching the ovule, the pollen tube burst to release male gametes. One of the two gametes fertilise the egg and forms a diploid zygote. The other male gamete fertilizes with polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm. This is known as double fertilization.

4. Classify plant kingdom?

(i) Thallophytic : The plant body is thallus i.e. not differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Example: Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra.

(ii) Bryophyta: Amphibious inhabit, water is necessary for fertilization, Vascular tissues are absent. Example: Riccia, Marchantia, Funaria.

(iii) Pteridophyta: The plant body is differentiated into distinct underground stem-like rhizome bearing roots and aerial shoots with leaves. Example: Equisetum, Adiantum, Pteris

(iv) Gymnosperm: Seeds are naked. Example: Cycas, Pinus, Cedars 

(v) Angiosperm: Seeds are protected inside the fruits. Example Monocotyledones- grass, maize, rice and; dicotyledons- gram, pea, sunflower

CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter- 3 Important Questions - Benefits to the CBSE Class 11 Students

With the help of studying from this material resource, the students will be benefitted abundantly. How?

The important questions are taken up after a thorough scanning process. 

Only those questions which are very vital from the examination point of view are drafted in this PDF. 

The important questions and answers are to be studied conveniently and thus they are put in a free PDF which can be used free of cost and also saved for future study. 

Studying the important questions and answers will help you to understand the important topics from this chapter. 

Studying important questions and answers will give you insight into how to approach the topics.  

Important Questions Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 - Topics Covered 

Topics covered in the Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 plant kingdom are:

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms

Plant life cycles

Alternation of generations.

Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom Summary

The plant kingdom mainly includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Now let us know some of the basic details about them: algae are chlorophyll-bearing simple, thalloid, autotrophic, and largely aquatic organisms. Algae are mainly classified into three classes, namely Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae. depending on the type of pigment possessed and the type of stored food. They reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation, asexually by the formation of different types of spores, and sexually by the formation of gametes which may show isogamy, anisogamy, or oogamy.

Bryophytes: Bryophytes can live on soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction. The bryophytes plant body is more differentiated when compared with algae. Bryophytes are thallus-like and prostate attached to the substratum by rhizoids and they also possess root-like, leaf-like, and stem-like structures. The bryophytes are divided into two types:  liverworts and mosses. The plant body of liverworts is thalloid and dorsiventral in structure, but mosses have upright slender axes bearing spirally arranged leaves.

In Bryophytes, the plant's main part is a gamete-producing cell known as a gametophyte. It bears two types of sex antheridia and archegonia, antheridia is the male sex organ and archegonia is the female sex organ. Both the gametes produced fuses to form a zygote. It produces a multicellular body called a sporophyte. It produces haploid spores and that spore germinates to form gametophytes.

Pteridophytes: In pteridophytes, the main plant is a sporophyte and  It is differentiated into true roots, stem, and leaves. The organs of the sporophyte possess well-differentiated vascular tissues. And it bears sporangia which produce spores and these spores germinate to form gametophytes. The conditions required to grow gametophytes are cool and damp places. The gametophytes bear the male sex organs - antheridia and the female sex organs called archegonia. Water is an essential component required for the transfer of male gametes to archegonium, where the formation of the zygote takes place after fertilisation.

In the life cycle of sexually reproducing plants, different plant groups, as well as individuals, may show different patterns of life cycles are haplontic, diplontic, or intermediate. There is an alternation of generations between gamete-producing haploid gametophyte and spore-producing diploid sporophyte.

Important Questions for CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 - Plant Kingdom - Extra Questions and Answers (Solved)

1. Which group of algae have mannitol as reserve food material? 

Ans. The Phaeophyceae group, also known as the brown algae, stores food material in the form of mannitol. 

2. What is the botanical name for the sea palm?

Ans. Postelsia palmaeformis is the botanical name for the sea palm. 

3. How many cells make up an embryo sac?

Ans. An embryo sac is made up of - two synergids, one egg cell, three antipodal cells, and one secondary nucleus.

Preparation Tips for CBSE Class 11 Biology Exam

Students are suggested to study the chapter conceptually.

These theories are based on one’s understanding and thus they are required to understand the concepts first before proceeding to memorise them. 

Students should draw labelled diagrams and study the concepts which demand such diagrams. 

Give regular tests like mock tests and class tests which will help you to stay updated about your own performance. 

Study the difficult biological terms by jotting them down on paper. 

Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 extra questions and important questions provide self-confidence to the students in their exam preparations and it is one of the best study materials available for free in the form of PDFs. Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 Important Questions increase the thinking capability of the students and the important questions consist of questions, solutions, diagrams, fill-in-the-blanks, short questions, and long questions. So, click on the PDF Download option to access the file and save it for offline study.

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FAQs on Important Questions for CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 - Plant Kingdom

1. What is the use of air vesicles in brown algae?

The air vesicles of brown algae are used to maintain buoyancy.

2. Where are red algae found?

The red algae are found in coral reefs. 

3. Can I rely on the Important Questions for CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 - the Plant Kingdom?

Yes, these important questions and answers are prepared by the subject experts of Vedantu. Hence, they are quite reliable. One can use these study resources while preparing for exams and at the time of their revision. 

4. How do I download the important questions and answers of CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 - the Plant Kingdom?

You can scroll down to this page and find the option ‘Download PDF’ by clicking on this option. Then, you will be redirected to the page where contact details are to be filled in for verification after which the download will start automatically.

5. Which algae live in the deepest water?

The red algae live in the deepest waters. 

CBSE Class 11 Biology Important Questions

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Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes PDF Download (Handwritten & Short Notes)

Biology in the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test plays an important role. Since you are preparing for the NEET entrance test, you should use Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes to recall whatever you have studied in your classrooms.

The Class 11 notes on Plant Kingdom enables you to cover those difficult topics which you have left during your regular study, as well as it enables you to memorise the subtopics and concepts that you have read already. The Plant Kingdom notes for Class 11 are prepared by our Biology experts to help you have a better preparation for the upcoming medical entrance test. Links to download them are given on this page.

Plant Kingdom Handwritten Notes for Class 11

Handwritten notes are considered very authentic, you can either prepare your own handwritten revision notes of Plant Kingdom or can freely download the Plant Kingdom Handwritten Notes for Class 11. The notes that we provide here goes through regular revisions so that you can have the latest and updated Plant Kingdom Handwritten Notes for Class 11.

The notes are short and a compilation of all the important and key points of topics and definitions which enable the students to be focused while preparing for the NEET entrance examination.

Plant Kingdom Notes for Class 11 In PDF

The PDF file of Plant Kingdom Notes for Class 11 is quite an effective study resource that helps students prepare better for the exam due to some solid reasons. Those reasons are

• Prepared by Subject Matter experts
• Plant Kingdom Class 11 notes PDFs are in accordance with the NEET Syllabus.
• Images/Tables/Diagrams, etc. are given that help students better understand the topics in less time.

How to Download Class 11 Notes on Plant Kingdom?

Those who want to level up their Class 11 preparation by using the revision notes of Plant Kingdom PDF can follow the below given steps to download the PDF file.

• Visit Selfstudys website on your device
• Click on navigation button to expand it in further sub-menu
• Now, click on NEET it will further expand where you have to click on Biology

• Again, it will open a new page that contains chapter wise Class 11 Biology Notes , but first you have to click on Notes

• Now Click on Plant Kingdom Class 11 notes to download the Free PDF.

What is The Right Method to Use Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes PDF?

The moment you need the Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes is during the exam preparation. Students across the nation use the revision notes for this chapter so that they can perform better in the examination and ace their competition. 

Here, we have mentioned the right method to use Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes PDF.

Instructions to Use Class 11 Notes on Plant Kingdom:

• Go through the Class 11 Syllabus First:  The details about Plant Kingdom are given in Class 11 Syllabus of Biology so, first of all go through the Class 11 Biology syllabus in order to use the revision notes of Plant Kingdom for Class 11.
• Open PDF file of Plant Kingdom Notes:  In this second step, you have to open the PDF file of Plant Kingdom Notes so that you can find the resources you need to do the revision.
• Read Definitions:  The definitions are important as it helps you understand the meaning and idea behind the topics. In Plant Kingdom Class 11 notes PDF, our subject experts have written the definitions in an easy to understand manner so, read them. If you are able to comprehend the definition of Plant Kingdom your half of the revision will be completed automatically.
• Understand Images/Drawings/Figures:  To make the revision notes of Plant Kingdom for Class 11, the PDF contains diagrams/Images/Drawings/Figures. A better grip on these kinds of things will help you better understand the concepts. Also, human brains are good at remembering visuals so, decoding the images from the Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes PDF can help you retain the learning for a longer period of time.
• Focus on Understanding the differences between subtopics:  Among so many subtopics discussed in Plant Kingdom, all the students must understand the difference between similar topics. Having a clear idea of such topics enables the NEET candidates to present their answers in a more elaborate manner. Plant Kingdom notes for Class 11 is something that can help aspirants to cover several differences between subtopics.

How Often Should You Use Plant Kingdom Notes for NEET?

During preparation for NEET Biology, you will have to study a lot of chapters like Plant Kingdom, but you can’t always stick to one chapter. Therefore, for better exam preparation, you should use Plant Kingdom Notes for Class 11 whenever you feel like you should revise the lesson. 

Addition to that, a separate revision time should be prepared by you so that you can focus on revision only for Biology chapters like Plant Kingdom. For the ease of the NEET candidates, the links for Plant Kingdom Class 11 notes pdf download are given on this page.

Other Options for Those Without a Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes

Apart from revision notes, there are some other options that can help a student to prepare well for the Plant Kingdom. The other study resources that can somewhat replace the Plant Kingdom notes for NEET are -

• Mock Test for Plant Kingdom: Revision is crucial whether you do it with the help of notes or Mock test. The Mock Test for Plant Kingdom is one of the main study resources that help students to recall and revise their studied topics. Many of you may have questions, how does it help in revision? So, the Mock test or MCQ test is a set of questions that are crafted by subject experts for the chapter Plant Kingdom. Anyone who will solve those MCQs will find it a great tool to revise as they get an opportunity to solve relevant questions of whatever they have studied in Plant Kingdom.
• Chapter Wise Previous Year Question Paper: Plant Kingdom is a chapter of Class 11 Biology and so, when it comes to revise the concepts and subtopics of Plant Kingdom, solving the chapter wise NEET Previous year question paper can help. Our experts have analysed NEET PYP and separated the questions in chapter wise manner so that students can focus on their preparation and can revise whatever they have studied in Plant Kingdom. The chapter wise NEET PYP is for those who don’t want to re-read the same definitions time and again, but want to know how well they have command on the Plant Kingdom.

Impact of Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes PDF on NEET Exam Preparation

There are a variety of ways, Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes PDF can impact the overall NEET exam preparation. A few changes that come to the NEET Medical aspirants after using Plant Kingdom notes for NEET are as follows:

• A Boost in Confidence: Just after revising the Plant Kingdom, students can observe a boost in their confidence because at that moment they have brushed up their previous learnings and on the basis of that, they know that they can answer better regardless of the question's difficulty.
• Ability to Answer a Variety of Questions: The boost in confidence not only gives them the attitude to answer questions of Plant Kingdom, but it helps them to actually solve a variety of questions; whether the question is easy, moderate or difficult.
• Good Memory: Along with a healthy lifestyle, a regular revision process improves memory power. Those medical aspirants who refer to Class 11 Notes of Plant Kingdom on a regular basis will find, they have a good memory. Because notes don’t only help repeat the same things time and again, but doing so enables them to store information in long-term memory. Visual representations of topics aids more value in improving a good memory.
• Better Understanding in Plant Kingdom: The Class 11 notes on Plant Kingdom that we provide here contains topics definitions, pictures presentations, objective questions, tips and tricks that boosts help candidates develop a better understanding in Plant Kingdom. 

In conclusion, we can say that Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes PDF is a great study tool for those who are preparing for NEET medical entrance test. Because it helps in all ways to develop a better command on the topics to be able to perform better in the upcoming NTA NEET entrance test. Links to download the Plant Kingdom Class 11 Notes in PDF are given on this page, and it is absolutely free of cost.

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• Plant Kingdom

Everywhere you see, you see a green cover, with different types of plants and trees. Plants and plant products are something very familiar that you use in your everyday life. But, have you ever wondered about the different types of plants and trees? Did you know that the Plant Kingdom is divided into several subgroups, with each one having special features? Delve into the depths of Kingdom Plantae and unearth some of the fascinating facts.

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Characteristic features of Plant Kingdom

These living organisms are made of eukaryotic cells and are multicellular . The cells have a cell wall which is made of cellulose . These are autotrophic and synthesize food by photosynthesis due to the presence of chloroplasts.

Classification of Plant Kingdom

Based on whether plants have a well-differentiated body and the presence or absence of specialized tissues for transport, and the ability to bear seeds Kingdom Plantae (Plant Kingdom) is can be classified into different divisions. The features and examples of each division are mentioned hereunder.

Division Thallophyta

These are the lowermost plants of the plant kingdom, without a well-differentiated body design. This means that the plant body is not differentiated as roots , stem , and leaves . They are commonly called algae , are permanently aquatic . Examples include Spirogyra, Chara, and Ulothrix.

Download Plant Kingdom Cheat Sheet PDF

Browse more Topics under Diversity In Living Organisms

• Classification and its Types
• Five Kingdom Classification
• Animal Kingdom
• Nomenclature

Division Bryophyta

These are small terrestrial plants. They show differentiation in the body design, with stem, leaf-like structures , and root-like structures. But, they do not have any specialized tissue to conduct water and other substances. They live in damp and sandy habitats and are often referred to as the amphibians of the plant kingdom. Examples are Riccia, Funaria, and Marchantia

Division Pteridophyta

These are supposed to be the oldest vascular plants.  The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves, apart from having a specialized tissue for conduction. This tissue helps in the conduction of water and other substances from part of the plant to the other.

These plants have naked embryos called spores. The reproductive organs in these plants are inconspicuous. Examples: Marselia, Ferns

(Source: Wikipedia)

Division Phanerogamae

Phanerogams are seed-bearing plants. The plant body is well differentiated with stem, leaves, and roots. There are well differentiated reproductive tissues that produce seeds. These plants also have a well-developed vascular system.

Depending on whether the seeds produced are naked or whether they are enclosed, phanerogams are further classified into two subdivisions. They are Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

• Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms are plants with naked seeds. There are about 650 living species of gymnosperm plants. The plants are usually perineal, evergreen and woody.

They have a well-developed vascular tissue but do not have vessels. The reproductive organs generally form cones or strobilus. There is no fruit formation and the seeds are hence said to be naked. Examples: Cycas, Pinus, Deodar

Pine Cone (Wikimedia Commons)

Learn about Gymnosperms in more detail here

Angiosperms

Angiosperms are seed-bearing plants. Seeds develop inside tissues that get modified to form the fruit of the plant. Also called the flowering plants , they are found abundantly in nature.  These plants are usually terrestrial and they may be annual, biennial or perennial. The vascular system is very well developed with xylem and phloem . Angiosperms also show the feature of double fertilization . Examples: Mustard plant, Pea plant.

On the basis of the cotyledons (seed leaves) Angiosperms are further divided into Monocotyledonous plants and Dicotyledonous plants. Monocots have seeds with single seed leaf, having vascular bundles arranged in a complex manner. Dicots, on the other hand, have two cotyledons. The vascular bundle is arranged in a ring.

Learn more about the Animal Kingdom here .

Solved Questions For You

Q: Specialized tissue for conduction of water and other substances is present in which of the following?

• Pteridophyta
• Both of these
• None of these

Ans: The correct option is “C”. Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes both have a specialized vascular tissue. Learn more about Pteridophytes in detail here .

Q: Thallophyta, Bryophyta, and Pteridophyta are together called as?

Ans: They are called as Cryptogams as they are non-seed bearing plants.

FAQ’s for You

Q1. Amphibians’ of plant kingdom are__________________ A. Thallophyta B. Bryophyta C. Lichens D. Rhodophyta

Answers:  Bryophytes are so called because even though they are terrestrial plants, they require water for their fertilization process. The sperms are carried in water, which results in fertilization. Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts which are usually found in moist shaded areas in the hills. Bryophytes are also called as amphibians of the plant kingdom because they can live on soil but need water for sexual reproduction. They are usually found in damp, humid and shaded localities.

Q2. ………… are called as amphibians of the plant kingdom. A. Bryophytes B. Pteridophyte C. Algae D. Fungi

Answers: Amphibians are organisms, which can survive both in water and on land but they require water for sexual reproduction. Pteridophyte includes terrestrial plants. Algae are predominantly aquatic plants. Fungi are heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms. Fungi are unable to make their own food material. Therefore, fungi are not classified under plant kingdom. Bryophytes, as amphibians can survive both in water and on land. But they require water for sexual reproduction. They also occupy the intermediate position between aquatic thallophytes and terrestrial pteridophytes.

Q3. Plant kingdom is broadly classified into?

Answers:  Based on the system of classification proposed by A. W. Eichler (1875 -78), the plant kingdom is divided into two subkingdoms Cryptogamae and Phanerogamae. The cryptogams are flowerless (non-flowering) and seedless, spore-bearing plants. Phanerogams are flower bearing, seed producing tracheophytes.

Q4. Eichler divided plant kingdom in A. Two divisions B. Four divisions C. Ten divisions D. Five divisions

Answers:  On the basis of presence or absence of flowers and seeds, Eichler classified plant kingdom into two sub-kingdoms namely Cryptogamae (absence of flowers and seed; reproduction by spores) and Phanerogamae (presence of flowers and seeds). Cryptogamae was further divided into three divisions: Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta. Phanerogamae was further divided into two divisions: Gymnospermae (plants with naked seeds) and Angiospermae (plant with covered seeds). Thus, he divided plant kingdom into five divisions. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

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NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom

June 24, 2022 by Sastry CBSE

NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom are part of NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology . Here we have given NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom.

Multiple Choice Questions Q1. Cyanobacteria are classified under (a) Protista (b) Plantae (c) Monera (d) Algae Ans: (c) Cyanobacteria are classified under Kingdom Monera. • Protista— unicellular eukaryotes • Plantae, all members of Kingdom Plantae are eukaryotic chloroplast ‘chlorophyll containing organisms commonly called plants. These are autotrophic/holophytic.

Q2. Fusion of two motile gametes which are dissimilar in size is termed as (a) Oogamy (b) Isogamy (c) Anisogamy (d) Zoogamy Ans: (c) Fusion of two motile gametes which are dissimilar in size is termed as anisogamy.

Q3. Holdfast, stipe and frond constitute the plant body in case of (a) Rhodophyceae (b) Chlorophyceae (c) Phaeophyceae (d) All of the above Ans: (c) The plant body of phaeophyceae is usually attached to the substratum by a holdfast, and has a stalk, the stipe and leaf like photosynthetic organ—the frond.

Q4. A plant shows thallus level of organization. It shows rhizoids and is haploid. It needs water to complete its life cycle because the male gametes are motile. It may belong to (a) Pteridophytes (b) Gymnosperms (c) Monocots (d) Bryophytes Ans: (d) A plant shows thallus level of organization. It shows rhizoids and is haploid. It needs water to complete its life cycle because the male gametes are motile. It may belong to bryophytes.

Q5. A prothallus is ‘ ‘ (a) A structure in pteridophytes formed before the thallus develops (b) A sporophytic free living structure formed in pteridophytes (c) A gametophyte free living structure formed in pteridophytes (d) A primitive structure formed after fertilization in pteridophytes Ans. (c) In pteridophytes, meiosis or R/D occurs at the time of spore formation. The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus. Prothallus tepresents the gametophytic phase in pteridophytes.

Q6. Plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to extreme conditions. They grow bearing sporophylls in compact structures called cones. The group in reference is (a) Monocots (b) Dicots (c) Pteridophytes (d) Gymnosperms Ans: (d) Plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to extreme conditions. They grow bearing sporophylls in compact structures called cones. The group in reference is gymnosperms.

Q7. The embryo sac of an Angiosperm is made up of (a) 8 cells .(b) 7 cells and 8 nuclei (c) 8 nuclei (d) 7 cells and 7 nuclei Ans:  (b) The embryo sac of an Angiosperm is made up of 7 cells and 8 nuclei.

Q8. If the diploid number of a flowering plant is 36, what would be the chromosome number in its endosperm? (a) 36 (b) 18 (c) 54 ‘ (d) 72 Ans:  (c) Diploid number (2«) of a flowering plant is 36. The chromosome number in its endosperm 3n = 54.

Q9. Protonema is (a) Haploid and is found in mosses (b) Diploid and is found in liverworts (c) Diploid and is found in pteridophytes (d) Haploid and is found in pteridophytes Ans: (a) The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss is the gametophyte which consists of two stages. The first stage is the protonema stage (juvenile stage) and the second stage is the leafy stage. Moss protonema resembles to multicellular green algae in structure. Moss plant develops from protonema.

Q10. The giant Redwood tree (Sequoia sempervirens) is a/ an . (a) Angiosperm (b) Free fern (c) Pterdophyte (d) Gymnosperm Ans:  (d) One of the gymnosperms, the giant redwood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Food is stored as Floridean starch in Rhodophyceae. Mannitol is the reserve food material of which group of algae? Ans: Mannitol is the reserve food material of brown algae or phaeophyceae.

Q2. Give an example of plants with a. Haplontic life cycle b. Diplontic life cycle c. Haplo-diplontic life cycle Ans: a. Haplontic life cycle—Volvox, Spirogyra and some species of Chlamydomonas b. Diplontic life cycle—AH seed-bearing plants, i.e. (gymnosperms and angiosperms) c. Haplo-diplontic life cycle—Bryophyfes and Pteridophytes

Q3. The plant body in higher plants is well differentiated and well developed. Roots are the organs used for the purpose of absorption. What is the equivalent of roots in the less developed lower plants? Ans: In lower plants like algae, holdfast is present and in bryophytes, rhizoids are present instead of roots.

Q4. Most algal genera show haplontic life style . Name an alga which is a. Haplo-diplontic b. Diplontic Ans:  a. Haplo-diplontic—Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia and Kelps b. Diplontic—Fucus

Q5. In Bryophytes male and female sex organs are called _______ and __________ Ans: In Bryophytes male sex organ is called antheridium and female sex organ is called archegonium.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Why are bryophytes called the amphibians of the plant kingdom? Ans: Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant kingdom because these . plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.

Q2. The male and female reproductive organs of several pteridophytes and gymnosperms are comparable to floral structures of angiosperms. Make an attempt to compare the various reproductive parts of pteridophytes and gymnosperms with reproductive structures of angiosperms

Q3. Heterospory, i.e. formation of two types of spores—microspores and megaspores is a characteristic feature in the life cycle of a few members of pteridophytes and all spermatophytes. Do you think heterospory has some evolutionary significance in plant kingdom? Ans: In majority of the pteridophytes all the spores are of similar kinds, such plants are called hom’osporous. Genera like Selaginella, Salvirtia, Marsilea and Azolla which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores are known as heterosporous. The megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively. The female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young embryos take place within the female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an important step in evolution.

Q4. How far does Selaginella one of the few living members of lycopodiales (pteridophytes) fall short of seed habit? Ans: Selaginella produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores. The megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively. But Selaginella falls short of seed habit due to lack of integument around the megasporangium.

Q5. Each plant or group of plants has some phylogenetic significance in relation to evolution: Cycas, one of the few living members of gymnosperms is called as the ‘relic of past’. Can you establish a phylogenetic relationship of Cycas with any other group of plants that justifies the above statement? Ans: Cycas, one of the few living members of gymnosperms is called as the ‘relic of past’ because it shows many characteristics which are similar to pteridophytes, like, flagellated antherozoids, circinate ptyxis, megasporophyll is leaf like, presence of archegonia, etc.

Q6. The heterosporous pteridophytes show certain characteristics, which are precursor to the seed habit in gymnosperms. Explain. Ans: In majority of the pteridophytes all the spores are of similar kinds, such plants are called homosporous. Genera like Selaginella, Salvinia, Marsilea and Azolla which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known as heterosporous. The megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively. The female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young embryos take place within the female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an important step in evolution.

Q7. Comment on the life cycle and nature of a fern prothallus. Ans: The diploid sporophyte is represented by a dominant, independent, photosynthetic, vascular plant body. It alternates with multicellular, saprophytic/autotrophic, independent but short-lived haploid gametophyte . called prothallus. Such a pattern is known as haplo-diplontic life cycle. All pteridophytes exhibit this pattern. These gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to grow. Because of this specific restricted requirement and the need of water for fertilisation, the spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions. The gametophytes (prothallus) bear male and female sex organs ‘ called antheridia and archegonia, respectively. Water is required for transfer of antherozoids—the male gametes released from the antheridia, to the mouth of archegonium. Fusion of male gamete … with the egg present in the archegonium result in the fonnation of zygote. • Zygote thereafter produces a multicellular well-differentiated sporophyte which is the dominant phase of the pteridophytes.

Q8. How arc the male and female gametophytes of pteridophytes and gymnosperms different from each other? Ans: Male and female gametophytes of pteridophytes are free living while in gymnosperms male and female gametophyte do not have free-living * existence. They remain within the sporangia retained on sporophytes

Q9. In which plant will you look for mycorrhiza and corolloid roots? Also explain w’hat these terms mean. Ans:  Roots in some genera have fungal association in the form of mycorrhiza (Finns), while in some others (Cvms) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with N2-fixing cyanobacteria

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1. Gametophyte is a dominant phase in the life cycle of a bryophyte. Explain. Ans: The main plant body of the biyophyte is haploid. It produces gametes, hence is called a gametophyte. The sex organs in bryophytes are multicellular. The male sex organ is called antheridium. They produce biflagellate antherozoids or biciliated sperms. The female sex organ called archegonium is flask-shaped and produces a single egg. The antherozoids are released into water where they come in contact with archegonium. An antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce the zygote. Zygote do not undergo reduction division immediately. They produce a multicellular body called a sporophyte.

Q2. With the help of a schematic diagram, describe the haplo – diptontic life cycle pattern of a plant group. Ans: In a sexually reproducing plant there is an alternation of generation between a haploid and a diploid phase of plant bodies. The haploid plant body is termed gametophyte while the diploid plant body is called sporophyte. The gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis while the haploid spores are produced by sporophyte following meiosis (reduction division). Two gamete fuse together to produce a zygote which develops into the diploid sporophyte.

In a haplodiplontic life cycle pattern, such as in bryophyta or pteridophyta both the phases of life are multicellular. However, in bryophytes, the gametophytes are small, photosynthetic, independent and represent dominant phase. The partly or totally dependent sporophyte is physically attached to the gametophyte. The (n) spores dispersed by sporophyte germinate into individual gametophytic plants. However, in pteridophytes the 2n (diploid) phase is dominant, well organized, independent while the n phase though also free-living and independent is short lived and photosynthetic. In both of these groups of plants the mobile male gametes, antherozoid produced by sex organ antheridium, travel to archegonium (bearing an egg cell) via the medium of water. Egg cell is non-motile hence the reproduction is oogamous.

Q3. Lichen is usually cited as an example of‘symbiosis’ in plants where an algal and a fungal species live together for their mutual benefit. Which of the following will happen if algal and fungal partners are separated from each other? a. Both will survive and grow normally and independent from each other. b. Both will die. c. Algal component will survive while the fungal component will die. d. Fungal component will survive while algal partner will die. Based on your answer how do you justify this association as symbiosis. Ans:  Lichen is usually cited as an example of symbiosis in biology where in a fungal and an algal species live together for mutual benefit. The algal component synthesizes the food through photosynthesis which is utilized by the fungal species for its survival. The fungal component in return provides shelter and waste products that are consumed by algal species. Experiments though have shown that algal component can grow independently when separated from fungal species. But same is not true with the fungal component which dies when separated from algal component. This association is, therefore, a typical case of master-slave relationship where fungus (master) has trapped the algal components (slave) for its own survival while giving nothing in return to it. Some authors consider this association as controlled parasitism or helotism due to the fact that sometimes the fungus sends its haustoria into the algal cells to derive nourishment.

Q4. Explain why sexual reproduction in angiosperms is said to take place through double fertilization and triple fusion. Also draw a labelled diagram of embryo sac to explain the phenomena. Ans: After entering one of the synergids, the pollen tube release the two male gametes into the cytoplasm of the synergid.

Q5. Draw labelled diagrams of a. Female and male thallus of a liverwort. b. Gametophyte and sporophyte of Funaria. c. Alternation of generation in Angiosperm.

Ans:   a. Female and male thallus of a liverwort.

NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Solutions

• Chapter 1 The Living World
• Chapter 2 Biological Classification
• Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom
• Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom
• Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants
• Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants
• Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals
• Chapter 8 Cell: The Unit of Life
• Chapter 9 Biomolecules
• Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division
• Chapter 11 Transport in Plants
• Chapter 12 Mineral Nutrition
• Chapter 13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
• Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants
• Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development
• Chapter 16 Digestion and Absorption
• Chapter 17 Breathing and Exchange of Gases
• Chapter 18 Body Fluids and Circulation
• Chapter 19 Excretory Products and Their Elimination
• Chapter 20 Locomotion and Movement
• Chapter 21 Neural Control and Coordination
• Chapter 22 Chemical Coordination and Integration

NCERT Exemplar Problems Maths Physics Chemistry Biology

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Plant Kingdom - Members of Kingdom Plantae

Table of Contents

Plant Kingdom – Members of Kingdom Plantae

Characteristics of kingdom plantae, classification of kingdom plantae, cryptogams and phanerogams.

R.H. Whittaker gave the Five Kingdom classification for living organisms. He categorized living organisms based on multiple characteristics such as cellular structure, mode of nutrition, body organization, reproduction, phylogenetic relationship, etc. These five kingdoms were Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

Let’s learn about the plant kingdom, i.e., Kingdom Plantae.

Let us have a detailed look at the plant kingdom notes provided here for the conceptual understanding of the topic.

Also read:  Kingdom Animalia, Plantae And Viruses

Plant Kingdom – Plantae

Kingdom Plantae includes all the plants. They are eukaryotic, multicellular and autotrophic organisms. The plant cell contains a rigid  cell wall . Plants have chloroplast and chlorophyll pigment, which is required for photosynthesis.

The plant kingdom has the following characteristic features:

• They are non-motile.
• They make their own food and hence are called autotrophs.
• They reproduce asexually by vegetative propagation or sexually.
• These are multicellular eukaryotes. The plant cell contains the outer cell wall and a large central vacuole.
• Plants contain photosynthetic pigments called chlorophyll present in the plastids.
• They have different organelles for anchorage, reproduction, support and photosynthesis.

Explore More:  Photosynthesis .

Recommended Video:

A plant kingdom is further classified into subgroups. Classification is based on the following criteria:

• Plant body : Presence or absence of a well-differentiated plant body. E.g. Root, Stem and Leaves.
• Vascular system : Presence or absence of a vascular system for the transportation of water and other substances. E.g. Phloem and Xylem.
• Seed formation : Presence or absence of flowers and seeds and if the seeds are naked or enclosed in a fruit.

More to Read:   Seed And Fruit Formation – Seed Dispersal

The plant kingdom has been classified into five subgroups according to the above-mentioned criteria:

Thallophyta

Pteridophyta, gymnosperms, angiosperms.

Thallophytes lack a well-differentiated body structure and the plant body is thallus like.

Thallophytes

Thallophyta includes plants with primitive and simple body structures. The plant body is thallus, they may be filamentous, colonial, branched or unbranched. Examples include green algae, red algae and brown algae. Common examples are Volvox, Fucus, Spirogyra, Chara, Polysiphonia, Ulothrix , etc.

Explore More:  Thallophytes

Bryophytes do not have vascular tissues. The plant body has root-like, stem-like and leaf-like structures. Bryophytes are terrestrial plants but are known as “amphibians of the plant kingdom” as they require water for sexual reproduction. They are present in moist and shady places. Bryophyta includes mosses, hornworts and liverworts. Some of the common examples are Marchantia, Funaria, Sphagnum, Antheoceros , etc.

Extended Reading:  Bryophyta

Pteridophytes have a well-differentiated plant body into root, stem and leaves. They have a vascular system for the conduction of water and other substances. Some of the common examples are Selaginella, Equisetum, Pteris , etc.

Pteridophytes

More Details:   Pteridophyta

Gymnosperms: Vascular plants that possess “exposed” seeds

Gymnosperms have a well-differentiated plant body and vascular tissues. They bear naked seeds, i.e. seeds are not enclosed within a fruit. Some of the common examples of gymnosperms are Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra , etc.

Angiosperms: Vascular plants that possess special characteristics such as  flowers and fruits

Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants with a well-differentiated plant body. The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed within the fruits. Angiosperms are widely distributed and vary greatly in size, e.g. Wolffia is small measuring about 0.1 cm and Eucalyptus trees are around 100 m tall. Angiosperms are further divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons according to the number of cotyledons present in the seeds. Some of the common examples are mango, rose, tomato, onion, wheat, maize, etc.

Further Reading: Angiosperms

The plant kingdom is also classified into two groups:

Cryptogams – Non-flowering and non-seed bearing plants. E.g. Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta

Phanerogams – Flowering and seed-bearing plants. E.g. Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Also Read:  Difference Between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

To learn more about plant kingdom Class 11, its characteristics and classification, explore BYJU’S biology .

Frequently Asked Questions

Name the pigment responsible for photosynthesis in plants..

Chlorophyll is the pigment responsible for photosynthesis in plants.

Describe the criteria for levels of classification in plants.

The plant kingdom is further classified based on the following three criteria:

• Vascular system
• Seed formation

Explain the characteristic of Thallophytes.

Members of this class lack a well-differentiated body structure, or in other words, the body is not clearly divided into stem, leaves and roots.

Explain the significant features of Gymnosperms.

Gymnosperms include plants that possess a vascular system and a well-differentiated body structure. Furthermore, they bear seeds like the angiosperms, but they are not encased within a fruit. Hence, the term “Gymnosperm”, which is derived from Greek word, gymno =  naked and Sperma =  seed.

List the characteristics of Angiosperms.

• Seed-bearing plants
• Seeds are enclosed within fruits
• Presence of  well-differentiated plant body
• Produce flowers during their lifespan
• Presence of two subtypes – monocots and dicots

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