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Harm reduction in severe and long-standing Anorexia Nervosa: part of the journey but not the destination—a narrative review with lived experience

Questions remain about the best approaches to treatment for the subset of patients with severe and long-standing Anorexia Nervosa, commonly described in the literature as “Severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa....

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Applying Integrated Enhanced Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (I-CBTE) to Severe and Longstanding Eating Disorders (SEED) Paper 1: I am no longer a SEED patient

This autobiographical paper recounts the recovery journey of Lorna Collins, a survivor of severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN). Her story begins with a traumatic brain injury at the age of 18, leading ...

Early maladaptive schemas mediate the relationship between severe childhood trauma and eating disorder symptoms: evidence from an exploratory study

Childhood trauma history has frequently been linked to eating disorders (EDs); nevertheless, the scientific literature calls for extending knowledge regarding mediators between EDs and childhood trauma. This s...

The validation of short eating disorder, body dysmorphia, and Weight Bias Internalisation Scales among UK adults

When collecting data from human participants, it is often important to minimise the length of questionnaire-based measures. This makes it possible to ensure that the data collection is as engaging as possible,...

Mapping eating disorders in adolescents and young adults: an investigation of geographic distribution and access to care in Ontario, Canada

There is limited research on the spatial distribution of eating disorders and the proximity to available eating disorder services. Therefore, this study investigates the distribution of eating disorders among ...

Association between childhood maltreatment and obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbid with eating disorders: a cross-sectional study

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and eating disorders (ED) share common features, including the presence of obsessions and compulsions, and they often co-occur. Additionally, there is a significant comorbid...

Navigating the ethical complexities of severe and enduring (longstanding) eating disorders: tools for critically reflective practice and collaborative decision-making

Decisions about the treatment of eating disorders do not occur in a socio-political vacuum. They are shaped by power relations that produce categories of risk and determine who is worthy of care. This impacts ...

Peer support for eating disorders in Canada: program user perspectives

Evidence for the value of peer support for eating disorders (EDs) is growing. Peer support is not a replacement for treatment, but can provide hope for recovery, enhance motivation for treatment, and increase ...

Comparing hospitalized adult patients with chronic anorexia nervosa with versus without prior hospitalizations

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder, from which recovery is often protracted. The role of prior specialized inpatient treatment on subsequent treatment attempts for adults with chronic AN an...

Clinical and scientific review of severe and enduring anorexia nervosa in intensive care settings: introducing an innovative treatment paradigm

Anorexia nervosa is a serious and potentially lethal psychiatric disorder. Furthermore, there is significant evidence that some individuals develop a very long-standing form of the illness that requires a vari...

The role of impulsivity and binge eating in outpatients with overweight or obesity: an EEG temporal discounting study

Binge eating (BE) is associated with a range of cognitive control deficits related to impulsivity, including lower response inhibition, preference for immediate gratification, and maladaptive decision-making. ...

Daily Bi-directional effects of women’s social media-based appearance comparisons, body satisfaction, and disordered eating urges

We assessed the bi-directional relationships between upward appearance comparisons on social media with body dissatisfaction (BD) and disordered eating (DE) in women’s daily lives and the potential moderating ...

Weight stigma and binge eating related to poorer perceptions of healthcare provider interaction quality in a community-based sample

Weight stigma refers to the social rejection, discrimination, and ideological devaluation of individuals because of body size and is a direct result of weight bias and anti-fat attitudes. Individuals with high...

Two identical twin pairs discordant for longstanding anorexia nervosa and OSFED: lived experience accounts of eating disorder and recovery processes

Research into the risk of anorexia nervosa (AN) has examined twin pairs to further the understanding of the contributions of genetics, trait inheritance, and environmental factors to eating disorder (ED) devel...

Understanding stigma in the context of help-seeking for eating disorders

Stigma is a complex construct and its association with help-seeking among those experiencing eating disorders is not well understood. Rates of help-seeking are low for those with eating disorder symptoms and, ...

Appearance-related cyberbullying and its association with the desire to alter physical appearance among adolescent females

Cyberbullying is associated with various mental health concerns in adolescents, including body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviours. However, there is a significant research gap concerning the uniq...

Towards collaborative care for severe and enduring Anorexia Nervosa – a mixed-method approach

Severe and Enduring Eating Disorders (SEED), in particular SEED-Anorexia Nervosa (SE-AN), may represent the most difficult disorder to treat in psychiatry. Furthermore, the lack of empirical research in this p...

Maternal perspectives on the intergenerational transmission of eating disorders

Studies indicate that the children of mothers who have eating disorders are at an increased risk of developing eating disorders themselves. The aim of this qualitative study was to broaden and extend current u...

Correction: A prospective observational study examining weight and psychosocial change in adolescent and adult eating disorder inpatients admitted for nutritional rehabilitation using a high-energy re-feeding protocol

The original article was published in Journal of Eating Disorders 2024 12 :58

Oculomotor behaviors in youth with an eating disorder: findings from a video-based eye tracking task

The oculomotor circuit spans many cortical and subcortical areas that have been implicated in psychiatric disease. This, combined with previous findings, suggests that eye tracking may be a useful method to in...

Views and experiences of eating disorders treatments in East Asia: a meta-synthesis

Although there have been qualitative meta-syntheses on experiences of eating disorders treatments, there is a paucity of syntheses specifically examining the perspectives and experiences of eating disorders tr...

Evaluation of an eating disorder screening and care pathway implementation in a general mental health private inpatient setting

General mental health inpatient units hold a valuable place in the stepped system of care, and for identification and treatment of people with eating disorders (EDs) or disordered eating behaviours (DEBs). Thi...

Unhealthy weight control behaviors and health risk behaviors in American youth: a repeated cross-sectional study

Unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs) involve weight control strategies to reduce or maintain weight, such as fasting, taking diet pills, and vomiting or taking laxatives. UWCBs in teenagers can escalate ...

Testing the validity of the Norwegian translation of the modified weight bias internalization scale

Individuals with higher weight (overweight or obesity) may experience social stigma due to their weight. Weight stigma can be internalized with adverse health effects. Internalized weight stigma is relevant ac...

Autistic traits and perspective taking in youths with anorexia nervosa: an exploratory clinical and eye tracking study

Despite their apparent dissimilarity, Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) share many features, especially in terms of social and emotional difficulties. In recent years, empathic abilities...

Experiences of intensive treatment for people with eating disorders: a systematic review and thematic synthesis

Eating disorders are complex difficulties that impact the individual, their supporters and society. Increasing numbers are being admitted to intensive treatment settings (e.g., for inpatient treatment, day-pat...

Ethics-testing an eating disorder recovery memoir: a pre-publication experiment

Narratives (including memoirs and novels) about eating disorders (EDs) are typically published with the intention to benefit readers, but survey evidence suggests that reading such narratives with an active ED...

Barriers and facilitators to ethical co-production with Autistic people with an eating disorder

Co-production is the collaboration between researchers and the lived experience community in designing, conducting and sharing research. The importance of co-production is increasingly advocated in both the au...

A mixed-methods longitudinal examination of weight-related self-monitoring and disordered eating among a population-based sample of emerging adults

Weight-related self-monitoring (WRSM) apps are used by millions, but the effects of their use remain unclear. This study examined longitudinal relationships between WRSM and disordered eating among a populatio...

A case report about anorexia nervosa and ischemic stroke: what can we learn?

Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a complex psychiatric illness, characterized by a high risk of developing cardiovascular complications. Given the high risk of vascular diseases in patients with AN, we can assume that...

academic essay on eating disorders

A living experience proposal for the co-occurring diagnosis of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and other eating disorders

The eating and feeding disorder section of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) is organized by a diagnostic algorithm that limits the contemporaneous assignment of...

Correction: Short-term effects of a multidisciplinary inpatient intensive rehabilitation treatment on body image in anorexia nervosa

The original article was published in Journal of Eating Disorders 2023 11 :178

The correlates of appearance focused self-concept: personality traits, self-concept, sociocultural, and early life experience factors

Theory and research indicate that an appearance focused self-concept (i.e . , placing overriding importance on physical appearance for self-definition and self-worth) plays a role in the etiology and maintenance of...

A tradeoff between safety and freedom: Adults’ lived experiences of ARFID

Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is characterized as a pattern of restrictive eating leading to significant medical and/or psychosocial impairment (American Psychiatric Association in Diagnost...

Perceived comfort with weight, body shape and eating pattern of young adults with type 1 diabetes and associations with clinical and psychological parameters in a clinical setting

Higher prevalence of disordered eating in young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) culminates in higher levels of morbidity and mortality. In addition to validated questionnaires for diabetes distress, depressi...

Psychometric properties of the nine-item avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder screen (NIAS) in Turkish adolescents

This study evaluates the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Nine-Item Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Screen (NIAS) in a population of Turkish adolescents.

Processes of change in family therapies for anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data

To synthesise young person and family member perspectives on processes of change in family therapy for anorexia nervosa (AN), including systemic family therapy and manualised family-based treatments, to obtain...

Clinician perspectives on how change occurs in multi-family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa: a qualitative study

Multi-family Therapy (MFT) is being increasingly used in specialist eating disorder services internationally. Despite evidence of its efficacy, little is understood about the treatment mechanisms and what spec...

Social safeness and eating disorder symptoms: a correlational study exploring associations of social safeness, eating disorder symptoms, social support and shame in a non-clinical young adult sample

A greater experience of “social safeness” in social relationships has been associated with reduced general psychopathology. This association appears to be independent of the perceived level of actual social su...

Parent version of the Eating Disorder Examination: Reliability and validity in a treatment-seeking sample

Assessment of eating disorders (ED) in youth relies heavily on self-report, yet persistent lack of recognition of the presence and/or seriousness of symptoms can be intrinsic to ED. This study examines the psy...

A feasibility randomized controlled trial of culturally adapted Getting Better Bite-by-Bite (Ca-GBBB) intervention for individuals with eating disorders in Pakistan

Eating disorders (EDs) are serious mental health conditions that affect a person physically and psychologically. In the past, EDs were only recognized as a cultural phenomenon/societal by-product of the West. ...

ANZAED 2023 Gold Coast Conference: Oral & Poster Abstracts

This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 12 Supplement 2

A peer mentoring program for eating disorders: improved symptomatology and reduced hospital admissions, three years and a pandemic on

Peer support involves people (mentors) using their own experiences to assist others (mentees). The impetus to include peer support in eating disorder recovery is high, however research on implementation of pee...

Current trends and future directions in internalized weight stigma research: a scoping review and synthesis of the literature

Since the first papers focused on internalized weight stigma were published in the mid 2000’s, the literature has grown into a robust field that complements existing knowledge on weight stigma. Recently, resea...

Secondary carnitine deficiency during refeeding in severely malnourished patients with eating disorders: a retrospective cohort study

Secondary carnitine deficiency in patients with anorexia nervosa has been rarely reported. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of carnitine deficiency in severely malnourished patients with eating d...

“It’s like building a new person”: lived experience perspectives on eating disorder recovery processes

Deeply engaging with the expertise of those who have experienced or supported someone with an eating disorder can add to a growing body of knowledge about recovery processes. In this qualitative study, we soug...

Novel online enfacement illusion for investigating self-perception in mental disorders: an experimental study protocol

Remote research methods and interventions for mental health disorders have become increasingly important, particularly for conditions like eating disorders (EDs). Embodiment illusions, which induce feelings of...

Translation, transcultural adaptation, and convergent validity of the Arabic version of the Mukbang addiction scale

The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Arabic translation of the Mukbang Addiction Scale (MAS) among Arabic-speaking adults from the general population. Specifically, it aimed to assess...

A naturalistic study of plasma lipid alterations in female patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight restoration treatment

Plasma lipid concentrations in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) seem to be altered.

Xeropthalmia and optic neuropathy secondary to ARFID: a case report

Patients with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) commonly present with loss of weight or faltering growth in the setting of poor nutrition. However, patients with ARFID can present with micronut...

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Journal of Eating Disorders

ISSN: 2050-2974

Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Public Health Issues — Eating Disorders

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Essay Examples on Eating Disorders

What makes a good eating disorders essay topic.

When it comes to selecting a topic for your eating disorders essay, it's crucial to consider a multitude of factors that can elevate your writing to new heights. Below are some innovative suggestions on how to brainstorm and choose an essay topic that will captivate your readers:

  • Brainstorm : Begin by unleashing a storm of ideas related to eating disorders. Delve into the various facets, such as causes, effects, treatment options, societal influences, and personal narratives. Ponder upon what intrigues you and what will engage your audience.
  • Research : Embark on a comprehensive research journey to accumulate information and gain a profound understanding of the subject matter. This exploration will enable you to identify distinctive angles and perspectives to explore in your essay. Seek out scholarly sources such as academic journals, books, and reputable websites.
  • Cater to your audience : Reflect upon your readers and their interests to tailor your topic accordingly. Adapting your subject matter to captivate your audience will undoubtedly make your essay more engaging. Consider the age, background, and knowledge level of your readers.
  • Unveil controversies : Unearth the controversies and debates within the realm of eating disorders. Opting for a topic that ignites discussion will infuse your essay with thought-provoking and impactful qualities. Delve into various viewpoints and critically analyze arguments for and against different ideas.
  • Personal connection : If you possess a personal connection or experience with eating disorders, contemplate sharing your story or delving into it within your essay. This will add a unique and personal touch to your writing. However, ensure that your personal anecdotes remain relevant to the topic and effectively support your main points.

Overall, a remarkable eating disorders essay topic should be meticulously researched, thought-provoking, and relevant to your audience's interests and needs.

Popular Eating Disorders Essay Topics

Below, you will find a compilation of the finest eating disorders essay topics to consider:

  • The Impact of Social Media on Eating Disorders
  • The Role of Family Dynamics in the Development of Eating Disorders
  • Eating Disorders in Athletes: Causes and Consequences
  • The Effectiveness of Different Treatments for Eating Disorders
  • Understanding the Psychological Underpinnings of Anorexia Nervosa
  • Binge Eating Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
  • The Relationship Between Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Eating Disorders
  • Eating Disorders in Adolescents: Early Signs and Prevention
  • The Influence of Culture and Society on Eating Disorder Prevalence
  • The Connection Between Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse
  • The Role of Genetics in Eating Disorders
  • Men and Eating Disorders: Breaking the Stigma
  • The Long-Term Health Consequences of Eating Disorders
  • Orthorexia: When Healthy Eating Becomes a Disorder
  • The Impact of Trauma and Abuse on Eating Disorder Development

Best Eating Disorders Essay Questions

Below, you will find an array of stellar eating disorders essay questions to explore:

  • How does social media contribute to the development and perpetuation of eating disorders?
  • What challenges do males with eating disorders face, and how can these challenges be addressed?
  • To what extent does the family environment contribute to the development of eating disorders?
  • What role does diet culture play in fostering unhealthy relationships with food?
  • How can different treatment approaches be tailored to address the unique needs of individuals grappling with eating disorders?

Eating Disorders Essay Prompts

Below, you will find a collection of eating disorders essay prompts that will kindle your creative fire:

  • Craft a personal essay that intricately details your voyage towards recovery from an eating disorder, elucidating the lessons you learned along the way.
  • Picture yourself as a parent of a teenager burdened with an eating disorder. Pen a heartfelt letter to other parents, sharing your experiences and providing valuable advice.
  • Fabricate a fictional character entangled in the clutches of binge-eating disorder. Concoct a short story that explores their odyssey towards self-acceptance and recovery.
  • Construct a persuasive essay that fervently argues for the integration of comprehensive education on eating disorders into school curricula.
  • Immerse yourself in the role of a therapist specializing in eating disorders. Compose a reflective essay that delves into the challenges and rewards of working with individuals grappling with eating disorders.

Writing Eating Disorders Essays: FAQ

  • Q : How can I effectively commence my eating disorders essay?

A : Commence your essay with a captivating introduction that ensnares the reader's attention and provides an overview of the topic. Consider starting with an intriguing statistic, a powerful quote, or a personal anecdote.

  • Q : Can I incorporate personal experiences into my eating disorders essay?

A : Absolutely! Infusing your essay with personal experiences adds depth and authenticity. However, ensure that your personal anecdotes remain relevant to the topic and effectively support your main points.

  • Q : How can I make my eating disorders essay engaging?

A : Utilize a variety of rhetorical devices such as metaphors, similes, and vivid descriptions to transform your essay into an engaging masterpiece. Additionally, consider incorporating real-life examples, case studies, or interviews to provide concrete evidence and make your essay relatable.

  • Q : Should my essay focus solely on one specific type of eating disorder?

A : While focusing on a specific type of eating disorder can provide a narrower scope for your essay, exploring the broader theme of eating disorders as a whole can also be valuable. Strive to strike a balance between depth and breadth in your writing.

  • Q : How can I conclude my eating disorders essay effectively?

A : In your conclusion, summarize the main points of your essay and restate your thesis statement. Additionally, consider leaving the reader with a thought-provoking question or a call to action, encouraging further reflection or research on the topic.

Eating Unhealthy: an In-depth Look at Its Consequences

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Eating disorders are complex mental health conditions characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits that negatively affect a person's physical and mental health.

  • Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and severe restriction of food intake leading to extreme weight loss and malnutrition.
  • Bulimia Nervosa: Involves cycles of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, excessive exercise, or laxative use to prevent weight gain. Sufferers often maintain a normal weight.
  • Binge Eating Disorder: Marked by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food in a short period, often accompanied by feelings of loss of control and distress, but without regular use of compensatory behaviors.
  • Orthorexia: An obsession with eating foods that one considers healthy, often leading to severe dietary restrictions and malnutrition. Unlike other eating disorders, the focus is on food quality rather than quantity.
  • Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID): Involves limited food intake due to a lack of interest in eating, avoidance based on sensory characteristics of food, or concern about aversive consequences of eating, leading to nutritional deficiencies and weight loss.
  • Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances, such as dirt, clay, or paper, inappropriate to the developmental level of the individual and not part of a culturally supported or socially normative practice.
  • Rumination Disorder: Involves the repeated regurgitation of food, which may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. This behavior is not due to a medical condition and can lead to nutritional deficiencies and social difficulties.
  • Distorted Body Image: Individuals often see themselves as overweight or unattractive, even when underweight or at a healthy weight.
  • Obsession with Food and Weight: Constant thoughts about food, calories, and weight, leading to strict eating rules and excessive exercise.
  • Emotional and Psychological Factors: Associated with low self-esteem, perfectionism, anxiety, depression, or a need for control.
  • Physical Health: Can cause severe health issues like malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances, hormonal disruptions, and organ damage.
  • Social Isolation: Withdrawal from social activities due to shame, guilt, and embarrassment, leading to loneliness and distress.
  • Co-occurring Disorders: Often coexists with anxiety, depression, substance abuse, or self-harming behaviors, requiring comprehensive treatment.
  • Genetic and Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition and biological factors, like brain chemical or hormonal imbalances, can contribute to eating disorders.
  • Psychological Factors: Low self-worth, perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, and distorted body image perceptions play significant roles.
  • Sociocultural Influences: Societal pressures, cultural norms, media portrayal of unrealistic body ideals, and peer influence increase the risk.
  • Traumatic Experiences: Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse can heighten vulnerability, leading to feelings of low self-worth and body shame.
  • Dieting and Weight-related Practices: Restrictive dieting, excessive exercise, and weight-focused behaviors can trigger disordered eating patterns.

Treatment for eating disorders includes psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and family-based therapy (FBT), to address psychological factors and improve self-esteem. Nutritional counseling with dietitians helps develop healthy eating patterns and debunks dietary myths. Medical monitoring involves regular check-ups to manage physical health. Medication may be prescribed for symptoms like depression and anxiety. Support groups and peer support offer community and empathy, providing valuable insights and encouragement from others facing similar challenges.

  • As per the data provided by the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), it is estimated that around 30 million individuals residing in the United States will experience an eating disorder during their lifetime.
  • Research suggests that eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness. Anorexia nervosa, in particular, has a mortality rate of around 10%, emphasizing the seriousness and potential life-threatening nature of these disorders.
  • Eating disorders can affect individuals of all genders and ages, contrary to the common misconception that they only affect young women. While young women are more commonly affected, studies indicate that eating disorders are increasingly prevalent among men and can also occur in older adults and children.

Eating disorders are a critical topic because they affect millions of people worldwide, leading to severe physical and psychological consequences. Addressing eating disorders helps in understanding their complex causes and improving treatment options. Exploring eating disorders essay topics raises awareness, promotes early intervention, and encourages support for those affected, ultimately contributing to better mental health and well-being.

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. 2. Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A. J., Wales, J., & Nielsen, S. (2011). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 724-731. 3. Brown, T. A., Keel, P. K., & Curren, A. M. (2020). Eating disorders. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (6th ed., pp. 305-357). Guilford Press. 4. Fairburn, C. G., & Harrison, P. J. (2003). Eating disorders. The Lancet, 361(9355), 407-416. 5. Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Zeeck, A. (2020). Eating disorders in childhood and adolescence: Epidemiology, course, comorbidity, and outcome. In M. Maj, W. Gaebel, J. J. López-Ibor, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Eating Disorders (Vol. 11, pp. 68-82). Wiley-Blackwell. 6. Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 61(3), 348-358. 7. Jacobi, C., Hayward, C., de Zwaan, M., Kraemer, H. C., & Agras, W. S. (2004). Coming to terms with risk factors for eating disorders: Application of risk terminology and suggestions for a general taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 19-65. 8. Keski-Rahkonen, A., & Mustelin, L. (2016). Epidemiology of eating disorders in Europe: Prevalence, incidence, comorbidity, course, consequences, and risk factors. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 29(6), 340-345. 9. Smink, F. R. E., van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(4), 406-414. 10. Stice, E., Marti, C. N., & Rohde, P. (2013). Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 445-457.

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Eating Disorders in Adolescents Essay

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Eating disorder as a severe health condition that can be manifested in many different ways may tackle a person of any age, gender, and socio-cultural background. However, adolescents, especially when it comes to female teenagers, are considered to be the most vulnerable in terms of developing this condition (Izydorczyk & Sitnik-Warchulska, 2018). According to the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP, 2018), 10 in 100 young women struggle with an eating disorder. Thus, the purpose of the present paper is to dwell on the specifics of external factors causing the disorder as well as the ways to deal with this issue.

To begin with, it is necessary to define which diseases are meant under the notion of an eating disorder. Generally, eating disorders encompass such conditions as anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge eating, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) (AACAP, 2018). Although these conditions have different manifestations in the context of eating patterns, all of them affect teenager’s nutrition patterns and average weight. According to the researchers, there exist common external stressors that lead to an eating disorder, such as:

  • Socio-cultural appearance standards. For the most part, modern culture and mass media promote certain body images as a generally accepted ideal, which causes many teenage girls to doubt their appearance and follow the mass trends.
  • Biological factors. Some teenagers might have a genetic predisposition for certain disorders if anyone in the family struggled with the disease at some point in the past.
  • Emotional factors. Children, who are at risk of being affected by such mental disorders as anxiety and depression, are likely to disrupt their nutrition patterns.
  • Peer pressure. Similar to socio-cultural standards, peer pressure dictates certain criteria for the teenagers’ body image, eventually impacting their perception of food and nutrition (Izydorczyk & Sitnik-Warchulska, 2018).

With such a variety of potential stressors, it is imperative for both medical professionals and caregivers to pay close attention to the teenager’s eating habits. Thus, in order to assess the issue, any medical screening should include weight and height measurements. In such a way, medical professionals are able to define any discrepancies in the measurements over time and bring this issue up with a patient. When working with adolescents, it is of paramount importance to establish a trusting relationship with a patient, as teenagers are extremely vulnerable at this age. After identifying any issue related to weight and body image, nurses and physicians need to ask the patient whether they have any problems with eating. In case they are not willing to talk on the matter, it is necessary to emphasize that their response will not be shared with caregivers unless they want it. It is also necessary to ask questions regarding the child’s relationship with peers carefully, as they may easily become an emotional trigger.

In order to avoid such complications as eating disorders, it is vital for caregivers to talk with their children on the topic of the aforementioned stressors. Firstly, they need to promote healthy eating patterns by explaining why it is important for one’s body instead of giving orders to the child. For additional support, they may ask a medical professional to justify this information. Secondly, the caregivers need to dedicate time to explain the inappropriateness of body standards promoted by the mass media and promote diversity and positive body image within the family. Lastly, caregivers are to secure a safe environment for the teenager’s fragile self-esteem and self-actualization in order for them to feel more confident among peers (Boberová & Husárová, 2021). These steps, although frequently undermined, contribute beneficially in terms of dealing with eating disorders external stressors among adolescents.

American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry [AACAP]. (2018). Eating disorders in teens. Web.

Boberová, Z., & Husárová, D. (2021). What role does body image in relationship between level of health literacy and symptoms of eating disorders in adolescents?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 18 (7), 3482.

Izydorczyk, B., & Sitnik-Warchulska, K. (2018). Socio-cultural appearance standards and risk factors for eating disorders in adolescents and women of various ages. Frontiers in psychology , 9 , 429.

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IvyPanda. (2022, June 23). Eating Disorders in Adolescents. https://ivypanda.com/essays/eating-disorders-in-adolescents/

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1. IvyPanda . "Eating Disorders in Adolescents." June 23, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/eating-disorders-in-adolescents/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Eating Disorders in Adolescents." June 23, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/eating-disorders-in-adolescents/.

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Original research

University students’ understanding and opinions of eating disorders: a qualitative study, millie manning.

1 College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Sheila Greenfield

2 Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Associated Data

bmjopen-2021-056391supp001.pdf

Data are available upon reasonable request. All requests for data should be made to the corresponding author.

Eating disorders (EDs) affect 1.25 million people in the UK. Evidence suggests the public display stigma and poor mental health literacy (MHL) towards EDs. There is a high prevalence of EDs in university populations, so it is important to determine the MHL of this at-risk group. Qualitative research exploring the MHL of this population is incomplete.

Explore university students’ beliefs and opinions of EDs, their knowledge of symptoms, treatment and help sources and how these are influenced by biological sex.

A qualitative study, using semistructured interviews analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

The University of Birmingham.

Participants

Seven female and seven male University of Birmingham students.

Analysis revealed six themes, each with subthemes: ED characteristics, causes, body image, seeking help, stigma and awareness. Students displayed poor awareness towards ED signs and symptoms, causes and help sources. Students were not stigmatising towards EDs, but many perceived them as a female problem and believed society to be stigmatising. Many referenced informal sources of information such as social media and expressed a desire for ED teaching. Sex did not have a significant influence on knowledge or opinions of EDs in this study; however, there were some differences, for example, some males were more likely to see EDs as a weakness and to perceive themselves as having low levels of knowledge.

Conclusions

University students show broad awareness of EDs; however, knowledge of certain aspects of ED-MHL including help sources and symptom recognition was lacking. Although students were not stigmatising of EDs themselves, many perceived high levels of public stigma. This, alongside poor knowledge, may delay help-seeking. Campaigns educating students and the public about EDs would aid earlier diagnosis, improving long-term outcomes. Further research into awareness and knowledge in other populations would be beneficial.

Strengths and limitations of this study

  • First qualitative exploration of knowledge and understanding of eating disorders (EDs) in UK university students.
  • Qualitative methodology allowed broad exploration and insight about perceptions of EDs in this at-risk population.
  • Member validation and analyst triangulation with an experienced qualitative researcher strengthen the methodology.
  • Some participants may have been hesitant to disclose their true views due to social desirability bias.
  • Study was advertised as research about EDs, so participants could have volunteered because they have an interest and therefore more knowledge about EDs.

Introduction

Eating disorders (EDs) are a class of severe mental illnesses 1 that affect 1.25 million people in the UK. 2 They are characterised by abnormal eating behaviours and attitudes that have a significant impact on the physical health of those suffering, 3 resulting in complications including osteoporosis and cardiac arrhythmias. 4 These go hand in hand with psychiatric comorbidities, such as depression. 5 For these reasons, one ED subtype, anorexia nervosa (AN), has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric condition. 6

Notwithstanding the significant mortality and morbidity associated with EDs, statistics show it takes individuals an average of 91 weeks to realise they have an ED, on top of the 58 weeks they typically wait before presenting to their doctor. 7 Recent data suggest a shorter duration of untreated ED is associated with increased likelihood of remission. 8 However, fewer than 20% of individuals who screen positive for an ED go on to receive treatment, 9 10 highlighting a significant treatment gap and leaving individuals vulnerable to suffering debilitating long-term outcomes.

This delay in health-seeking is postulated to be due, in part, to poor mental health literacy (MHL) and the fear of stigma attached to EDs. 11 MHL refers to an individual’s ‘knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders that aid the recognition, management or prevention of these disorders’. 12 Studies show members of the public attribute EDs to personal shortcomings and perceive ED sufferers as vain and self-obsessed. 13 14 This can result in high levels of self-stigma, whereby an ED sufferer turns public stigma towards themselves, 15 lowering self-worth and self-efficacy and further delaying help-seeking. 16

The ability to recognise ED behaviours has been shown to be a significant factor in improving early intervention and help-seeking. 17 Furthermore, an ED sufferer’s social network has been shown to be fundamental in improving ED identification and encouraging treatment-seeking. 18

However, research indicates the public display poor MHL towards various mental illnesses, 19 including EDs, 20 21 suggesting the ability of the public to recognise an ED in themselves or in others is suboptimal. In addition, ED-MHL appears less systematically investigated than MHL relating to other mental illnesses, and therefore research in this area lacks the ability to inform relevant health promotion and early intervention programmes that seek to reduce the burden of these conditions. 22 23

In the UK, the highest incidence of EDs occurs in girls between 15 and 19 years of age, 24 with symptom duration often lasting 5–8 years. 2 Unsurprisingly, there is a high prevalence of EDs in university populations, 25 where normalisation of ED behaviours such as restrictive dietary intake and overexercising alongside a loss of external accountability can exacerbate symptoms and lead to the development of new, unhealthy food behaviours. 26 Furthermore, in a survey of UK university students by the ED charity Beat, 32% of students with an ED were diagnosed at university; however, 69% reported difficulties accessing treatment. 27

The literature suggests that men constitute at least 25% of UK ED cases. 28 However, research indicates the public expectation that EDs are primarily a female issue limits young men’s ability to recognise their symptoms and delays them from seeking appropriate help. 29 30 Sex bias is also indicated, with studies indicating that men hold more negative attitudes towards EDs 31 32 and have generally poorer MHL than females. 20

The majority of previous studies into ED-MHL have been quantitative, and have taken place outside of the UK, where different cultural norms, health systems and mental health education may mean results are not necessarily transferrable to the UK. 33 Although useful for determining the general scope of ED knowledge and associated stigma, the pre-prepared questions in such studies do not allow for volunteering of further opinions not expressed in the questionnaires. Additionally, it does not allow in-depth exploration of individual beliefs and attitudes.

Therefore, there is a need for extensive qualitative research to be carried out in this area. Yet, the existing UK qualitative literature into ED-MHL is lacking, only seeking responses from females, 34 meaning difference in responses between males and females cannot be inferred. Some qualitative literature exists from other countries, but this literature is also incomplete, focussing only on ED causes, 21 or solely on AN. 35 Furthermore, none of these studies concentrated on at-risk populations such as university students.

Research focused on university students, to determine if differences in understanding and opinions of EDs exist between these at-risk young males and females can give an insight into the ED-MHL of this population, identifying areas where greater education is needed to improve help-seeking and reduce stigma. This paper reports on a qualitative interview study, which aimed to determine university students’ ED-MHL, exploring beliefs and opinions of EDs and their knowledge of ED symptoms, treatment and sources of help. It also sought to determine the impact of sex on ED perceptions and knowledge.

Materials and methods

Participants were recruited from a convenience sample of English-speaking University of Birmingham students, 36 chosen purposively to ensure equal numbers of male and female participants were recruited. 37 To investigate lay perceptions of EDs, students with a previous formal diagnosis of an ED were excluded, alongside students studying a healthcare degree or psychology, as they were assumed to have greater ED knowledge than other university students. 38 To focus on UK perceptions, international students and international exchange students were also excluded.

Recruitment

Participants were recruited via advertisements placed around the university campus and posted on a University of Birmingham Facebook group. 39

Participants who responded were emailed a participant information sheet and eligibility questionnaire to enable purposive sampling based on sex, and ensure any non-eligible individuals were excluded, for example, those who had previously been diagnosed with an ED. 37

Participant recruitment continued until data saturation was reached ( figure 1 ).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bmjopen-2021-056391f01.jpg

Participant recruitment process. Individuals who responded contacted the researcher to enquire about the study. Non-responders either did not return the eligibility questionnaire or did not confirm interest in the study. Five participants were not required as data saturation was reached.

Data collection

Data were collected using face to face, semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews. 40 These took place in a private room in the University of Birmingham library during January and February 2020. No repeat interviews were undertaken. Written, informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to their interview.

All interviews were carried out by MM, a female, white British medical student intercalating in psychological medicine. Interview duration ranged between 20 and 37 min, with a mean of 28 min. The researcher did not know any participant prior to study initiation, and all were aware of the interviewer’s demographics as outlined in the participant information sheet, prior to their interview. On interview completion, each participant received a £15 Amazon voucher to thank them for their time.

An interview guide ( online supplemental file 1 ) of open-ended questions informed by the relevant literature 34 41 42 was used to explore key areas of MHL, 43 including knowledge of ED symptoms, causes, characteristics, treatments and recovery, and personal help-seeking behaviours (see online supplemental file 1 for specific questions relating to these areas). These topics were chosen to reflect a broad overview of ED-MHL, to ensure participants were able to share their full knowledge and perceptions they have of EDs, ensuring the research question was answered. The interview guide ensured consistency across interviews and was piloted on participants known to the researcher who met the eligibility criteria to ensure questions were accessible to participants. Pilot data were not included in the study.

Supplementary data

Data analysis.

Following each interview, field notes were taken to contextualise interviews and reflect on the researcher’s impact on the interviews. 44 Interviews were transcribed verbatim by MM and listened to twice to ensure transcript accuracy. To establish participant anonymity and confidentiality, each was allocated a numerical ID used for data collection and analysis.

Data were thematically analysed using Braun and Clarke’s six-step process, 45 as it allows rich interpretation of data. An inductive approach was taken, therefore analysis was data driven, rather than theory driven. 46 Transcripts were read twice to ensure familiarisation. Open coding was then performed manually, and codes inputted into the software NVivo for clarity and organisation. 47 As analysis progressed, codes were refined and sorted into themes and subthemes using an Excel spreadsheet, NVivo and thematic maps. 48 This allowed codes to be compared between participants and between sexes.

To enhance the quality of the analytic process, investigator triangulation occurred. 49 Two transcripts were coded independently by SG, an experienced qualitative researcher. MM and SG then met to discuss analysis and agree on themes, before meeting again to further refine and define themes. Furthermore, to ensure credibility of results, member validation occurred. Participants were sent their interview’s main themes and asked to confirm these reflected the intent of their responses. Overall, 11 participants responded confirming this was an accurate representation of their views. 50 Data are reported in accordance with the Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research checklist. 51

Patient and public involvement

Patients and members of the public were not involved in study design or development. Participants were involved in study analysis through member validation.

Seven male and seven female participants took part in the study, their characteristics are described in table 1 . A total of 86% were White British ethnicity, and the ages of participants ranged from 18 to 26 years old. Participants studied a wide range of university courses, with the majority reading either the arts and law or social sciences.

Participant characteristics

ParticipantN
1234567891011121314
CharacteristicsAge191819222019212122211821192618–26
SexMale7
Female7
EthnicityWhite12
Asian1
African Caribbean1
CourseLife and environmental sciences2
Arts and law5
Biomedical sciences1
Engineering and physical sciences2
Social sciences3
Liberal arts and natural sciences1

Participant age ranged from 18 to 26. Equal numbers of male and female participants took part in the study and 86% of participants were of White British ethnicity. Participants studied a range of university courses, including arts and law and social sciences.

Six themes, each with subthemes, were interpreted from the data: ED characteristics, causes, body image, seeking help, stigma and awareness. Themes represent central attitudes and ideas discussed throughout interviews. Some reflect areas of the interview guide; however, others, such as stigma, were mentioned by participants without directly being led by the interview guide. Figure 2 summarises the links between themes and the impact of sex on results.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bmjopen-2021-056391f02.jpg

Links between themes and impact of biological sex. Each box contains one theme and associated subthemes. Links between themes are represented by a black line. ED, eating disorder.

Themes are displayed with supporting quotations, presented with biological sex-specific pseudonyms to maintain confidentiality. Superfluous text within quotations has been removed and is represented by an ellipsis […].

ED characteristics

Types of ed.

All participants mentioned AN, and most were able to attempt a definition. Many participants also cited over-eating as an ED; however, only three specifically defined binge ED. Though 12 participants were able to name bulimia nervosa (BN), many were hesitant to define and describe it:

I think most people have some kind of idea of what anorexia is, bulimia, I think it’s more complicated (David, 21)

Defining EDs

Many participants believed EDs to be a psychological issue and defined them as a mental illness. Furthermore, EDs were frequently recognised as a spectrum, a scale between disordered eating and a severe ED:

I think they’re almost like a spectrum, I think some people have a really bad eating disorder and it affects them in a really bad way but I think a lot of people can have unhealthy relationships with food that but they stay at a sort of stable weight but it’s more of the mental thoughts they have about it (Chelsea, 22)

Overall, 12 participants perceived EDs as a predominantly female problem, with few mentioning EDs in men. They were also frequently associated with younger people, believed to affect those of school and university age:

Younger women are the main category, so teenagers to like early mid-twenties I’d say, so that captures students (Rebecca, 21) If I see a guy and he’s skinny […] I don’t think there’s any chance of it being an eating disorder, he’s just skinny (David, 21)

The perception that individuals with EDs are ‘skinny’ or ‘skeletal’ was held by 13 participants, and many described the impact of EDs as severe, believing sufferers to appear ‘ill-looking’ and ‘gaunt’:

So skinny that you can see their hip bones protruding, knee bones look massive in comparison to the rest of their leg because they’re so big and like clothes hanging off them (Katie, 19)

While the majority of participants recognised EDs as challenging and impactful, some male participants were more likely to associate EDs with vulnerability, perceiving sufferers as ‘fragile’:

I’d see them as more fragile I think, I’d see them more […] like a vase (William, 19)

There was the view that individuals with EDs are obsessive and seeking perfection, with two students commenting on a ‘type A’ personality putting someone at increased risk of an ED 52 :

If you’re quite neurotic so you’re a bit strung, highly strung up maybe they’re a perfectionist or someone really has to be yeah really controlling about things in life (Callum, 26)

Control was mentioned by five participants, four of whom were female. EDs were seen as a coping mechanism, by which individuals can take control of aspects of their lives:

They get some sort of, I wouldn’t say enjoyment but satisfaction with having the control of food especially if they don’t have the control of anything else (Katie, 19)

Image conscious

Seven students believed ED sufferers hold a low self-worth, perceiving them to care a lot about their own image and what others thought of them:

Lack of confidence as a trait would also make you a lot more sort of conscious of how you’re seen (Shaun, 19)

Signs and symptoms

Perceived signs and symptoms freely volunteered by participants are presented in table 2 . Students were generally unaware of specific ED symptoms and which symptoms were associated with specific EDs. Some symptoms were recognised more than others, specifically under-eating and over-eating. Vomiting and binge eating and purging were also frequently mentioned, and all participants that recognised these symptoms associated them with BN. Despite seven participants describing EDs as visible illnesses with numerous physical signs, many perceived difficulties in recognising signs and symptoms, describing EDs as conditions that are not easy to spot:

Perceived signs and symptoms of eating disorders (EDs)

Signs and symptomsFrequency statedSupporting quotation
Binge eating and purging8Bulimia is sort of binge eating then like purging it by making yourself throw up (Shaun, 19)
Vomiting without binge eating12The one where it makes you sick (Chelsea, 22)
Calorie counting4A person controls the amount of food they eat either by how many calories they have and they set like certain routines of how many calories they can have (Katie, 19)
Odd food behaviours3Weird food habits, cutting food into small pieces and like not chewing properly or taking too long to chew, hiding food (Katie, 19)
Commenting about food3They might like complain about something or like complain about the fact they haven’t, oh I’ve ate such rubbish today, I’ve like had a bag of crisps today or oh yeah, it’s like very trivial things that no one else cares about (David, 21)
Fussy eating2Often people are picky, picky eaters, but that might not just be them being a picky eater, it might sort of be a deep set in of not enjoying certain types of food (Andrew, 19)
Under-eating12You choose not to eat, you chose to eat very little (Joshua, 20)
Not eating in-front of people2Some people don’t enjoy, or don’t like eating in front of other people (Andrew, 19)
Over-eating8Eating disorders can also be at the other end of the scale when somebody would over-eat as well (Abigail, 18)
Missing meals3Avoiding things like mealtimes (Abigail, 18)
Exercise2If they over-eat the amount of calories that they’ve like set for themselves then they have to like exercise to work it off (Katie, 19)
Weight loss6Extreme weight gain or weight loss, so big changes in someone’s life to do with weight or food (Grace, 22)

Perceived signs and symptoms of EDs alongside frequency stated by participants and a supporting quotation.

It’s not really as apparent, we don’t see people naked or in their underwear every day, you just assume someone’s fine (Danielle, 21)

Causes of EDs

Many male students were unaware of potential causes on initial questioning. Perceived causes, after prompting in many cases, are presented in table 3 . Several students referenced internal factors such as a psychological comorbidity or low self-worth as major ED causes. Of the seven individuals who believed low self-worth could contribute, five were male. Nevertheless, many students attributed social causes to be the most influential:

Perceived causes of eating disorders (EDs)

Cause of EDsSubcategoryFrequency statedSupporting quotation
Internal factorsBody dysmorphia5Them not seeing their body in the way that other people would see it so there’s like that image that I think is used in loads of advertisements of a really skinny girl and she’s looking in a mirror and it’s like a much bigger reflection (Katie, 19)
Genetic5I suppose if genetically you’re inclined to develop an eating disorder then probably that would be just as influential (Alicia, 21)
Low self-worth7The root cause is probably from my understanding is like this idea of self-loathing, self-hatred this idea of not liking yourself and wanting to change yourself (Joe, 19)
Family history2I could imagine if I was born into a family that had a history of say mental illness and eating disorders, it might be, not necessarily that you’ve been passed on genetically but it might be easier for that family to develop problems similar to those they had in the past, which I guess would be easier to pass on to you, as a person (Thomas, 18)
Psychological comorbidity10I think it seems entirely plausible like if you have a mental illness such as depression perhaps, through that you could develop an eating disorder as well (Joshua, 20)
Vicarious learning2There’s like the classic example of like passing from the, the mother to the daughter when she talks about like diet culture and everything, it can often become like instilled from a young age but subconsciously (Abigail, 18)
External factorsBullying6Bullying, especially like younger kids who haven’t really had a chance to feel confident in themselves, if they get bullied, especially in school, like even if you’re like slightly overweight, not in a bad way, kids can be mean and say things and then that can lead to, especially in adolescence when you’re, I think there’s a lot of hormones and changes and you’re like vulnerable, I think if people are bullied that can lead to eating disorders when people are younger (Rebecca, 21)
Life pressure2General stress, like pressure from external sources, so maybe work or something, or a big change in someone’s life, I think that can trigger any mental health issue (Grace, 22)
Media pressure12I mean there’s a lot of very unhealthy representations in the media of what the perfect body looks like and I think that can be a sort of a fuel point for those issues (Joe, 19)
Parental pressure2Sometimes it’s pressure from parents not in like, so I know some people that like their parents wanted them to be really academic but also I know some people’s parents have literally told them that they’re like fat and need to lose weight and stuff (Katie, 19)
Traumatic life event5Sexual assault, I think some people might go to extremes to make themselves look undesirable so that they’re not victims again (Danielle, 21)
University5People are at uni, I can imagine that’s such a big shift, you move away from like your family and you’re living by yourself, I can imagine that would probably be pretty easy, well pretty likely for something like that to develop (Thomas, 18)

Perceived causes of EDs alongside frequency stated and a supporting quotation.

Social factors would probably play a larger role (Katie, 19)

Participants perceived poor body image as both an ED cause and a consequence of repeated pressure from the media. Many commented that poor body image was common, and referenced their own personal experience of a poor relationship with their body:

I think it affects lots of people, like sort of body dysmorphia in general, I think like in some kind of mild forms (Adam, 21)

‘The perfect body’

‘The perfect body’ was something that had been repeatedly presented to many participants from a young age, with individuals with this body type deemed more attractive to society and the opposite sex:

If you don’t look like that, or you’re not like aiming to look like that […] then you’re unhealthy or you’re not good enough or you’re not attractive […] because you have to fit into like one of the groups, one of the standards presented (Grace, 22)

All students cited media pressure as a cause of poor body image, with many reflecting on increased pressure due to the rise in social media, resulting in a constant comparison of oneself against others:

Because of social media, you’re always comparing yourself to other people, I think people feel more in competition with other people all the time […] I don’t think it’s healthy on body image (Rebecca, 21)

Many students believed females to be under greater pressure, citing increased female body representation in the media and sexist viewpoints towards female bodies as mechanisms for this. Ten participants referred to the ‘female ideal’ of being slim:

What you’d see in something like London fashion week, tall skinny models that would have potentially a thigh gap, a flat stomach, no stretch marks, not much cellulite (Katie, 19)

Contrastingly, the ‘male ideal’ was described as heavily muscular:

A six pack, like well-toned, just a good size of muscles like all over (Andrew, 19)

Male body image

Despite acknowledging that males also experience pressure to look a certain way, students generally inferred that males care less about image and are not bothered about how other people perceived them. This was supported by male participants being more likely to comment that body image worries did not personally affect them:

Myself I'm not too bothered, but men in general if I had to be very stereotypical, I would say men don’t care as much about their image (Joshua, 20)

Various students commented on the societal stigma they believe exists around men’s bodies, with male body image viewed as less inclusive and spoken about than female body image. Due to this, some participants commented that many males do not talk about their bodies:

The stereotype of not showing weakness may mean that they’re less willing to open up (Shaun, 19)

Seeking help

With prompting, 12 participants were able to suggest some sources of professional help available to support those with EDs. Seven participants recognised the importance of seeking social support. Many students commented on potential treatment barriers, including perceived negatives of medical treatment and worries about self-image.

Professional

Twelve participants recognised therapy as a potential treatment. Further sources of formal treatment included treatment in specialist hospitals and nasogastric feeding. Many participants, especially females, commented on issues with seeking medical treatment, including perceived lack of treatment availability and the belief that doctors would not take EDs seriously:

With the NHS they have so much on their plate and there’s underfunding and stuff so I just personally wouldn’t want to go there for them. And as well GPs can be a bit snappy and try and like rush you and stuff (Chelsea, 22)

Ten participants said they would be willing to seek professional help, the majority mentioned consulting their General Practitioner or seeking a therapist. Male participants were more likely to seek only professional support or seek social support after first pursuing professional support. Furthermore, some mentioned first researching online about what help was available for EDs:

Probably look on NHS website first I’m sure they’d probably say go to a doctor and then I’d probably get a referral from the doctor (Callum, 26)

The majority perceived social support as vital in both recovery and maintaining recovery. Five participants mentioned greater willingness to seek social rather than professional support, highlighting the ability of the social network to encourage help-seeking:

I’d probably ask for someone’s advice on whether I should go to the doctor (Grace, 22)

Despite perceived benefits of seeking social support, many commented on potential barriers that would prevent them from seeking social support, including not wanting to bother others with their problems and a fear of being judged. All male participants worried about being perceived differently by peers:

If I suspected one of my friends of having an eating disorder I’d see them as fragile and delicate, I wouldn’t want the people close to me to see me as fragile and delicate cos I wouldn’t want people’s opinions to change about me (William, 19)

The desire to help those with an ED was emphasised by 13 participants; however, 6 participants recognised that helping someone with an ED was often difficult. Participants were generally sympathetic, suggesting a need to be supportive and encourage those suffering to seek professional support:

I’d encourage them, and if they were like I want to get medical help I’d like come with them (Thomas, 18)

Notwithstanding the support offered, many participants predicated a subconscious change in behaviour that would come with knowing someone had an ED. Nine participants mentioned a need to act carefully around those with EDs, particularly in situations involving food. Five participants also recognised the need to maintain a sense of normality:

I’d want to be a lot more careful with how I acted around them but then again whilst I’d be a lot more careful I’d also very much try to act that nothing has changed, so around them I’d try and act exactly the same (William, 19)

Internal barriers

The extent that personal beliefs and coping mechanisms limited help-seeking was also discussed. Seven participants highlighted the struggles that come with seeking help, perceiving EDs as difficult to discuss, and help-seeking as embarrassing and scary:

I can imagine that would be a really hard conversation, to say like mate I think you might have an eating disorder, I wouldn’t want to hear that, I don’t think anyone would want to hear that (Thomas, 18)

The internalisation of one’s problems was mentioned by three participants. This came hand in hand with a perception that EDs are not a serious issue, and therefore something that could be easily dealt with by oneself. Furthermore, many participants held the belief that individuals with EDs may not want to recover, or may lack the intuition to realise they have a problem:

I imagine some people just don’t even know that they, it’s a problem for themselves and they could be putting themselves at risk (Grace, 22)

Eleven participants believed it was possible to recover from an ED. Despite this, participants made frequent reference to the idea that the ED would remain with you, and that it would be easy to relapse. Ten participants commented on the ease of falling back into previous behaviours or thoughts:

I think it would be difficult for them to never have them same thoughts in their head again. So, I think the thoughts will always be there it just depends, they can probably learn to live with it rather than them let it take over their life (Chelsea, 22)

The majority of participants recognised EDs, and mental health conditions in general, as highly publicly stigmatised.

Some participants commented on the impact of EDs on image. Five students perceived EDs as conditions that are shamed within society, commenting that society has a tendency to label people with mental health issues:

I wouldn’t want it to be perceived as a part of my identity, I wouldn’t want to be known as the boy with an eating disorder rather than anything else about me, I wouldn’t want that to be what people sort of defined me as (Shaun, 19)

EDs being seen as a ‘weakness’ was mainly specified by male participants, with three participants stating this as a reason they would not tell anyone they had an ED:

I think I’d find it hard to tell my friends about it as well, like show weakness rather than just coming across as someone who’s laid back and calm (Shaun, 19)

A number of students saw EDs as conditions that are rarely discussed by society. Many held the perception that mental illnesses were ‘taboo’. Additionally, six students commented on EDs being poorly understood within the community, seeing society as ignorant towards the seriousness of the conditions:

I feel like for a long time it wasn’t really recognised and therefore people didn’t, if you had an eating disorder it was sort of why are you be being difficult rather than being like oh let’s work, let’s find a way to work around this (Andrew, 19)

In addition, a number of students saw EDs as conditions that were ‘difficult to relate to’, citing this as a reason why many find it hard to understand EDs:

If someone’s feeling anxious they can talk to their friends about it, there’d be some level of empathy and them understanding that, I think it would be much harder to talk to a friend and expect them to, well have them understand an eating disorder, because it’s not a shared thing (David, 21)

Throughout the interviews there was a general hesitancy and lack of awareness when discussing certain aspects of EDs.

Lack of knowledge

Ten participants, the majority of whom were male, perceived themselves to have poor knowledge about certain aspects of EDs. Many were hesitant to answer, and lacked confidence in their answers:

I don’t know a huge amount, so I definitely don’t have great knowledge on it (Callum, 26)

Furthermore, many participants stated their knowledge as ‘assumptions’ or ‘clichés’, with male participants particularly worried that their answers were incorrect or would be interpreted improperly:

I don’t want my opinions to come across like I know what I’m talking about almost, if you know what I mean (Joshua, 20)

Nine participants mentioned knowing an ED sufferer, evidencing the frequently held perception that EDs are common. Many cited experiences of these individuals as sources of their knowledge, particularly around treatment and symptoms:

I think now they’re quite common, I feel like everyone knows someone who’s struggled with an eating disorder (Rebecca, 21)

Six participants mentioned being formally taught about EDs in school; however, many reflected that these lessons were ‘basic’ and were unable to recollect what specifics they had been taught:

We had like the basic kind of PSHE lessons about it but nothing that could have like helped anyone, or not enough I don’t think (Chelsea, 22)

The majority of participants cited informal sources such as social media and films as their sources of ED knowledge:

A lot of what I think about eating disorders is from movies and TV shows, rather than fact (Grace, 22)

However, some participants acknowledged that they were sceptical about the accuracy of this information. Furthermore, a number of students made comment about how the representation of EDs in the media, and their perceived commonness within the younger generation had made them sensitised to the signs and consequences of EDs:

With the lens of social media […] when I first found out about eating disorders, at 14 or 15, made it seem almost, I don’t want to say too ok but it almost normalised it to a point where I actually didn’t realise for a little bit how serious an eating disorder was’ (Thomas, 18)

Improving awareness

Seven participants commented on the need to improve ED teaching. For many, the need to educate individuals about the signs and symptoms and promote help-seeking was of particular importance:

It flagged them up as being as issue but never really went into depth with what to do about them or how to act with someone who has those and so I found that I had to learn it for myself rather than learning from like lessons and things (Shaun, 19)

Despite the perceived need for better teaching, a number of students commented on positive steps in society that are improving ED awareness. Many commented on improving body representation in the media and five students commented on sources of positive ED representation, believing this to be beneficial to those suffering.

I got a lot of knowledge from social media and stuff like that, a lot of it really positive stuff, you know hashtags on twitter or stuff on Tumblr, people sharing their experiences and stories and it’s all been from a very supportive, positive light (Thomas, 18)

Main findings

This study, to the best of the author’s knowledge, is the first UK qualitative study exploring ED-MHL in university students. Generally, the study highlighted the university students interviewed had a broad awareness of EDs, for example, a good general awareness of symptoms and signs and treatment options; however, there were areas where knowledge was lacking, even in this highly educated group.

While many students were able to state AN and BN as EDs, many were hesitant to define and describe BN, and only a few were able to suggest further ED types. Furthermore, though many students were able to name some signs and symptoms when prompted, there was a great deal of uncertainty, and many struggled to link particular symptoms to specific EDs. The findings of this study are in keeping with a previous quantitative study of members of the public, in which participants showed difficulty discriminating between ED diagnoses. 53 There was no apparent difference in ED identification between sexes, in contrast to a previous vignette study of Canadian postsecondary students, in which males had greater difficulty identifying ED diagnoses. 54 Awareness of ED symptoms is important, as poor symptom recognition is associated with reduced likelihood of help-seeking, and increased risk of long-term outcomes. 55 56 Many students in this study perceived EDs as a female problem. This perception was also reported in a previous qualitative study of young people, who also believed AN to be a female issue. 35 EDs are already considered underdiagnosed in men, 57 therefore this belief, in this at risk population, can result in young men being less likely to recognise their symptoms as indicative of an ED, and in them being less likely to seek help. 30

The greatest perceived cause of EDs was media pressure. These results are similar to a previous qualitative study in members of the public, in which media ideals were a major perceived cause of EDs. 21 Furthermore, many participants made reference to the ‘thin ideal’ presented to young women in the media. This perception is common, with previous research in UK students highlighting how a desire for a thin, often unattainable body type is associated with ED development. 58

Although participants in this study did not generally hold stigmatising attitudes towards EDs, several perceived EDs as highly stigmatised in the community. This perception is in line with previous studies, which have shown public attitudes towards EDs are highly conductive to stigma. 14 59 Higher educational status is correlated with liberal views towards mental illness, which may explain the low levels of stigmatisation apparent in the participants of this study. 60 Many students cited fear of public stigma as a reason for not seeking help, further enhancing the idea that fear of public stigma is a major cause of delayed help-seeking. 11 Previous studies focused on ED stigma in university students have highlighted significant sex bias, with males exhibiting higher ED stigma than females. 31 61 The results of this study are not in keeping with this literature, as differences in stigmatising viewpoints were not as apparent between male and female participants, though some differences were observed.

Encouragingly, the majority of participants said they would seek professional help for an ED; however, many were unsure of what help is available, and many made comments about perceived negatives of professional support, such as not being taken seriously. These worries are in keeping with previous research 62 and could act as an explanation as to why those with EDs take so long to seek treatment. 8 Most participants expressed sympathy and a desire to help those with an ED, and many recognised the importance of social support, which has been shown to be highly influential in ED recovery. 63

Many participants perceived themselves as having poor or inaccurate knowledge. With this in mind, the majority of participants referenced informal sources such as social media as their main informants, similarly to recent quantitative research in Italian students. 64 However, these sources of ED information are likely to be damaging and inaccurate. 65 66 Students in a previous Australian study highlighted a desire for greater ED teaching in schools, 54 a sentiment similarly expressed by participants of this study, many of whom perceived their ED teaching as inadequate.

Previous research in members of the public showed significantly poorer MHL in male participants. 60 Contrary to this, differences in the ED-MHL between the male and female participants of this study were not significantly apparent. However, there were some disparities. Male participants were more likely to perceive themselves to have low levels of knowledge and appeared more reluctant to seek social support, making more reference to perceived social stigma, such as being perceived differently by their peers.

Strengths and limitations

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first in-depth, qualitative exploration of knowledge and understanding of EDs in UK university students. This is a major strength of the research as the interviews enabled broad exploration of knowledge and enable further insight into individual perceptions of EDs and beliefs about stigma and treatment barriers in a highly specific, at-risk population. The use of member validation and analyst triangulation with an experienced qualitative researcher further strengthens the study. Data saturation was reached with 14 participants, which reflects recommended sample sizes in a study of this type. 67

However, there are a number of limitations. The study was advertised as looking at EDs, therefore participants could have volunteered because they had a greater interest or perceived themselves to have greater ED knowledge. Furthermore, some participants may have been reluctant to disclose their true views about EDs due to social desirability bias, 68 and may have held more stigmatising viewpoints than was apparent from interviews. Participants’ lack of awareness in certain areas may reflect this bias and therefore they may have been reluctant to discuss answers they knew may have been rooted in stereotypical assumptions. Methods to minimise the impact of social desirability bias, such as self-administered questionnaires may be beneficial for future research. 69

Research and policy recommendations

This study, alongside others, highlights there are poor levels of ED knowledge in this population in certain areas, including symptom recognition and awareness of treatment options. Further research in this at-risk population using vignette studies may be beneficial to draw further inferences about individual perceptions about EDs.

Furthermore, this study also emphasised a desire from participants for greater ED teaching. Therefore, ED educational campaigns within schools or universities would be crucial to improving awareness of symptoms and treatments and may encourage earlier help-seeking and improve treatment uptake in this at-risk group. Additionally, university, school and college welfare services need to be suitably prepared to support individuals with EDs. Improving ED education in university and school staff, through courses such as Beat’s ‘bridging the gap’, can increase early detection of EDs and ensure individuals with EDs are given the support they need. 70

Despite antistigma campaigns such as Beat’s ‘ED awareness week’, 71 participants still perceived EDs as stigmatised within the community. There is a need for research into the efficacy of ED antistigma campaigns to determine which methods work, allowing for more successful future campaigns. Findings from a small-scale trial suggest the delivery of information emphasising the biological basis of EDs can help reduce stigmatising attitudes towards EDs, 72 hence further research into provision of this information would be beneficial. There is also a need for research involving participants of different educational levels and ages. This would be more indicative of public knowledge and understanding and would help inform educational and antistigma campaigns targeted at a broader audience. The perception of EDs as a ‘female issue’ is still a major problem, and therefore antistigma campaigns targeted at males may be useful to address the sex-specific stigma associated with EDs and improve symptom recognition and help-seeking in men.

This study demonstrates that although this group of UK university students demonstrated a broad general awareness of EDs, there remain areas where knowledge is lacking. There is a need for health campaigns targeted at at-risk, younger individuals to better educate them about EDs, including information about symptoms and treatment options to better aid recognition and improve help-seeking, with the hope of lowering the significant treatment gap apparent in these conditions. Further research is necessary to better determine the ED-MHL of the general public and to develop effective methods of tackling the stigma surrounding EDs and other mental health conditions.

Supplementary Material

Acknowledgments.

We would like to thank Rachel Marchant for her support during analysis. We would also like to thank all the study participants, without whom this project would not have been possible. A conference abstract of this work has been published as M Manning, S Greenfield, University students' understanding and options of eating disorders: A qualitative study. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab165.575.

Contributors: MM designed the study, wrote the study protocol, obtained ethical approval, undertook recruitment, carried out interviews, analysed the data and produced the final manuscript. SG provided expert supervision, contributed to the study design, protocol and analysis and provided revisions to manuscript drafts. SG, as guarantor, accepts full responsibility for the work and/or the conduct of the study, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish.

Funding: This research was funded by the BMedSc Population Sciences and Humanities programme at the University of Birmingham (no award/grant number). SG is part funded by the National Institute for Health Research and Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care.

Competing interests: None declared.

Patient and public involvement: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Supplemental material: This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.

Data availability statement

Ethics statements, patient consent for publication.

Not applicable.

Ethics approval

This study involves human participants. Ethical approval was granted by the BMedSc Population Sciences and Humanities Internal Ethics Review Committee at the University of Birmingham, Reference: IREC2019/Student 1638594. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.

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